scholarly journals Who wants to learn harder? The relationship between conservatism and liberalism, desirable difficulties, and academic learning

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Mariss ◽  
Kristin Wenzel ◽  
Chawwah Grünberg ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Academic Learning ◽  
Desirable Difficulties ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
American Students ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPrevious work has shown that challenging learning strategies like desirable difficulties improve long-term learning. Nonetheless, because they might be regarded as strict and demanding learning strategies, they should not be perceived as positive by everyone. They should, however, fit conservative political attitudes since those are, among others, positively correlated with individuals’ need for order and structure as well as with challenging learning environments. Hence, we hypothesized conservative political attitudes to be correlated with more positive attitudes towards desirable difficulties, towards the use of desirable difficulties at school, towards the preferred difficulty of the learning process, and towards deeper learning strategies. We conducted three online studies assessing US American students’ political attitudes and their attitudes towards such difficult and challenging learning strategies: Study 1 found correlations among more conservative political attitudes and more positive attitudes towards difficult and challenging learning strategies, whereas Study 2 found no significant linkages among these variables. Study 3 then showed that a more conservative political attitude and favorable ratings of Republican politicians, but also more favorable ratings of Democratic politicians were linked to more positive attitudes towards our dependent variables. Self-reported interest in and importance of politics were also positively correlated with positive attitudes towards difficult learning. Our results indicate that students’ political attitudes are generally linked to positive attitudes towards difficult and challenging learning strategies and are therefore important individual characteristics regarding applications and perceptions of these learning strategies. Future work focusing on these relationships, on causal effects, and on further related variables is valuable.

Senior Managers and Executive Information Systems: Examining Linkages among Individual Characteristics, Attitudes, Computer Use, and Intentions

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1171-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Computer Training ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Executive Information Systems ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Demographic Survey ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
The Relationship

Fifty executives were interviewed and completed a demographic survey and a measure of cognitive style. Accountants had more positive attitudes toward use of computers. The relationship between the extent of computer training in general and attitude was significant. Attitude was significantly linked to intentions but not to actual use.

A Memória de Longo Prazo e a Análise Sobre sua Função no Processo de Aprendizagem

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Lia Almeida Mapurunga ◽  
Elcyana Bezerra Elcyana Bezerra Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Bibliographical Survey ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

A neurociência é uma ciência natural que estuda a função e a estrutura, que compõem o cérebro. A educação, embora tenha outra natureza, tem tido muitos benefícios com as contribuições que a neurociência tem para oferecer. Como o cérebro aprende e por que aprende traz para o ensino o objetivo e a função de criar condições (entre estratégias, recursos e adequação do meio), para que ocorra a aprendizagem. E, para que essa ocorra, é necessário que as funções mentais superiores, como a memória, estejam envolvidas. O objetivo deste estudo consiste em fazer uma revisão de literatura para conhecer a função da memória de longo prazo na aprendizagem, analisar os mecanismos neurobiológicos, que ocorrem durante esse processo e algumas estratégias de aprendizagem, que se utilizam da memória como recurso. Para isso, foi realizado no período de agosto a outubro de 2016, um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados Scielo, Capes, Bireme e Google Acadêmico, buscando artigos científicos, que poderiam trazer alguma contribuição na construção dessa pesquisa. Foram selecionados, preferencialmente, os que continham enfoque na relação entre aprendizagem e memória, tanto na perspectiva da neurociência, quanto da psicologia cognitiva, trazendo argumentos que pudessem  comprovar o entendimento das estratégias de aprendizagem, a partir da memória de longo prazo. Também foram selecionados livros que apresentavam apoio às temáticas discorridas para esse trabalho, possibilitando essa relação. Os resultados apontam que estratégias de aprendizagens, que utilizam a memória, produzem efeitos positivos para a retenção de longo prazo.Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem. Neurociências. Estratégias de Aprendizagem.AbstractNeuroscience is a natural science that studies the function and structure that forms the brain. Although education has another nature, it has had many benefits from the contributions that neuroscience has to offer. How the brain learns and why it learns brings to teaching the intent and function to create conditions (among strategies, resources and suitability to the environment) so that learning can happen. And, for it to occur, it is  necessary that higher mental functions, such as memory, beinvolved. The purpose of this study is to do a literature review to get to know the function of long-term memory on the learning process, to analyze the neurobiological mechanisms that happen during that process, and some learning strategies that use memory as a resource. Therefore a bibliographical survey was conducted at the databases Scielo, Capes, Bireme and Academic Google, from August to October 2016, searching for scientific articles that could contribute somehow on the construction of this research. The articles that used the neuroscience perspective or the cognitive psychology to focus on the relationship  between learning and memory were chosen, preferentially those whose arguments could prove the  learning strategies understanding about he long-term memory. Books supporting the themes discussed for this work were also selected, creating, therefore, a relationship. The results show that learning strategies that use memory have positive effects for long-term retention.Keywords: Learning. Neuroscience. Learning Strategies.

