scholarly journals German wie-complements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Umbach ◽  
Stefan Hinterwimmer ◽  
Helmar Gust
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Event Type ◽  
Base Position ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Basic Semantic

AbstractIn German, complement clauses embedded by the wh-wordwie(‘how’) have two different readings. The first is a manner reading expressing a manner or method of doing something. The second is calledeventivein this paper because it expresses an event in progress instead of a manner. Ruling out ambiguity ofwie, the question arises of why a manner word is used to express an event in progress. The basic semantic hypothesis in this paper is thatwieexpresses similarity (as it does in, e.g., similes). The paper starts from the observation that in the manner readingwiehas a base position next to the verb and is a modifier of the event type whereas in the eventive reading it is base-generated above VP and thus adds information about the event token. The analysis includes two components: First, manners are considered as sets of similar events (instead of primitive objects), and methods, in particular, are considered as sets of similar sequences of subevents. Secondly, events in progress are seen as initial sequences in sets of similar natural continuations. From this point of view, an event in progress is like a method comprising sequences of subevents that share the same initial part. This analysis provides a semantic interpretation explaining why the wh-wordwieexpresses both the regular manner reading and the eventive reading depending on whether it modifies the event type or the event token.

Verbal Number in Chadic, with Special Reference to Hausa

2021 ◽  
pp. 596-626
Author(s):  
Malte Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Basic Semantic

The chapter provides a general overview of the formal marking of pluractionality in Chadic languages and its observable interpretive effects, with a special focus of Hausa. Section 29.2 introduces the three major strategies for marking pluractionality in Chadic (reduplication, infixing/ablauting, suffixation), before discussing possible correspondences between formal marking and interpretation. The empirical focus lies on languages that do not figure prominently in earlier works on pluractionality in Chadic. The section also contains a case study on the interpretation of different ways of pluractional marking in West Chadic Bole. Section 29.3 introduces the basic patterns of pluractional marking in Hausa, and their basic semantic interpretation in terms of distribution over participants or places. It then discusses secondary, pragmatically inferred meaning effects in terms of abundance, individuation, or intensification. The chapter ends with a discussion of why pluractional marking in Hausa does not easily allow for iterative event interpretations.

scholarly journals Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 6. The Еxternal Logic

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134
Author(s):  
O. M. Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Double Negation ◽  
Negative Particle ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Language Interpretation ◽  
General Rules

Introduction. The article continues a series of publications on the linguistics of the relationship (hereafter R-linguistics) and is concerned with the semantic interpretation in terms of the linguistic model that is the initial stage to consider the logic of natural language (external logic).Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. In particular, the verbal categorization method is used to represent concepts and verbs. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics of natural language, the previously formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used. The interpretation operator maps the sentences of the language into the model, taking into account the previously interpreted sentences.Results and discussion. The problems that arise during the operation of the natural language interpretation operator are analyzed using examples of text translation and utterance algebra. The source of problems is the dependence of the interpretation of sentences on the already accumulated results of interpretation. The features of the interpretation of negation and double negation in the language are analyzed. In particular, the negation of a sentence affects the interpretation of previous sentences, and double negation usually denotes a single negation with an indication of its scope. It is shown that even from the point of view of classical logic, linguistic negation is not unconditional, and the operation of concatenation is not commutative and associative. General rules of text interpretation in the form of step-by-step mapping of sentence elements into a linguistic model are formulated.Conlcusion. From the considered examples of the implementation of the interpretation operator, it follows that the negation of a sentence requires a change in the meaning of the operation of attributing sentences in the text. For this reason, the negative particle ”not” in the language is actually a label for changing the interpretation rule. The double negation rule in sentence logic does not hold, so sentences containing double negations are likely to contain information about the scope of the sentence negation in the text. Based on the analysis, the contours of the interpretation operator for the linguistic model are indicated.

scholarly journals ENGAGING NON-ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS TO SPEAK: A CHALLENGING PATH

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fitria Muji Pratawati
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State Universities ◽  
English Department ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Initial Part

This study aimed at sharing how the teacher initiates their students to speak. All efforts have been done in class in order to keep the class alive and students were active in joining the lesson. The students were from non-English department who studied ESP. They were from different major but still in one generation of the State Universities in Malang, East Java-Indonesia. This created the point of view that some students tend to take this course only as the requirement to fulfill their credits in two semesters. Therefore, the role of English teacher dealing with boosting students’ speaking awareness is very pivotal. The result were students tended to be more actively engaged in the class joining the activities given to them, such as debate and making video related their major. Then, this study suggests the teaching practitioners always considering the good atmosphere given to the students before the lesson begins. So, this will be the initial part of making them comfort in class and try to have teamwork with them to succeed the objective of the class.

