scholarly journals Early school closures can reduce the first-wave of the COVID-19 pandemic development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Klimek-Tulwin ◽  
Tytus Tulwin
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Early School ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Closure

Abstract Aim The COVID-19 pandemic presents serious threats to global public health and the world economy. Therefore, the rapid escalation of the number of cases has led to national government and global interventions. This study aimed to assess the effect of school closures on the COVID-19 pandemic and epidemic trajectories in selected countries. Subject and methods Information on the number of cases and population in each country were taken from official government reports. Dates of educational institutions closure were taken from the UNESCO database. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica. We summarized the data graphically and descriptively. Results Most of the European countries closed schools in the period of 11–20 of March 2020. However, there was a big difference in the phase of the epidemic on the day of closure. The data indicate that there was a strong correlation between the day of educational facilities closure and the incidence rate in the following days (16th, 30th, and 60th days since the 100th confirmed case in each country). Early closure of schools in analyzed countries is statistically significantly correlated with lower incidence rates further on during the different phases of the epidemic. Thereby closure of schools with delay is statistically significantly correlated with a higher incidence rate in the following days. Conclusion The available data suggest that school closures can potentially reduce transmission during the pandemic, although more research is needed on the effectiveness of these practices.

scholarly journals The trends in global, regional, and national incidence of pneumoconiosis caused by different etiologies: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Shi ◽  
Xiaoyue Xing ◽  
Shuhua Xi ◽  
Hongmei Jing ◽  
Jiamei Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Pneumoconiosis has the potential to cause progressive and permanent physical disability. And continues to be one of major public health concern across the world. However, our literature searches identified a scarcity of data about global prevalence of pneumoconiosis. Accurate data on the incidence of pneumoconiosis is critical for health resource planning and health policy development. We therefore aimed to determine the pattern of pneumoconiosis incidence and temporal trends. Methods: Annual incident cases and age standardized incidence rates on pneumoconiosis etiology between 1990-2017 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. We calculate the average annual percentage changes of age standardized incidence rates by sex, region, and etiology to determine incidence trends of pneumoconiosis. Results: Globally, the number of pneumoconiosis cases increased 66.0% from 36,186 in 1990 to 60,055 in 2017. The overall age standardized incidence rate decreased by an average 0.6% (95% CI: 0.5%, 0.6%) per year in the same period. The age standardized incidence rate of silicosis, asbestosis, and other pneumoconiosis decreased between 1990 and 2017. The corresponding average annual percentage changes were -0.8%, -0.9%, and -0.5%, respectively. The age standardized incidence rate of asbestosis displayed an increasing trend. At the same time, we also found a significant negative association was found between average annual percentage changes and socio-demographic indexs when the socio-demographic index above 0.7. Conclusions: Pneumoconiosis remains a major occupational health illnesses in the world. Incidence patterns of pneumoconiosis caused by different etiologies were heterogeneous across regions and countries. We observed an unfavorable trend that asbestosis was predominant in countries with a high socio-demographic index, though we have attained great achievements in silicosis and coal workers’ pneumoconiosis prevention. The information in this study suggests that some countries should establish more targeted and specific strategies to forestall the increase in pneumoconiosis.

scholarly journals COVID-19 transmission in educational institutions August to December 2020 in Germany: a study of index cases and close contact cohorts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Schoeps ◽  
Dietmar Hoffmann ◽  
Claudia Tamm ◽  
Bianca Vollmer ◽  
Sabine Haag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Day Care Centres ◽  
Index Cases

