Convergence in Monthly Per Capita Expenditure and the Rural–Urban Dichotomy: Evidence from Major Indian States

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-247
Author(s):  
Debashis Acharya ◽  
Badri Narayan Rath ◽  
Tapas Kumar Parida
Keyword(s):  
Indian States ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals The Impact of Integrated Management for Salt Tolerant Forage Production on Small Farmers Poverty Egypt Case Study (Sahl El-Tina)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Sherine Fathy Mansour ◽  
Dalia Elsaid Abozaid
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Farming Household ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of New Integrated Management Package (IMP) adoption on income and poverty among fodder farming household in Sahl El-Tina. The IMP such as Rate, time, and methods of nitrogen fertilization and other fertilization, Leaching requirements for some crops, Intercropping system, Use of suitable crop genotype/variety, Use of modern irrigation systems or modified systems to save water, date, rate and method of planting. The study aims mainly to improve the lives of small farmers through the level of dissemination and application of cultivation techniques forage crops tolerant to salinity through develop and disseminate technologies packages of forage production. And reducing their probability of falling below the poverty line. Therefore suggest that intensification of the investment on IMP dissemination is a reasonable policy instrument to raise incomes and reduce poverty among fodder farming household. It used instrumental variables (IV)-based estimator to estimate the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) of adoption of IMP on income and poverty reduction, using cross-sectional data of 200 farmers from Shal El-Tina. The findings reveal a robust positive and significant impact of IMP adoption on farm household income and welfare measured by per capita expenditure and poverty reduction. Specifically, the empirical results suggest that adoption of IMP raises household per capita expenditure and income by an average of 529.27$ and 1371$ in Shal El-Tina per cropping season respectively, thereby reducing their probability of falling below the poverty line. Therefore suggest that intensification of the investment on IMP dissemination is a reasonable policy instrument to raise incomes and reduce poverty among fodder farming household, although complementary measures are also needed. The incidence of poverty was higher among non-IMP adopters (55.2%) than IMP adopters (49.5%). In addition, both the depth and severity of poverty were also higher (20.85% and 15.42%) among non-adopters than the adopters (18.48% and 9.88%). All three poverty measures indicate that poverty was more prevalent and severe among non-adopters compared to adopters.

scholarly journals Does access to finance improve household welfare?

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Manh Quach
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Capita Food ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect

In this paper, the author develops an econometric framework to analyze the effect of access to credit on the economic welfare of households in Vietnam. The findings confirm that household credit contributes positively and significantly to the economic welfare of households in terms of per capita expenditure, per capita food expenditure and per capita non-food expenditure. The positive effect of credit on household economic welfare is observed regardless of whether they are poor or better-off households. The author also finds that credit has a greater positive effect on the economic welfare of poorer households and finds that the age of the household head, the household size, land ownership, and savings and the availability of credit at village level are key factors that affect household borrowing. Some policy implications are drawn

scholarly journals Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pesisir Di Kawasan Ekowisata Bahari Dusun Sendangbiru, Desa Tambakrejo, Kabupaten Malang, Provinsi Jawa Timur

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Nuddin Harahab ◽  
Zaenal Fanani ◽  
Dhiana Puspitawati ◽  
Abdullah Said
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Management System ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Mangrove Conservation

