scholarly journals Analyzing the Gender Gap in Poland and Italy, and by Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-447
Author(s):  
Francesca Greselin ◽  
Alina Jȩdrzejczak
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Women's Earnings

AbstractHigh-income inequality, accompanied by substantial regional differentiation, is still a great challenge for social policymakers in many European countries. One of the important elements of this phenomenon is the inequality between income distributions of men and women. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, the distributions of income for Italy and Poland were compared, and the gender gap in these countries was assessed. No single metric can capture the full range of experiences, so a set of selected tools were adopted. The Dagum model was fitted to each distribution, summary measures, like the Gini and Zenga inequality indices, were evaluated, and the Zenga curve was employed to detect changes at each income quantile. Afterward, empirical distributions were compared through a relative approach, providing an analytic picture of the gender gap for both countries. The analysis moved beyond the typical focus on average or median earnings differences, towards a focus on how the full distribution of women’s earnings relative to men’s compares. The analysis was performed in the different macroregions of the two countries, with a discussion of the results. The study revealed that income inequality in Poland and Italy varies across gender and regions. In Italy, the highest inequality was observed in the poorest region, i.e. the islands. On the contrary, in Poland, the highest inequality occurred in the richest region, the central one. The relative distribution method was a powerful tool for studying the gender gap.

Has Personal Earnings Inequality Become Polarized? The Czech Republic in a Comparative Perspective

2017 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Martina Mysikova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Early Transition

This article analyses personal earnings distribution in the Czech Republic (CR) since the early transition from communism, using a relative distribution method. It applies data from two surveys, the national Microcensus (MC) and the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), covering the period 1988–2013. The trend of “hollowing-out of the middle” was confirmed in the early transition phase, but this phenomenon later subsided. Earnings polarization was apparent for all sex and education subgroups in the Czech Republic between 1988 and 1996. Austria (AT) and Poland (PL) were selected for comparison for the longest period covered by EU-SILC, 2005–2013. While the middle was hollowing out in Austria, earnings in Poland were becoming more homogeneous.

Gender and Regional Differences in the Life Expectancy in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Rodionova ◽  
E. D. Kopnova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Poor Nutrition

The relevance of the chosen topic is closely related to the development of a system for monitoring the implementation of the May Presidential Decree (2018) to increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life of the population. It has been stated that despite the positive dynamics of life expectancy over the past decade, Russia still has a huge regional differentiation (16,6 years for women, 18,2 years for men in 2016) and an average gender gap - 10,6 years. The choice of factors affecting the gender gap in life expectancy in Russian regions is supported by a conclusion most common in foreign studies that climatic conditions, living conditions, the quality of food and drinking water, alcohol consumption are essential components of public health and life expectancy.The article provides an overview of studies on assessment factors of life expectancy, presents the authors’ approach to identifying gender gaps in life expectancy, living conditions, and lifestyle affecting the indicator of life expectancy. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of gender gap in life expectancy in Russia and foreign countries. The paper studies the correlation between living conditions and lifestyle, and life expectancy.Classification of the regions by the life expectancy at birth for men and women is an important component of this study. The authors used Rosstat data for 2016 and the k-means method to select three clusters of Russian regions taking into account gender, living conditions and lifestyle. The paper identifies similar health problems of the regions that are associated with alcohol consumption, poor nutrition and poor quality of drinking water, poor housing and living conditions. The lowest life expectancy rates for men and women are recorded in regions of the 1st cluster (Jewish Autonomous Region, Republic of Tuva, Chukotka Autonomous Area). High mortality rates are a result of external causes. There is a poor quality of drinking water and poor nutrition, excessive alcohol consumption, and inadequate housing conditions.Based on the obtained results were determined possible reserves for reducing the gender and regional differentiation of life expectancy.

scholarly journals Income inequality in the 21st century — A biased summary of Piketty’s capital in the twenty-first century

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1630001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Stauffer
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
21St Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Twenty First Century

Capital usually leads to income and income is more accurately and easily measured. Thus, we summarize income distributions in USA, Germany, etc.

scholarly journals Can the implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy goals be efficient? The challenge for achieving social equality in the European Union

Equilibrium ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Stanickova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Equality ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
Europe 2020 Strategy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Research background: Economic crisis hit all the European Union Member States hard, with the impact of crisis varying considerably. The low growth performance in the EU has increased concerns regarding an increasing wage dispersion, income inequality at large, and social exclusion in line with poverty. Inequality should be seen as a cornerstone of both sustainable and inclusive growth under the Europe 2020 Strategy. Social inequality in the EU is a real problem, which hampers sustainable economic growth. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study is to introduce evaluation of social development convergence and divergence trends between the EU Member States in the context of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The study gives an outline of the issues of the labour market and income disparities and poverty. Policymakers must be clear about what social objectives they are aiming to achieve, therefore special attention is paid to headline national goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy. Methods: The main task of this study is to assess social dimension and inequalities problems in the EU27 by applying Data Envelopment Analysis method, resp. time-series dynamic efficiency analysis in the form of output-oriented Malmquist Productivity Index. This study contains changes of key social equality indicators related to the Europe 2020 Strategy and compares objectives and general outlines of period 2010-2015, as well as the impact on national economics and living conditions. Findings & value added: Results contain elements of typology premises of the EU28 and point to a large diversity in inequality patterns, as the Author observes both increases and decreases in inequality at the EU level. Recent changes in social inequality have been associated with the business cycle, particularly with the accessibility of the labour market and, of course, with income inequality. Additionally, the development challenges are discussed for improvement of the socioeconomic well-being of the EU and to avoid social disparities.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEMS OF BRINGING RUSSIAN TRADE POLICY IN LINE WITH WTO REQUIREMENTS