Evidence from Oromo on the typology of complementation strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 526
Author(s):  
Shannon Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Clausal Complementation ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
Semantic Building Blocks ◽  
Basic Semantic ◽  
The Way

This paper explores the clausal complementation strategies found in Oromo (Cushitic). Recent work by Wurmbrand and Lohninger (2019) suggests that languages distinguish three broad semantic categories of complement clauses, which are hierarchically ordered with respect to their syntactic complexity. Based on newly elicited data and examples from the literature, I propose that Oromo complement clauses also show this three-way split, lending support to Wurmbrand and Lohninger’s (2019) proposal. However, the distribution of clausal complement categories appears to diverge somewhat from what has been reported for other languages, suggesting some flexibility in the way certain states and events can be linguistically encoded. Situating Oromo within the typology of clausal complementation thus sheds light on the diversity of ways in which basic semantic building blocks may be incorporated into the expression of complex meanings and speaks to the import of understudied languages to typological research.

scholarly journals Czy "wihajster" jest nazwą artefaktu? Szkic leksykologiczny

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 77-100
Author(s):  
Sebastian Żurowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
World War ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Loan Word ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century

Is wihajster a name for an artifact? A lexicological studyThe basic focal points of this article are the features of the word wihajster – both those inter- (grammar and semantics) and extralinguistic (etymology, orthography, pragmatics). Moreover, the article mentions other expressions characteristic of regional varieties of Polish which share some similar semantic features. The presented semantic interpretation implies that, generally, wihajster is a semantically marked synonym for narzędzie ‘tool,’ some of the examples, however, show that there are speakers who attribute to it an even broader scope of reference. The examples that illustrate the analysis have mostly been derived from fiction. Their analysis shows that referring to wihajster as a "post-war neologism" is not justified. The word undoubtedly appeared in Polish before World War II, and most probably even back in the 19th century. It is equally unreliable from the academic point of view to call wihajster a Germanism – unless we are prepared to abandon defining the latter as a loan word from German. All in all, the word does indeed imitate in sound the German phrase wie heisst er?, yet this linguistic unit did not evolve within German and thus is not an external loan. It can only be considered an internal loan from local dialects into general Polish. Czy wihajster jest nazwą artefaktu? Szkic leksykologicznyPodstawowym przedmiotem zainteresowania w artykule są cechy wewnątrz- (gramatyka i semantyka) i zewnątrzjęzykowe (etymologia, ortografia, pragmatyka) wyrażenia wihajster. Ponadto wspomniane są inne wyrażenia odmian (głównie regionalnych) języka polskiego, które mają podobne cechy semantyczne. Zapro­ponowana interpretacja semantyczna zakłada, że są to nacechowane synonimy narzędzia, choć część przykładów pokazuje, że użytkownicy języka przypisują im czasem jeszcze szerszy zakres odniesienia. Wykorzystywane do ilustracji toku wywodu przykłady pochodzą przede wszystkim z literatury pięknej. Ich ana­liza pokazuje, że częste w literaturze przedmiotu określanie wihajstra mianem „powojennego neologizmu” jest nieuprawnione – wyrażenie to pojawiło się w języku polskim na pewno przed II wojną światową, a prawdopodobnie jeszcze w XIX wieku. Równie nierzetelne naukowo jest nazywanie wihajstra germanizmem – chyba że germanizm zostanie zdefiniowany nie jako zapożyczenie z języka niemieckiego. Wihajster w istocie jest bowiem wyrażeniem naśladują­cym brzmienie niemieckiej frazy wie heisst er?, ale jednostka ta nie powstała na gruncie języka niemieckiego i nie jest zapożyczeniem zewnętrznym. Można ją traktować jedynie jako zapożyczenie wewnętrzne z gwar do języka ogólnego.

scholarly journals Newfound Excerpts from the Nomocanon in the Synaxarion from the Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Marina Chistiakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article is devoted to two previously unknown excerpts from the Nomoсanon (Kormchaya), found in the late 16th century Synaxarion (or Prologue) from the Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum in Lviv, Rk 252. This manuscript contains readings from September to December and represents a specific version of the expanded edition of the Prologue, characteristic of the writing tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The sermons, included in this copy for 17 and 25 November, are borrowed from the Nomoсanon of Fourteen Titles without commentaries, namely from the initial part of the Collection of Apostolic Rules. A comparative analysis of the articles has demonstrated that the compiler selected some successive fragments from the oldest Slavonic version of the Kormchaya and also made some omissions. The first sermon is focused on the ordination of bishops and the rules of conduct of all ranks of the clergy. The second article forbids the ordination of priests for a fee and under the auspices of the Duke. It also specifies that the bishops’ meetings should be held twice a year. A textological analysis has shown that the synaxarian sermon of 17 November had been somewhat shortened. From a linguistic point of view, excerpts from the Nomocanon bear exact correspondence to the source text. Both sermons contain brief passages from other authors and sources (St. Nilus of Sinai, the Book of Psalms, etc.). Because of the similarity in style of the work with the source, it may be assumed that extracts from the Kormchaya were simultaneously included into the Prologue by the same person, probably at a later stage of editing of this version of the Prologue. At the end of the present article, two newly discovered synaxarian articles from the Kormchaya are published.

scholarly journals Semantic Interpreter Pythia : GIS-based Expert Knowledge Algorithm for Automated Geotechnical Soil Profiling of Applicable Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Apostolos Papadopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Information Science ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fusion Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
The Subject