 ABSTRACT           This study aims to describe the management system of coastal natural resources for ecotourism; to analyze the relationship between maritime ecotourism management and the economic resilience of coastal communities; and to analyze economic development and prosperity which to be seen from the four components used namely health, education, per capita expenditure and settlement. The approach in this study is qualitative in order to understand the phenomenon of maritime ecotourism management and its relation to the economic resilience of coastal communities. The data analysis of this research uses the Interactive Analysis Model, which includes: data condensation, data display, and conclusion: drawing / verifying. The results showed that the coastal natural resource management system for maritime ecotourism which was carried out by the Bhakti Alam Foundation, Sendangbiru, with the CMC (Clungup Mangrove Conservation) trade mark, has the good category by implementing ecotourism principles namely conservation, participation, recreation and education, economics, and control. Maritime Ecotourism management which was carried out by the Bhakti Alam Foundation, provides benefits for the availability of fish stocks in the sea, although there are some people who have not recognized the benefits of mangrove forest conservation on capture fisheries productivity. Economic development and prosperity when to be seen from the four components, namely health, education, per capita expenditure and settlement, can be concluded that their condition were in the good categoryABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sistem pengelolaan sumberdaya alam pesisir untuk ekowisata; menganalisis keterkaitan antara pengelolaan ekowisata bahari dengan ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir; dan menganalisis perkembangan perekonomian dan kemakmuran masyarakat pesisir yang dilihat dari empat komponen, yakni kesehatan, pendidikan, pengeluaran perkapita dan pemukiman. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan maksud untuk memahami fenomena tentang pengelolaan ekowisata bahari dan keterkaitannya dengan ketahanan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir. Analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan model dari Miles, et al., yang disebut Analisis Data Model Interaktif, yang meliputi: kondensasi data (data condensation), penyajian data (data display), dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi (conclusion: drawing/verifying). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem pengelolaan sumberdaya alam pesisir untuk ekowisata bahari yang dilakukan oleh Yayasan Bhakti Alam Sendangbiru, dengan trade mark CMC (Clungup Mangrove Conservation), termasuk dalam kategori baik dengan menjalankan prinsip ekowisata yaitu konservasi, partisipasi, rekreasi dan edukasi, ekonomi, dan control.  Pengelolaan ekowisata bahari yang dilakukan oleh Yayasan Bhakti Alam Sendangbiru, memberikan manfaat bagi ketersediaan stok ikan yang ada di laut, meskipun masih ada sebagian orang yang belum mengakui manfaat dari konservasi hutan mangrove terhadap produktivitas perikanan tangkap. Perkembangan perekonomian dan kemakmuran apabila dilihat dari empat komponen, yakni kesehatan, pendidikan, pengeluaran perkapita dan pemukiman dapat disimpulkan dalam kondisi baik. 

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH ANGKA HARAPAN LAMA SEKOLAH, RATA-RATA LAMA SEKOLAH, DAN PENGELUARAN PER KAPITA TERHADAP INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
A. Jauhar Mahya
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Per Capita

The Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the data and information used by local governments to measure the achievement of human development. HDI is formed by three basic dimensions, namely a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. This study explain whether there is an influence and to obtain the magnitude of the influence of the expected number of years of schooling, the average length of schooling, and the per capita expenditure together on the Human Development Index in Central Java Province. This study was completed using multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS 1.6 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software. The results of this study indicate that the expected length of schooling, average length of schooling, and per capita expenditure have a significant effect on the human development index, which is 97.8% and only 2.2% is influenced by other factors.

scholarly journals Role of Home Production and Markets in Quality Food Consumption in Bihar

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
Tinku Thomas ◽  
Anjaly John ◽  
Shyamily Mohan ◽  
Sanchit Makkar ◽  
Sumathi Swaminathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Deep Dive ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Quality Food ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Gates Foundation

Abstract Objectives Promoting micronutrient-rich diverse diets through quality foods in the population entails a deep-dive analysis into what people eat, why they eat it and where it came from; a study in Bihar state of India explored agricultural-nutrition linkages to improve local availability and market accessibility of quality foods (egg, chicken, pulses). Methods Data on household food consumption and expenditure was obtained from 2026 rural households in 2 Bihar districts. The sample households included producers and non-producers of quality food. Data on food from own-production, types of markets accessed, decision-making in production and purchase were obtained. Preliminary findings from the comparison of quality food intakes and market purchase across producer and non-producer categories are presented. Results Pulses were consumed in all households; chicken and egg were consumed only in 62.5% and 38.7% of households respectively. The per capita pulse intake was higher in pulse-producing households; around 63%, 96% and 91% households predominantly sourced pulses, chicken and eggs from the market. However, pulse consumption was only half of the recommended intake for Indians. Households with monthly per capita expenditure above the median reported higher per capita intakes of pulses, eggs and chicken compared to households below the median. Majority of the households reported chicken consumption on a monthly basis, with affordability as a major barrier in consumption; 75% of the households purchased chicken from markets outside their village and 45% of those purchased it from town markets, located at a median distance of 3 km. Eggs were mostly purchased in a village store. Conclusions These preliminary findings support evidence from other studies that markets contribute towards household diets, even in subsistence-oriented settings. While affordability continues to remain a major barrier in improving quality food intake, poor market accessibility also hinders consumption. Interestingly, chicken was consumed more widely than eggs, highlighting the necessity to understand drivers of food preferences before recommending policies to improve nutritious food intake. Funding Sources Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Fair Division or Fair Dinkum? Australian Lessons for Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the United Kingdom