AbstractBackgroundThe lack of precise estimates on transmission risk hampers rational decisions on closure of educational institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsSecondary attack rates (SARs) for schools and day-care centres were calculated using data from state-wide mandatory notification of SARS-CoV-2 index cases in educational institutions and information on routine contact tracing and PCR-testing.FindingsFrom August to December 2020, every sixth of overall 784 independent index cases caused a transmission in educational institutions (risk 0·17, 95% CI 0·14–0·19). In a subgroup, monitoring of 14,594 institutional high-risk contacts (89% PCR-tested) of 441 index cases revealed 196 secondary cases (SAR 1·34%, 1·16–1·54). Transmission was more likely from teachers than from students/children (incidence risk ratio [IRR] 3·17, 1·79–5·59), and from index cases in day-care centres (IRR 3·23, 1·76–5·91) than from those in secondary schools. In 748 index cases, teachers caused four times more secondary cases than children (1·08 vs. 0·25 secondary cases per index, IRR 4·39, 2·67–7·21). This difference was mainly due to a large number of teacher-to-teacher transmissions in day-care centres (mean number of secondary cases 0.66) and a very low number of student/child-to-teacher transmissions in schools (mean number of secondary cases 0.004).InterpretationIn educational institutions, the risk of infection for contacts to a confirmed COVID-19 case is one percent, but varies depending on type of institution and index case. Hygiene measures and vaccination targeting the day-care setting and teacher-to-teacher transmission are priorities in reducing the burden of infection and may promote educational justice during the pandemic.FundingNo particular funding was received for this study.Research in contextEvidence before this studyWe searched PubMed on Jan 27, 2021, without any language restrictions for all articles in which the title or abstract contained the search terms “COVID 19” or “corona”, and “school”, “education*”, or “daycare”, and “transmission”, and “risk”, “attack rate”, or “SAR”, and screened 175 results for original research or reviews on COVID-19 transmission risk in the educational setting. Following a similar strategy, we also searched Google Scholar, SSRN, medRxiv, and the reference lists of identified literature. We found five cohort studies on transmission risk looking at overall 171 index cases and their 6,910 contact persons in Australian, Italian, Irish, Singaporean, and German schools and reporting attack rates between 0% and 3% percent. These five studies were conducted before October 2020 and thus looked at COVID-19 transmission risk in schools before the second wave in Europe.A number of modelling studies from the first wave of COVID-19 provide inconclusive guidance to policy makers. While two publications, one from several countries and one from Switzerland, concluded that school closures contributed markedly to the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and individual mobility, two other studies, one using cross-country data and one from Japan rated school closures among the least effective measures to reduce COVID-19 incidence rates.Added value of this studyBased on a large data set that emerged from the current public health practice in Germany, which incorporates routine PCR-testing during active follow-up of asymptomatic high-risk contacts to index cases, this study provides a precise estimate of the true underlying SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk in schools and day-care centres. Its analysis also allows for a meaningful examination of differences in the risk of transmission with respect to the characteristics of the index case. We found that the individual risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 among high-risk contacts in the educational setting is 1.3%, but that this risk rises to 3.2% when the index case is a teacher and to 2.5% when the index case occurs in a day-care centre. Furthermore, we could show that, on average, teacher index cases produced about four times as many secondary cases as student/child index cases. Despite the relatively small proportion of teachers among index cases (20%), our study of transmission pathways revealed that the majority of all secondary cases (54%), and the overwhelming majority of secondary cases in teachers (78%) were caused by teacher index cases. Of note, most cases of teacher-to-teacher transmission (85%) occurred in day-care centres.Implications of all the available evidenceIn this setting, where preventative measures are in place and COVID-19 incidence rates were rising sharply in the population, we found a low and stable transmission risk in educational institutions over time, which provides evidence for the effectiveness of current preventative measures to control the spread of COVID-19 in schools. The identification of a substantial teacher-to-teacher transmission risk in day-care, but a clearly mitigated child/student–to-teacher transmission risk in schools, indicates the need to shift the focus to hygiene among day-care teachers, including infection prevention during staff-meetings and in break rooms. These findings also strongly support the re-prioritization of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 to educational staff in day-care.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TEACHING

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Keyword(s):  
Online Teaching ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Be The Change

