In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies of Antioxidant Activity of Carrageenans, Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae

Different kinds of red algae are enriched with chemically diverse carbohydrates. In particular, a group of sulfated polysaccharides, which were isolated from the cell walls of red algae, gained a large amount of attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Within that group, carrageenans (CGs) were expected to be the first clinically applicable microbicides that could prevent various viral infections due to their superior antiviral potency and desirable safety profiles in subclinical studies. However, their anticipated beneficial effects could not be validated in human studies. To assess the value of a second attempt at pharmacologically developing CGs as a new class of preventive microbicides, all preclinical and clinical development processes of CG-based microbicides need to be thoroughly re-evaluated. In this review, the in vitro toxicities; in vivo safety profiles; and in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo antiviral activities of CGs are summarized according to the study volume of their target viruses, which include human immunodeficiency virus, herpesviruses, respiratory viruses, human papillomavirus, dengue virus, and other viruses along with a description of their antiviral modes of action and development of antiviral resistance. This evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of CGs will help provide future research directions that may lead to the successful development of CG-based antimicrobial prophylactics.

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Sulfated agaran with 4,6-pyruvated form from red seaweed Acanthophora muscoides attenuates thrombin formation: in vitro and ex vivo studies

Acta Scientiarum Technology ◽

10.4025/actascitechnol.v43i1.55043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. e55043

Author(s):

José Ariévilo Gurgel Rodrigues ◽

Johnny Peter Macedo Feitosa ◽

Sandra de Aguiar Soares ◽

Norma Maria Barros Benevides

Keyword(s):

Thrombin Generation ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Deae Cellulose ◽

Continuous Model ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Extrinsic Pathway ◽

Plasma Fraction ◽

Thrombin Formation

In vitro studies have described the sulfated agaran from Acanthophora muscoides as an intrinsic inhibitor of thrombin generation (TG), but not in ex vivo assay. This investigation partially characterized a pyruvate fraction with in vitro and ex vivo effects on an intrinsic/extrinsic pathway-induced thrombin generation (TG) continuous model using 36 or 60-fold diluted mice or defibrinated, normal human plasma. Fraction separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography exhibited charge homogeneity and non-sulfated polysaccharides (<100 kDa) by agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively, using Stains-all alone. Fourier Transform Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance studies indicated a 4,6-pyruvated agaran-structure. The fraction and heparin had no effect on prothrombin time, but there was a preponderant intrinsic rather than extrinsic pathway inhibition in TG assay; themselves, acting on both free and fibrin bound thrombin activity without chromogenic substrate interaction. Both fractions, desulfated and native, anticipated and induced thrombin formation in activators-devoid or normal plasma. In addition, mice pretreated with fraction (20 mg kg-1, intraperitoneally) reduced intrinsically plasma TG ex vivo after 2h. Heparin suppressed TG in vitro, but induced it ex vivo. Therefore, agaran from A. muscoides blocks TG on in vitro and ex vivo studies, suggesting to evaluate the blood coagulability status.

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Antioxidant, Nutraceutical Properties, and Fluorescence Spectral Profiles of Bee Pollen Samples from Different Botanical Origins

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9101001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1001

Author(s):

Daniele Barbieri ◽

Morena Gabriele ◽

Martina Summa ◽

Raffaele Colosimo ◽

Donatella Leonardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Front Face ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Bee Pollen ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Bee pollen is made by honey bees (Apis Mellifera) from the pollen of plants and flowers and represents an apiary product enriched in essential amino acids, polyphenols, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids. This study investigated the botanical origin, micronutrient profile, and antioxidant activity of bee pollen samples (n = 10) harvested in Lucca and Massa Carrara (Tuscany, Italy) between 2016 and 2017. The palynological analysis showed that bee pollen samples were composed of nine botanical families. Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on bee pollen samples in bulk, without any treatment, and in ethanol extracts to determine the characteristic fluorescent profile and, to identify the main chemical compounds with biological activity. The main chemical compounds detected were polyphenols (mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids), hydro-soluble vitamins (B2, B3, B6, and B9), amino acids, and pigments. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was investigated, and one of the two Viburnum pollens resulted in the highest polyphenols and flavonoids content (20.15 ± 0.15 mg GAE/g fw and 23.46 ± 0.08 mg CE/g fw, respectively). However, Prunus and Eucalyptus families showed the highest in vitro (190.27 ± 8.30 µmol Fe2+/g) and ex vivo (54.61 ± 8.51 CAA unit) antioxidant capacity, respectively. These results suggested that Tuscan bee pollen, depending on the botanical family, is rich in essential nutrients and potential nutraceutical product.