10.1068/c38m ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Kay ◽  
Gillian Bristow ◽  
Mark McGovern ◽  
David Pickernell
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Type System ◽  
Fair Division ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk

Current arguments in Australia concerning horizontal fiscal equalisation may help inform the debate in the United Kingdom concerning possible changes to the Barnett formula and the establishment of financial relations with any regional governments in England. Although Australia is a long-established federation, with mature institutions for managing the financial aspects of intergovernmental relations, the most populous states are now pushing for a per-capita-based system to replace the existing formula—based on needs and costs—overseen by the independent Commonwealth Grants Commission. This has important implications for the United Kingdom, where the Barnett formula—a per capita system for deciding annual changes in the funding for the devolved administrations—has been increasingly challenged. In particular, the Barnett system has been vulnerable to nontransparent ‘formula-bypass’ agreements. We argue that the status quo in the United Kingdom appears secure as long as England remains a single entity and the UK Treasury sees the financial implications of larger per capita expenditure in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland as relatively small. However, we speculate that regionalisation of government in England would be likely to increase the pressure: to abandon the Barnett system; to look more systematically at need and cost, rather than population, as criteria for allocating funds between governments; and to move towards an Australian-type system. However, the recent experience of Australia also shows that larger states prefer a per-capita-based system allied to more political, less transparent, arrangements to deal with ‘special circumstances’. It may be that a Barnett-type formula would suit the new ‘dominant states’ in a fully federalised United Kingdom which would, ironically, create an alliance of interests between Scotland and London.

An Estimation of Price Effects of Making Food Fortification Mandatory in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366
Author(s):  
Amarnath Tripathi ◽  
Shruti Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Food Items ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Budget Expenditure

Background: Despite several interventions, India has made little progress in reducing hidden hunger, micronutrient malnutrition. Food fortification of staple foods could be useful in addressing the above problem. Nonetheless, it may lead to an increase in economic stress among people by increasing inflation and monthly budget expenditure. Objective: The prime objective was to see whether or not mandatory food fortification will lead to an increase in inflation and the family’s budget expenditure. Methods: The study was based on secondary data. Decomposition approach has been used—inflation was decomposed into contributions of each commodity and which was further divided into base, weight, and inflation effects. To estimate the impact of mandatory food fortification on the family’s budget expenditure, monthly per capita expenditure has been assessed by considering both the situations—with and without fortification. Results: Results suggest that mandatory food fortification has a very negligible effect on inflation, suggesting no rise in inflation due to mandatory food fortification in India. Also, the study suggests a minimal increase in monthly per capita expenditure in both rural and urban sectors of India. Conclusions: Though adopting mandatory food fortification in India will not have an impact on inflation, there would be 2 major challenges: high dependency on food items processed locally and unawareness of benefits of fortified food items. Therefore, the government can first start food fortification of staple food with safety nets programs like NFSA, focusing on the most vulnerable groups of the society, and then scale up at a large scale.

scholarly journals Determinants of Farmers’ Decisions on Risk Coping Strategies in Rural West Java

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Dadang Jainal Mutaqin
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
West Java ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Disaster Experience ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Risk Coping

The impact of natural hazards on agriculture in Indonesia is becoming increasingly severe. Therefore, improving farmers’ capacity to undertake risk coping strategies is essential to maintaining their prosperity. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of farmers’ decisions on ex ante and ex post coping strategies in rural West Java, Indonesia. The study was based on a field survey of 180 farmers conducted in the Garut district from July to October 2017. The study used the protection motivation theory framework and applied three econometric models: binomial logit model, zero truncated Poisson regression model, and multinomial logit model. Most farmers (74.4%) adopted ex ante coping strategies. They were characterized as having higher risk aversion per capita expenditure and disaster experience, but lower discount rates and percentage of damage and locations in downstream and midstream areas. Coping appraisal perceptions were found to be important factors in the risk coping analysis. Four determinants of the decision on the number of ex ante coping strategies adopted were: per capita expenditure, land size, disaster experience, and access to financial institutions. The most common ex post coping strategy adopted by farmers was the middle-stress type.

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