“Be the change you want to see in the world.” The petrifying and severe impact of COVID-19 has shaken the world to its core. Later, most of the Governments around the world have temporarily closed educational institutions in an attempt to stop the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. In India, 320 million students have been affected by COVID-19 school closures, and though the government quickly recommended shifting to “online teaching.” Many of the government institutions are lacking of facilities to conduct online classes. Many teachers are to be updating them to challenge this situation otherwise leads to job threat. This paper with an objective to study out whether the faculties are ready to face challenges due to online teaching and to identify who among male and female are feeling more threat for their jobs due to online teaching.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Study of Lung Cancer Incidence in Lebanon

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza A. Salhab ◽  
Mohamad Y. Fares ◽  
Hussein H. Khachfe ◽  
Hassan M. Khachfe
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Lung Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rate ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
The World

Background and Objectives: Lung cancer (LC) is the most common cancer in the world. Developing countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, including Lebanon, have witnessed a great increase in the incidence rates of this disease. The aim of our study is to investigate the incidence rates of lung cancer in Lebanon from 2005 to 2015 and to compare these rates to other countries from the MENA region and other regions of the world. Material and Methods: Lung cancer data for the years 2005–2015 were collected from the National Cancer Registry of Lebanon and stratified by gender and age group. Age-specific and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated and analyzed using joinpoint regression. Age-standardized incidence rates to the world population (ASR(w)) for other countries were obtained from two online databases. Results: Lung cancer ranked as the second most common cancer in Lebanon and accounted for 9.2% of all newly diagnosed cancers. Lung cancer ASR(w) showed a significantly increasing trend over the period studied for males and females. Lung cancer ASR(w) among males in Lebanon came second after Malta when compared to other MENA countries, but it was among the lowest when compared to non-MENA countries. For females, Lebanon ranked first when compared to other MENA countries but was among the lowest when compared to countries in other regions of the world. The lung cancer incidence rate increased with age in both sexes and 89.2% of patients were 50 years of age or older. Conclusion: Lebanon has the highest incidence of LC in females and the second highest for males in the MENA region. The lung cancer incidence rate is on the rise and older age groups are much more burdened by this disease than the young ones. Several risk factors, particularly smoking, play a role in increased LC incidence among the Lebanese population.

EXPRESS: A Prospective Population-Based Study of Stroke in the Central Region of Iran: The Qom Incidence of Stroke Study (QSIS).

2021 ◽  
pp. 174749302110375
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aghaali ◽  
Sadegh Yoosefee ◽  
Seyed Amir Hejazi ◽  
Ashfaq Shuaib ◽  
Maryam Rahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
At Risk Populations

Objective: The present study is one of the few population-based studies that have been conducted in the Middle East, aimed to determine the incidence of stroke in Qom, one of the central provinces of Iran. Methods: The Qom province includes an estimated at-risk population of about 1 million. During a twelve-month period (November 2018–November 2019), all first-ever strokes occurring in the target population were registered. Hospitalized cases were ascertained by discharge codes. Out-of-hospital cases were ascertained by a prospective screening of EMS services, emergency departments, ambulances records, primary care clinics, rural and urban public health centers, primary care physician offices, and neurologists' offices. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years) were calculated using the direct method with the world standard population. Results: During the study period, 1462 first-ever strokes occurred with a mean age of 68.1 (17-103) years, of these, 45.2% were female (661 cases). The crude annual incidence rate per 100,000 at-risk populations was 145.4 (95% CI, 138.1 to 153.0) for all types of stroke (156.5 for male and 134.3 for female), 26.4 (95% CI, 23.5 to 29.8) for hemorrhagic stroke, and 114 (95% CI, 105 to 121) for ischemic stroke. The incidence rate adjusted to the world population was 201.4 (95% CI, 193-210) per 100,000 at-risk populations (adj incidence, 218.5 for male vs 187.4 for female). The total fatality rate during the first 28 days, was 19.6%. Conclusion: This study confirms the higher incidence of stroke and at a younger age, in this region, accompanied by the higher prevalence of underlying stroke risk factors than the global average.

