scholarly journals An Ethnological Analogy and Biogenetic Model for Interpretation of Religion and Ritual in the Past

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael James Winkelman
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Community Integration ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Social Predictors ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis paper provides a method- and theory-focused assessment of religious behavior based on cross-cultural research that provides an empirically derived model as a basis for making inferences about ritual practices in the past through an ethnological analogy. A review of previous research provides an etic typology of religious practitioners and identifies their characteristics, selection-function features, the societal configurations of practitioners, and the social complexity features of the societies where they are found. New analyses reported here identify social predictors of the individual practitioner types in their relationships to subsistence and sociopolitical conditions (foraging, intensive agriculture, political integration, warfare, and community integration). These relations reveal the factors contributing to social evolution through roles of religious organization in the operation of cultural institutions. The discussion expands on the previous findings identifying fundamental forms of religious life in the relations of the selection processes for religious practitioner positions to their principal professional functions. These relationships reveal three biogenetic structures of religious life involving (1) alterations of consciousness used in healing rituals, manifested in a cultural universal of shamanistic healers; (2) kin inheritance of leadership roles providing a hierarchical political organization of agricultural societies, manifested in priests who carry out collective rituals for agricultural abundance and propitiation of common deities; and (3) attribution of evil activities, manifested in witches who are persecuted and killed in subordinated groups of societies with political hierarchies and warfare. These systematic cross-cultural patterns of types of ritualists and their activities provide a basis for inferring biogenetic bases of religion and models for interpreting the activities, organization, and beliefs regarding religious activities of past societies. Cases are analyzed to illustrate the utility of the models presented.

scholarly journals EMPATHY AND REFLEXIVITY AS DETERMINANTS OF ETHNIC TOLERANCE OF STUDENTS OF RUSSIAN AND BELARUSIAN COMMUNITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
M. M. Karnialovich ◽  
V. I. Kazarenkov ◽  
T. B. Kazarenkova
Keyword(s):  
Educational Environment ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Student Interaction ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Social Predictors ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
The Individual

The high applied significance of the problem of effective and tolerant student interaction in a multicultural educational environment has been proved. The results of an empirical research of personality determinants of ethnic tolerance of students have been presented. The study has been carried out on a Russian and Belarusian sample of students, which allowed us to identify specific features of the influence of empathy and reflexivity as personal determinants on the level of ethnic tolerance among students of different ethnic communities. The levels of development of empathy and reflexivity among Russian students and Belarusian students have been defined and analysed, their social predictors have been substantiated. Based on the results of variance and multiple regression analyses the strength, orientation and content characteristics of the influence of empathy and reflexivity of the individual on the student’s ethnic tolerance have been revealed. The results of the study are of interest to specialists in the field of personality psychology, ethnic psychology, cross-cultural communication.

Systems Thinking and the Internet

2011 ◽  
pp. 150-163
Author(s):  
Kambiz E. Maani
Keyword(s):  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Community Integration ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Business And Society ◽  
Fundamental Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
The Individual

In the past decade two movements have had a profound influence on the way we think and communicate–Systems Thinking and the Internet. Both are grounded in sciences and technology and complement each other in principle and practice. But the similarities almost end here. While one has become a household name, the other still remains a mystery. The Internet was born in the elite military and academic quarters, but has rapidly moved to public neighborhoods and has already become a mass movement. Systems Thinking also originated from scientific circles and is only now beginning to make a public appearance. Despite their benign appearances, both Systems Thinking and the Internet challenge mankind’s age-old ways to think and disseminate information. At a fundamental level, they challenge the hierarchy and authority, and power and leadership. Through technology, the Internet has, in essence, brought down the boundaries that define business, trade and even nationhood. Through equally powerful scientific principles, Systems Thinking has broken the superficial dichotomies of the whole vs. the part, the individual vs. the community, integration and autonomy, and business and society.