scholarly journals Students’ School Engagement and Their Truant Behavior: Do Relationships with Classmates and Teachers Matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina Teuscher ◽  
Elena Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Student Teacher ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
School Dropout ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Student Teacher Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Research on school dropout suggests that the decision to drop out of school is not a sudden or immediate one, but rather the result of a long-term process of withdrawal from school. While school engagement and truancy are among the most prominent constructs to be associated as precursors of school dropout, the relationship between these two constructs needs further analysis. Our study establishes more comprehensive understanding of school engagement and truancy by focusing on students’ individual characteristics and their relationships in school, particularly the student-teacher relationship and relationships with peers. It demonstrates that among the individual characteristics the migration background is crucial for school engagement, while the student age is important for truancy. Furthermore, peer-relationships are positively related to students’ school engagement, but not to their truancy. Furthermore, a good student-teacher relationship not only has positive impacts on students’ school engagement, but is also negatively associated with truancy, while school engagement mediates this path.

The Press and its Influence on British Political Attitudes under New Labour

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil T. Gavin ◽  
David Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Political Attitudes ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Analysis

To explore the impact of the press in Britain during the first New Labour administration, we used aggregate-level analysis to assess the relationship between the economic content of press and changes in the public's political and economic attitudes. We examine the effects on attitudes of economic coverage in the broadsheets, ‘black top’ and tabloid newspapers. The results suggest that the broadsheets and ‘black tops’ do exert an influence on voters’ views, whereas the tabloids do not. The impact is, however, not global, but confined to particular segments of the population. The modest effects we have charted, nevertheless have important cumulative political significance in the medium- to long-term, and they put press influence into sharper and more realistic perspective than many current accounts. Methodologically our results suggest the need for further work to focus on press effects on specific groups of voters.

scholarly journals Why Have the Benefits of DHA Not Been Borne Out in the Treatment and Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease? A Narrative Review Focused on DHA Metabolism and Adipose Tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11826
Author(s):  
Rory J. Heath ◽  
Thomas R. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brain Uptake ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid rich in seafood, is linked to Alzheimer’s Disease via strong epidemiological and pre-clinical evidence, yet fish oil or other DHA supplementation has not consistently shown benefit to the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Furthermore, autopsy studies of Alzheimer’s Disease brain show variable DHA status, demonstrating that the relationship between DHA and neurodegeneration is complex and not fully understood. Recently, it has been suggested that the forms of DHA in the diet and plasma have specific metabolic fates that may affect brain uptake; however, the effect of DHA form on brain uptake is less pronounced in studies of longer duration. One major confounder of studies relating dietary DHA and Alzheimer’s Disease may be that adipose tissue acts as a long-term depot of DHA for the brain, but this is poorly understood in the context of neurodegeneration. Future work is required to develop biomarkers of brain DHA and better understand DHA-based therapies in the setting of altered brain DHA uptake to help determine whether brain DHA should remain an important target in the prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Newcomers' Future Work Selves, Perceived Supervisor Support, and Proactive Socialization in Chinese Organizations

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1457-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Zhang ◽  
Jianqiao Liao ◽  
Yanling Yan ◽  
Yun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Supervisor Support ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New Employees ◽  
Perceived Supervisor Support ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Based on self-determination theory, we examined how new employees' (newcomers) future work selves and perceived level of supervisor support influence newcomers' proactive socialization in the workplace, a factor that leads to better long-term adjustment. We conducted a survey using a 3-wave longitudinal design with 295 people employed in a range of organizations in China. Results indicate that level of perceived supervisor support had a significant influence on the relationship between newcomers' future work selves and their proactive adjustment behavior, such that the relationship became stronger as perceived supervisor support increased. In addition, we found that newcomers' proactive adjustment behavior was positively related to both the quality of their social integration and their job performance. Theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Municipal Residence Level of Long-Term PM10 Exposure Associated with Obesity among Young Adults in Seoul, Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 6981
Author(s):  
Jayeun Kim ◽  
Kyuhyun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pm10 Exposure