scholarly journals Breast cancer incidence among women of Branicevo region in the period 1991 - 2000

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Sipetic ◽  
Vesna Petrovic ◽  
Zorica Milic ◽  
Hristina Vlajinac
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rate ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence Rate ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
The World

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, the second leading cause of cancer death, and the third most common cancer overall, throughout the world. In 1996, 910.000 new cases were diagnosed worldwide (about 9% of all new cases). Over 50% of breast cancer incidence occurred in the developed world. The aims of this study were to study breast cancer incidence during 1991-2000 in the region of Branicevo and to analyze differences in incidence rate for breast cancer in two periods of time 1991-1991 and 1996-2000. Material and methods This was a descriptive study. Routine national incidence data were used from the Republic Statistical Office. The analysis was restricted to the region of Branicevo. Age adjustment of annual incidence rates was carried out using five-year intervals and the distribution of the World population by Sega as the standard. Results A total of 542 women affected with breast cancer were evidenced in the Region of Branicevo during the period 1991- 2000, accounting for 25.3% of all malignant cases. Over the studied ten-year period the average standardized incidence rate (1:100,000) for breast cancer was 27.4. Based on the average age-specific incidence rates (1:100,000) female breast cancer was least frequently evidenced in women up to 34 years of age, while it was most frequent in groups aged 45 - 49 and 70 - 74 years. Over the period 1991-1995, female breast cancer accounted for 32.0% and in the period 1996-2000 for 22.2% of all mlignancies, with the average standardized incidence rates (1:100,000) being 22.5% and 32.4%, respectively. Discussion The average standardized incidence rate (1:100,000) for breast cancer was 27.4, which is similar to the rates evidenced in Eastern European countries, such as Poland (38.7), Slovakia (34.5), Hungary (29.6), Romania (31.1), Belarus (24.7) and Russia (40.6). Increase of breast cancer incidence rate, evidenced in the Region of Branicevo, is also evidenced in most countries with previously low incidence rates. Increase of breast cancer incidence rate is also detected in our neighboring countries, Bulgaria and Slovenia. Conclusions An increasing trend of breast cancer incidence rate was evidenced in the Region of Branicevo over the period 1991 - 2000, partially due to well kept registries and partially due to actual increase in the number of patients affected with malignant diseases.

scholarly journals Incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancers in Iran compared to its proportion throughout the world

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
Elham Goodarzi ◽  
Seyedeh Leila Dehghani ◽  
Zaher Khazaei
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
Cancer Project

Introduction: Kidney cancer was considered as the ninth common cancer worldwide. Its incidence and mortality has been increasing for decades. However, in recent years in many countries, there is a downward trend. Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the incidence and mortality rates of renal cancers in Iran compared to its proportion throughout the world. Materials and Methods: All mortality and incidence rates of all countries were extracted from the Global Cancer Project (GLOBOCAN) (data of 2012). The methods of estimation were quality of the estimation and country-specific that was dependent on the quality and on the amount of the available data of each country. Results: The rates have been shown in eight categories; world, very high human development, high human development, medium human development, low human development, less developed, more developed regions in addition to Iran. The rates of Iran were close to medium human developed region rates. In Iran, 1641 kidney cancers cases have been registered which 981 men and 660 women were reported with an overall incidence rate of 1.9 per 100 000 which is less than world incidence rate for kidney cancers. In Iran, the highest incidence was also among patients with age of 75 years and more. Additionally, the lowest incidence rates were among age groups of less than 15 years and age group of 45- 49 years. Conclusion: Considering the lower incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancer in Iran compared to other regions of the world, conducting more studies to find related-risk factors to decline the incidence rates of disease would be necessary.

scholarly journals Prostate Cancer in Lebanon: Incidence, Temporal Trends, and Comparison to Countries From Different Regions in the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 107327482110552
Author(s):  
Najla A. Lakkis ◽  
Mona H. Osman
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
P Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Slow Growing