scholarly journals Substantiation of the Model of Empirical Research of Socio-Psychological Features of Psychological Security of the Individual in Cross-Cultural Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
Nadezhda A. Tsvetkova ◽  
◽  
Eugenia V. Egamberdieva ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Intercultural Interaction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Psychological Features

The article presents a theoretical analysis of scientific developments of the problem of psychological security of the individual, carried out by modern domestic scientists. In particular, the review of scientific articles and monographs, as well as candidate and doctoral theses defended in the XXI century in the psychological sciences is given. The article reflects the results of the analysis of the materials of international and all-Russian scientific and practical conferences over the past ten years, which discussed the problem of psychological security of the individual in various spheres of human life. The main approaches to the study of this phenomenon are highlighted and the directions of its further research are shown. Among the promising areas of research of psychological security of the individual, intercultural interaction is highlighted and the relevance of studying its socio-psychological features is justified. The model of an empirical study of the socio-psychological features of the psychological security of the individual in intercultural interaction is proposed.

scholarly journals The Development of Students’ Cross-cultural Competence in the Conditions of Transitive Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 08039
Author(s):  
Boris Takhokhov
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cultural Competence ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Education Of Students ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Development Of Students

The study is devoted to the substantiation of the need for the development of students’ cross-cultural competence at the time of transitive society: it demonstrates that the current stage of social development has an actualizing effect on the psychology of the individual due to the fact that the society and its individual representative resemble the image of two-faced Janus, when one side of the person is turned to the past and the other – to the future. Under these conditions cross-cultural competence as an activity-oriented concept, the aim of which is a social adaptation of the student’s personality through the acculturation in the multicultural world, becomes a psychological and pedagogical imperative. It is noted that the cross-cultural competence in the era of postmodernism and globalization contributes to the education of students in the spirit of openness, pluralism of tastes, opinions and tolerance; at the cognitive level it is a significant expansion of cognitive space, a better understanding of both personal and other cultures. The Methodological Base of the Study: the humanistic paradigm in education and social Sciences, system, activity, cultural and personality-oriented approaches. The Research Methods: analysis and synthesis, systematization and classification, observation and generalization.

scholarly journals Keberlangsungan Ajaran Sekte Bhairawa dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Gede Wariati
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

In the history of the development of Hinduism in the archipelago, it is mentioned that Bhairawa sect never developed in Indonesia. The Bhairawa sect is also said to have flourished in Bali so that Bhairawa’s teachings must have been carried out in Bali. As we know that cultural and religious activities in Bali cannot be separated from the influence of sects that ever developed in Bali in the past. Although the Bhairawa sect is now abandoned in Bali, the influence of this sect may still be present in the religious life of Balinese society. That’s why research is needed to know the existence of the Bhairawa sect in the religious life of Balinese society. Based on the results of the research, it was found that (1) the teachings of the Bhairawa sects were merged together with the Balinese customs tradition, this could be seen from the worship of the Goddess Durga in the Dalem temple, the ngelawar activity, the Calon Aarang activity, the use of arak and berem in religious activities, mecaru and Kebo Edan temple as a place of begging descent. (2) The influence of the Bhairawa sect for the Balinese Hindu Society can be seen in two specs, the first influence is on the Bhuana Agung (universe) and the influence on Bhuana Alit (human).

Ukrainian community life of believers

2008 ◽  
pp. 110-134
Author(s):  
Pavlo Yuriyovych Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Religious Activity ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
Religious System ◽  
Real Presence ◽  
The Status ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
The Individual

The cornerstone of any religion is its anthropological concept, which seeks to determine the essential orientations of man, to outline the ideological framework of its existence, to represent the idea of ​​its essence, purpose in earthly life. The main task of the religious system is the act of involving and subordinating man to the spiritual divine realm as the realm of the transcendental existence of God. Belief in the real presence of the latter implies a new understanding of oneself, which ultimately leads the religious individual to the desire to be involved in this transcendental existence, to have intimate relations with him, to have a consciousness inherent in God. Note that in this context, all human being is interpreted as a certain arena for this realization. Therefore, the religious life of the individual acquires the status of religious activity.