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Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity against Staphylococcus aureus of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cladode Polyphenolic Extracts

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8050117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 117 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Federica Blando ◽

Rossella Russo ◽

Carmine Negro ◽

Luigi De Bellis ◽

Stefania Frassinetti

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Opuntia Ficus Indica

Plant extracts are a rich source of natural compounds with antimicrobial properties, which are able to prevent, at some extent, the growth of foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of polyphenolic extracts from cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. to inhibit the growth of some enterobacteria and the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes at two stages of development were analysed for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (in vitro assays) and by cellular antioxidant activity in red blood cells (CAA-RBC) (ex vivo assay). The Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS–TOF) analysis of the polyphenolic extracts revealed high levels of piscidic acid, eucomic acid, isorhamnetin derivatives and rutin, particularly in the immature cladode extracts. Opuntia cladodes extracts showed a remarkable antioxidant activity (in vitro and ex vivo), a selective inhibition of the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, and an inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Our results suggest and confirm that Opuntia ficus-indica cladode extracts could be employed as functional food, due to the high polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity, and used as natural additive for food process control and food safety.

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Coumarin analogue 3-methyl-7H-furo[3,2-g] chromen-7-one as a possible antiparkinsonian agent

Biomédica ◽

10.7705/biomedica.4299 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 491-501

Author(s):

María del Pilar Olaya ◽

Nadezdha Esperanza Vergel ◽

José Luis López ◽

María Dolores Viña ◽

Mario Francisco Guerrero

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Monoamine Oxidase ◽

Mouse Models ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Monoamine Oxidase B ◽

Mao B ◽

Continue Research ◽

Substituted Coumarins

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors are used in the treatment of this disease concomitantly with levodopa or as monotherapy. Several substituted coumarins have shown activity as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B.Objective: To evaluate the possible antiparkinsonian effects of the coumarin analogue FCS005 (3-methyl-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one) in mouse models, as well as its inhibitory activity towards monoamine oxidases (MAO) and its antioxidant activity.Materials and methods: FCS005 was synthesized and the reversal of hypokinesia was evaluated in the reserpine and levodopa models. Moreover, in the haloperidol model, its anticataleptic effects were evaluated. Additionally, the monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of FCS005 were evaluated using in vitro and ex vivo studies, respectively.Results: FCS005 (100 mg/kg) caused the reversal of hypokinesia in the reserpine and levodopa models. This furocoumarin also presented anti-cataleptic effects at the same dose. Besides, it showed selective inhibitory activity towards the MAO-B isoform and antioxidant activity.Conclusion: These results attribute interesting properties to the compound FCS005. It is important to continue research on this molecule considering that it could be a potential antiparkinsonian agent.

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Bioactive Sesquiterpene Obtained from Schinus areira L. (Anacardiaceae) Essential Oil

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/ecsoc-23-06649 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 85

Author(s):

Silvana Rodriguez ◽

Rosa Ana Sueiro ◽

Ana Paula Murray ◽

José Manuel Leiro

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

High Performance ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Metabolic Activation ◽

Mutagenic Effect ◽

13C Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Trolox Equivalent

The essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Schinus areira and one of its components, globulol, were studied for their antioxidant, antimutagenic and antipromutagenic activities. The chemical composition of the EOs obtained using hydrodistillation was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and fractionated using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The active compound (16.61%) isolated was identified by comparison of its 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy with those reported in the literature. The antioxidant activity of the EOs and globulol were determined using two methods: crocin bleaching inhibition (Trolox Equivalent Value, TEV Krel = 1.16 ± 0.11 vs. 1.24 ± 0.22) and scavenging of the DPPH radical (IC50 = 38.75 ± 2.5 μg/mL vs. 5.60 ± 0.9 μg/mL). The antimutagenic and antipromutagenic activities were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo, using the Ames assay with five strains of Salmonella typhimurium with and without exogenous metabolic activation (rat liver fraction S9), against different mutagens. The result determined that globulol and EOs of S. areira at the applied doses do not exhibit any mutagenic effect and showed the highest antioxidant activity.

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Nanoincorporation of bioactive compounds from red grape pomaces: In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of antioxidant activity

International Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.037 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 523 (1) ◽

pp. 159-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Maria Manconi ◽

Francesca Marongiu ◽

Maria Letizia Manca ◽

Carla Caddeo ◽

Giorgia Sarais ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Red Grape

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New model of biological membrane (shed snakeskin) for studies of antioxidant activity in photoprotective formulation/ Novo modelo de membrana biológica (ecdise de pele de cobra) para estudos de atividade antioxidante em formulação fotoprotetora

Brazilian Journal of Development ◽

10.34117/bjdv7n4-674 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 43214-43236

Author(s):

Thamires Batello Freire ◽

Orlando Rodrigues Júnior ◽

Claudinéia Aparecida Sales de Oliveira Pinto ◽

Cassiano Carlos Escudeiro ◽

André Rolim Baby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Biological Membrane ◽