Background: long-term effects of ambient pollutants used to be defined in cohort studies using biomarkers. Health effects on young adults from long-term exposure to particulate matters (PM) in residential ambiance have received less attention. Methods: using the data of population-representative aged 19–29 in Seoul, the relationship between obesity and PM10 levels of the living district was examined. We defined obesity as Body Mass Index (BMI) 25 kg/m2 and more. Survey logistic regression was conducted according to individual residence periods in the current municipality. Individual characteristics were adjusted overall and were age-specific; aged 19–24 and 25–29. Results: study population was 3655 (1680 (46%) men and 1933 aged 19–24 (52.9%)) individuals. Relationship between length of residence in municipalities with a greater level of PM10 from 2001–2005 and obesity was increased over the residing period; 10 years ≤ (odds ratio (OR) 1.071, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.969–1.185), 15 years ≤ (1.120, 1.006–1.247), and 20 years ≤ (1.158, 1.034–1.297) in aged 19–29. Age-specific effects showed slight differences. Conclusions: Although PM10 levels are currently decreasing, higher levels of PM10 exposure in the residential area during the earlier lifetime may contribute to obesity increase among young adults.

Local attitudes towards conservation and tourism around Komodo National Park, Indonesia

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Walpole ◽  
Harold J. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
National Park ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Dress Code ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Local Support ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Support

Ensuring local support for protected areas is increasingly viewed as an important element of biodiversity conservation. This is often predicated on the provision of benefits from protected areas, and a common means of providing such benefits is tourism development. However, the relationship between receipt of tourism benefits and support for conservation has not been explored. This study examined local attitudes towards protected area tourism and the effects of tourism benefits on local support for Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Komodo National Park is a flagship for tourism in a region where protected areas are becoming increasingly visited and where local support for conservation has not been investigated. Results of a questionnaire survey revealed positive attitudes towards tourism and high support for conservation (93.7%), as well as a recognition that tourism is dependent upon the existence of the park. Positive attitudes towards tourism were positively related to the receipt of economic benefits, and to support for conservation. However, a positive relationship between receipt of tourism benefits and support for conservation was not identified, suggesting that benefits from protected area conservation make no difference to local support for conservation. Local people recognized distributional inequalities in tourism benefits, and the most common complaints were of local inflation and tourist dress code. To fully identify the impacts of protected area tourism, long-term studies of local attitudes alongside traditional economic and ecological assessments are recommended.

scholarly journals Examining the trade-offs between human fertility and longevity over three centuries using crowdsourced genealogy data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255528
Author(s):  
Chen-Hao Hsu ◽  
Oliver Posegga ◽  
Kai Fischbach ◽  
Henriette Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historical Periods

The evolution theory of ageing predicts that reproduction comes with long-term costs of survival. However, empirical studies in human species report mixed findings of the relationship between fertility and longevity, which varies by populations, time periods, and individual characteristics. One explanation underscores that changes in survival conditions over historical periods can moderate the negative effect of human fertility on longevity. This study investigates the fertility-longevity relationship in Europe during a period of rapid modernisation (seventeenth to twentieth centuries) and emphasises the dynamics across generations. Using a crowdsourced genealogy dataset from the FamiLinx project, our sample consists of 81,924 women and 103,642 men born between 1601 and 1910 across 16 European countries. Results from multilevel analyses show that higher fertility has a significantly negative effect on longevity. For both women and men, the negative effects are stronger among the older cohorts and have reduced over time. Moreover, we find similar trends in the dynamic associations between fertility and longevity across four geographical regions in Europe. Findings and limitations of this study call for further investigations into the historical dynamics of multiple mechanisms behind the human evolution of ageing.

scholarly journals SAT-Based Approaches for the General High School Timetabling Problem

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Demirović
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Metaheuristic Algorithms ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
High School Timetabling ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
School Timetabling ◽  
School Timetabling Problem ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

High School Timetabling (HSTT) is a well known and widespread problem. It consists of coordinating resources (e.g. teachers, rooms), times, and events (e.g. lectures) with respect to various constraints. In this paper, I summarize the work I have done towards exploring the relationship between propositional logic and HSTT. This includes various modeling techniques in the form of maxSAT and bitvectors, data structures for local search algorithms, and the combination of maxSAT and metaheuristic algorithms. In addition, I discuss possible directions for future work as a part of a long-term research goal to combine complete and metaheuristic algorithms.

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