Background Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men globally. This study aims at investigating the incidence rates and trends of prostate cancer in Lebanon, and to compare them to those of countries from different regions in the world. Methods Data on prostate cancer were obtained from the Lebanese national cancer registry for the years 2005 to 2016. The calculated age-standardized incidence and age-specific rates were expressed as per 100 000 population. Results In Lebanon, prostate cancer is ranked as the most common cancer in men. The age-standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer has increased from 29.1 per 100 000 in 2005 to 37.3 per 100 000 in 2016; the highest rate was in 2012, surpassing the global average incidence rate for that year. The age-specific incidence rate of prostate cancer has increased exponentially starting at the age of 50 years to reach its peak in men aged 75 years or more. Two trends were identified in the age-standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer; an average significant increase of 7.28% per year for the period 2005–2009 ( P-value < .05), followed by a non-significant decrease of around .99% for the period between 2009 and 2016 ( P-value > .05). The age-standardized incidence rate in Lebanon was higher than most countries in the Middle East and North Africa region and Asia, but lower than the rates reported in Australia, America, and different European countries. Conclusion Prostate cancer is the leading cancer among men in Lebanon. Screening practices, changes in population age structure, and prevalence of genetic and risky lifestyle factors may explain the increased incidence rates of prostate cancer. Given the controversy of screening recommendations and the slow growing nature of prostate cancer, increasing public awareness on ways of prevention, and implementing the latest screening recommendation of the United States Preventive Services Task Force are the suggested way forward.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Influencing Factors on Transmission and Incidence Rates-Validation Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 277-291
Author(s):  
Hesham Magd ◽  
Khalfan Asmi ◽  
Henry Karyamsetty
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
Difficult Situations

Coronavirus disease has caused devasting effect so far which has put every nation in difficult situations in multiple ways. The pandemic has affected every business globally right from small, medium to large establishments collapsing the world economy.

scholarly journals Incidence of Injury Among Male Brazilian Jiujitsu Fighters at the World Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship 2009

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan M. Kreiswirth ◽  
Gregory D. Myer ◽  
Mitchell J. Rauh
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Joint Injury ◽  
Martial Art ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Rate Ratios

Context: Brazilian jiujitsu is a modern combat martial art that uses joint locks to submit an opponent and achieve victory. This form of martial art is a relatively young but rapidly growing combat sport worldwide. Objective: To determine the cumulative injury incidence and risk of injury by belt rank and body region at an international-level Brazilian jiujitsu tournament. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: World Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship 2009 in Long Beach, California. Patients or Other Participants: We monitored 951 athletes (age range, 18–50 years) enrolled to compete in the World Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship 2009. Intervention(s): Fighters were categorized by belt level for group comparisons (belt experience). Incidence rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and incidence rate ratios were compared by belt rank. Main Outcome Measure(s): Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios. Results: During the tournament, 1606 AEs and 62 total injuries were reported. Of these injuries, 40 affected the joints, for an overall incidence rate of 24.9 per 1000 AEs. The joint incidence rate by belt rank was 21.5 per 1000 AEs for blue, 21.3 per 1000 AEs for purple, 25.2 per 1000 AEs for brown, and 35.1 per 1000 AEs for black. We found no differences for incidence rate ratios of joint injury among individual belt groups (P &gt; .05). More experienced (brown belt and black belt) competitors had a higher injury risk than the less experienced (blue belt and purple belt) competitors; however, the difference was not significant (incidence rate ratio = 1.65, 95% confidence interval = 0.9, 2.9; P = .06). The incidence of joint injury was highest at the knee (7.5 per 1000 AEs) and elbow (7.5 per 1000 AEs). Conclusions: The data from this international Brazilian jiujitsu tournament indicated that the risk of joint injury was similar among belt ranks or experience during this Brazilian jiujitsu competition. The knee and elbow were the joints most susceptible to injury. Future investigation of injury mechanism is warranted to develop strategies to reduce potential risk factors attributed to injury.

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