Resonance Energy Transfer ◽

Resonance Energy ◽

Oxidative Capacity ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy

Antioxidants of natural origin are used in medicines and cosmetics with several benefits, such as: photoprotective action, anti-aging, moisturizing and anti-pollutant. The human epidermis has an important barrier effect and limited anti-oxidative capacity, so studies with the epidermis is essential. Shed snakeskin (SS) is composed of the stratum corneum and provide a barrier like human stratum corneum. This alternative does not show a tendency to microbiological degradation and can be considered ecologically correct. This study intends to present, in an innovative way, the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and The Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) were employed to evaluate the natural antioxidant substances (Resveratrol/ RES 3.0 w/w and Ferulic acid/ FA 1.0 w/w) associated with organic sunscreens ingredients (Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate/ EHMC 10.0%w/w and Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethano/ BMBM 5.0%w/w in a photoprotective emulsion (PB). Furthermore, the use of SS seedlings as a possible alternative to the use of human or animal skin ex-vivo. RES and FA can absorb the energy emitted by the EHMC in FRET, preventing the passage through the triplet state, favoring the photostability of this sunscreen, the same not ocorred with the BMBM. Antioxidant activity of the photoprotective formulations was evaluated in vitro by the percentual inhibition of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrihydrazyl (DPPH•). The antioxidant activity with RES, 97.0% inhibition of DPPH• in the PB, was higher than PB + FA (91.0%), however the concentration of RES in PB was higher than FA. The sample SS + PB + FA was the one with the lowest number of free radicals after irradiation, which corroborated the high percentage of radical inhibition in vitro and it was the better association with the photoprotective formulation.

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Antioxidant and antimitotic activities of sulfated polysaccharide from marine brown algae Padina tetrastromatica

Journal of Phytology ◽

10.19071/jp.2015.v7.2921 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Geena Mariya Jose ◽

Anitha Radhakrishnan ◽

G Muraleedhara Kurup

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Brown Algae ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharide ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Padina Tetrastromatica ◽

Nitric Oxide Radical

Antioxidants play a central role in the prevention of carcinogenesis. The most natural compounds exhibit their protective effects by eliciting antioxidant potential. Sulfated polysaccharide was isolated from the brown algae Padina tetrastromatica, then purified and evaluated for its composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimitotic activities. Both ethanolic sulfated polysaccharide (ESPS) and ethanolic sulfated polysaccharide-column purified (ESPS-CP) exhibited considerable amount of carbohydrates (11.2% and 17.6%), sulfate (11.4% and 7.4%), fucose (5.5% and 15.7%), uronic acid (4.7% and 11.8%), xylose (0.5% and 0.03%) and sulfated polysaccharide (2.4% and 12.7%) content. The FTIR analysis and phytochemical screening also confirmed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides. In the in vitro antioxidant activity determination using DPPH (1-1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity and reducing power, ESPS showed more activity than ESPS-CP. In the case of nitric oxide radical scavenging, ESPS-CP was found to be more effective. At a concentration of 2mg/ml, both samples were potent antioxidants with significant IC50 values. The antimitotic studies such as mitotic index in onion root tips and sprouting assay in green gram seeds also proved that both the extracts are able to prevent mitosis. The extrapolation of these results can find opportunities in therapeutic regiments of cancer.

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Antioxidant Activity In vivo and Ex Vivo of Tautomeric Pair of Polyprenylated Benzophenone - Garcinielliptone FC (Platonia insignis Mart Seeds)

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407214666180914120726 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 284-293

Author(s):

George Laylson da Silva Oliveira ◽

Maria das Dores Alves de Oliveira ◽

Maria da Conceição Oliveira Prado ◽

Alexandre de Barros Falcão Ferraz ◽

José Carlos Correia Lima da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Redox Balance ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Iron Citrate

Background: Garcinielliptone FC corresponds to a polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol having a benzophenonic core (diphenylmethanone) substituted with isoprenyl(s) group(s) (3-methyl-2-butenyl) and 2-isopropenyl-hex-5-enyl. Objective: The present work evaluated the antioxidant activity of garcinielliptone FC (GFC) in vitro against non-biological radicals [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+)] and ex vivo against oxidative damage induced by AAPH (2,2'-azobis-2-methylpropionamidine dihydrochloride) and iron/citrate ion in erythrocytes and mitochondria, respectively. Methods: In addition to the protective effect, the main biochemical indexes of oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation through the formation of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Results: According to the results obtained in erythrocytes, the antioxidant results at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.5 and 3.0 mM were 26.34 ± 0.68, 43.39 ± 2.17, 62.27 ± 2.17, 86.69 ± 0.47 and 92.89 ± 0.45%, respectively, where GFC reduced the rate of oxidative hemolysis when compared to AAPH (p<0.05). The antioxidant activity observed in erythrocytes was also seen in mitochondria in which GFC reduced mitochondrial swelling by increasing the absorbance when compared to iron/citrate ion complex (p<0.05). In both biological models, GFC had an antioxidant effect on erythrocyte and mitochondrial redox balance when analyzing oxidative stress biomarkers, such as reduction of lipid peroxidation and inhibition of depletion in the activity of SOD, CAT and GSH levels. Conclusion: In conclusion, GFC had in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant activity against oxidative damage induced in erythrocytes and mitochondria acting on the erythrocytic and mitochondrial redox balance.

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