Towards a New Approach to Cross-Cultural Distinctiveness and Typicality of Human Faces: The Cross-Group Typicality/Distinctiveness Metric

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Kleisner ◽  
Šimon Pokorný ◽  
Selahattin Adil Saribay
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Home Culture ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup

In present research, we took advantage of geometric morphometrics to propose a data-driven method for estimating the individual degree of facial typicality/distinctiveness for cross-cultural (and other cross-group) comparisons. Looking like a stranger in one’s home culture may be somewhat stressful. The same facial appearance, however, might become advantageous within an outgroup population. To address this fit between facial appearance and cultural setting, we propose a simple measure of distinctiveness/typicality based on position of an individual along the axis connecting the facial averages of two populations under comparison. The more distant a face is from its ingroup population mean towards the outgroup mean the more distinct it is (vis-à-vis the ingroup) and the more it resembles the outgroup standards. We compared this new measure with an alternative measure based on distance from outgroup mean. The new measure showed stronger association with rated facial distinctiveness than distance from outgroup mean. Subsequently, we manipulated facial stimuli to reflect different levels of ingroup-outgroup distinctiveness and tested them in one of the target cultures. Perceivers were able to successfully distinguish outgroup from ingroup faces in a two-alternative forced-choice task. There was also some evidence that this task was harder when the two faces were closer along the axis connecting the facial averages from the two cultures. Future directions and potential applications of our proposed approach are discussed.

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AS AN EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM (TO THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE-IDEOLOGICAL MATRICES)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Evolutionary System ◽  
Consciousness Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Main Gene ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sociological Studies

The aim of the article is to concretize the concept of political ideology in the aspect of its matrix structure and in the context of the cognitive-evolutionary approach. Based on Michael Frieden's morphological approach to the analysis of ideological consciousness, the concept of cognitive-ideological matrices is introduced, which allows us to describe the process of transition from proto-ideological to ideological concepts proper, especially at the level of individual consciousness. The identification of the ideological concept as the main “gene” of conceptual variability and inheritance made it possible to describe the main parameters of the evolution of political ideologies and associate it with changes taking place at the individual consciousness level. The described concept was tested in a series of sociological studies of youth consciousness conducted in 2015-2016 and 2018-2020. As a result of the study, it was possible to first identify the “zero level” of ideology, at which the minds of young respondents are potentially open to the influence of diverse and often mutually exclusive ideological orientations, and second, to pinpoint the changes that have occurred in the cognitive ideological matrices of Rostov-on-Don students over the past five years. This study was conducted by scientists from the southern Federal University.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plant Derived Natural Products – A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 4506-4536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris E. Allijn ◽  
René P. Brinkhuis ◽  
Gert Storm ◽  
Raymond M. Schiffelers
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Reference Compound ◽  
Individual Molecular Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Medicines

Traditionally, natural medicines have been administered as plant extracts, which are composed of a mixture of molecules. The individual molecular species in this mixture may or may not contribute to the overall medicinal effects and some may even oppose the beneficial activity of others. To better control therapeutic effects, studies that characterized specific molecules and describe their individual activity that have been performed over the past decades. These studies appear to underline that natural products are particularly effective as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this systematic review we aimed to identify potent anti-inflammatory natural products and relate their efficacy to their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. To identify these compounds, we performed a comprehensive literature search to find those studies, in which a dose-response description and a positive control reference compound was used to benchmark the observed activity. Of the analyzed papers, 7% of initially selected studies met these requirements and were subjected to further analysis. This analysis revealed that most selected natural products indeed appeared to possess anti-inflammatory activities, in particular anti-oxidative properties. In addition, 14% of the natural products outperformed the remaining natural products in all tested assays and are attractive candidates as new anti-inflammatory agents.

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