Although the fields of geospatial data are growing rapidly, the result is still not satisfactory for the needs of engineers. No systematic information is available about geotechnical subsurface soil conditions and underground artificial infrastructures. This old-age problem is two-fold: (a) inadequate available digital geotechnical data, and (b) no concepts to improving the applicability and to updating data for engineering applications. On the second, the paper proposes the innovative GIS-based model-driven data processing methodology implemented into an expert knowledge algorithm named Semantic Interpreter Pythia (thereafter SI). From the point of view of geotechnical engineering, the subject of SI is the automated multi-thematic geotechnical soil profiling (GSP) by which it determines the geometry, the properties and the stratigraphy of the site-specific subsoil. From the point of view of geographic information science, the subject of this expert is to relate multi-thematic sets of data from databases, to interpret these data with a specialized data fusion model and, ultimately, to lead to unified information in a core relational database. The paper presents the innovative idea of this algorithm to propose the development of automated SI tools by the modern GIS and internet technology. These tools could help disseminate useful and up-to-date data for a wide range of uses. Based on the experiences distilled from an extensive geotechnical case study, the paper specifies what content is appropriate for engineering studies. The notions of data applicability and geotechnical semantic interpretation arise. 

QUANTUM COMPUTATIONAL LOGICS AND FOCK SPACE SEMANTICS

2005 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA LUISA DALLA CHIARA ◽  
ROBERTO GIUNTINI ◽  
ROBERTO LEPORINI
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Fock Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Information Quantity ◽  
Standard Quantum ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Logical Connectives ◽  
Quantum Computational Logics ◽  
Basic Semantic ◽  
Number Of Particles

The theory of logical gates in quantum computation has suggested new forms of quantum logic, called quantum computational logics. The basic semantic idea is the following: the meaning of a sentence α is identified with a quantum information quantity, represented by a density operator of a Hilbert space, whose dimension depends on the logical complexity of α. At the same time, the logical connectives of the language are interpreted as operations defined in terms of quantum logical gates. Standard quantum computational models can be described as special cases of Fock space models, where the meaning of any sentence is localized in a precise sector of a Fock space ℱ. From an intuitive point of view, the increasing number of particles described in the different sectors of ℱ can be interpreted as increasing information.

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC TYPOLOGY OF THE METAMORPHIC ORNITHOLOGICAL PLOT OF AN EAST SLAVIC TALE (SUS 425М)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-93
Author(s):  
Leonid G. Kayanidi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Water Snake ◽  
Antagonist Action ◽  
Semantic Typology ◽  
Basic Semantic ◽  
Plot Type ◽  
Russian Research

In Russian research on fairy tales, there are two approaches to the tale of the wife of the water snake. One approach (that of E.A. Kostyukhin) denies that such plot type belongs to the fairy-tale genre and relates it to the folk novella. Another one (that of G.I. Kabakova) focuses on the etiologic finale, perceiving it as an alternative to compensating the fairy tale shortcoming. The author applied the structuralist method in the analysing of fairy tales about wife of a water snake. As a result, a typology of the plot type 425M was created. He managed to identify its invariant scheme, as well as describe all digressions from it (variations and variants). Characteristic of the 425M plot invariant is the complicated initial part, in which the author suggests to single out a block of zero, or imaginary, shortcoming, and a block of true, actual shortcoming. The structural-semiotic plot scheme correlates with the motivational scheme proposed by G. Kabakova, but enhances it with an emphasis in inversion of the basic semantic opposition of its own, human and alien, non-human, which makes it possible to explain why the final transformation becomes the compensation for the shortcoming. The final transformation of the heroine (and / or her children) into birds and reptiles is considered to be an example of mythological mediation. The heroine eliminates the shortcoming with an action asymmetrically opposite to the action of the antagonist action, namely, with the transformation, due to which a new opposition “cuckoo – water snake” is formed, which removes the former – “insider – outsider”. The daughter triumphs over her mother without causing the latter direct harm, and is reunited with her husband.

Complement-taking predicates

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Boye ◽  
Peter Harder
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Complement Clause ◽  
The Status ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
Traditional Assumption ◽  
Considerable Discussion

In recent years, there has been considerable discussion about the nature of clausal subordination (cf., for instance, Schilperoord & Verhagen 1998, Verhagen 2001, Verhagen to appear, Diessel & Tomasello 2001, Thompson 2002). One of the foci has been the status of complement clauses of complement-taking predicates like think. Roughly speaking, the two poles of the issue are the ‘traditional’ assumption according to which the ‘main clause’ is central, and a new ‘usage-based’ picture according to which the ‘complement clause’ is central and the ‘main clause’ is more or less an appendix. From the point of view of an approach that sees structure as having a central role in an overall cognitive-functional picture, this potential polarization is at risk of separating issues that should be kept together. The aim of this paper is to show how a picture that is fully committed to maintaining the role of structural (including structural-semantic) subordination can simultaneously remain fully faithful to principles of usage-based linguistics. Ontogeny and phylogeny (acquisition and diachrony) are central elements in the picture.

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