2013 ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
M. A. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Economic Zones

The article analyzes the role of trade policy in ensuring the competitiveness of the automotive industry – one of the most sensitive to the changes of economic conditions and important for providing national economic security – and finding a balance between the need to regulate the internal market and the implementation of the commitments under WTO. The analyze of the current condition of the Russian automotive industry has shown that, despite the low share in the world production and exports, Russia has a great potential for growth, mainly due to the unsaturated domestic market. It is proved, that the development of the automotive industry as one of the innovative industries in the country has all the necessary terms. Moreover, the priority areas for the development of the automotive industry include, first of all, the creation of a full range production with foreign investment. Measures of attracting and regulating FDI received much attention due to their relationship with the instruments of trade policy, as the production of capital goods, particularly automobiles, require imports of components, and FDI, in turn, promote the export of finished products. The commitments taken by Russia in the automotive industry include reduction of duties on imported cars, the renegotiation of investment programs and rules for the functioning of special economic zones. At present, the most acute question is car recycling tax, which has led to a trade dispute with the European Union, and may lead to countervailing measures against Russian goods. Considering WTO rules, recommendations on the use of the most effective instruments of foreign policy, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Russian automotive industry, were made, including the rationalization of import and the attraction of new technologies due to the diversification of customs duties on certain groups of automotive components, lowering income taxes, a gradual decrease of the fiscal functions of the customs tariff; the stability and transparency of the instruments of trade policy and simplification of customs procedures.

scholarly journals The Plight of Women in Positions of Corporate Leadership in the United States, the European Union, and Japan: Differing Laws and Cultures, Similar Issues

2020 ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Bettina Binder ◽  
Terry Morehead Dworkin ◽  
Niculina Nae ◽  
Cindy Schipani ◽  
Irina Averianova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Status

Gender diversity in corporate governance is a highly debated issue worldwide. National campaigns such as “2020 Women on Boards” in the United States and “Women on the Board Pledge for Europe” are examples of just two initiatives aimed at increasing female representation in the corporate boardroom. Several European countries have adopted board quotas as a means toward achieving gender diversity. Japan has passed an Act on Promotion of Women’s Participation and Advancement in the Workplace to lay a foundation for establishing targets for promoting women. This Article examines the status of women in positions of leadership in the United States, several major countries in the European Union, and Japan. We focus on the legal backdrop in each jurisdiction regarding gender discrimination and studies tending to demonstrate the economic benefits of gender diversity. We conclude that although important steps have been taken in the direction of narrowing the gender gap in all jurisdictions examined, progress has been slow and difficult across the board. The issue of too few women at the top will not be resolved until there is a wider acceptance that female leaders can benefit their organizations and contribute to social and economic progress. Moreover, the presence of women on corporate boards is valuable in and of itself and the status quo ought to be further challenged in international business.

scholarly journals Gender differences in income distributions in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-232
Author(s):  
Julia Włodarczyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Monitoring ◽  
Kernel Density Estimates

The paper presents results of a descriptive analysis of income distributions as well as top income inequality among women and men in Poland. The analysis is based on the dataset provided by the Council for Social Monitoring (2019). Throughout 2003–2015 their panel survey included, for example, a question on individual net monthly income in the past three months. In order to reduce differences associated with the age of entering and exiting the labour market on declared income levels (especially pensions), the calculations include only women and men aged 25–60 years. The analysis of income distributions of women and men in Poland is based on standard measures such as mean income, median income and related measures, as well as the Gini coefficient, Theil index and entropy index. It is supplemented by kernel density estimates and results of simultaneous quantile regressions that demonstrate differences between women and men across income groups. The analysis of top income inequality includes comparisons of subsamples consisting of top 3% earners in each group. The share of women in the top percentiles is then calculated and discussed. The analysis shows different dynamics related to the incomes of women and men, which provides support for including business cycle considerations in the analysis of income inequalities and their gender aspects.

scholarly journals Infographic as a form of communication in public health

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Machala Poplašen ◽  
Ž Draušnik ◽  
D Vočanec ◽  
H Brborović
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The World ◽  
Forced Labour

Abstract Background Infographics are a communication tool used in the digital environment that can present information, data or knowledge in an easy and understandable way to a wider audience. The aim of this study was to analyze if, and in which areas of public health, infographics are used as a form of communication in Croatia in relation to the world. Methods The research analyses available infographics of leading institutions in public health in relation to Croatia and the world. Results Visualization of key information is an accustomed concept in public health with infographics being a recognizable form of communication and an important part of digital health. However, only a small number of infographics in public health in Croatia are used. Infographics published in Croatia were mainly about exercise, cancer, ageing and stress. In the European Union, the topics found were aging, risk assessment, harassment/violence in the workplace and work-related stress. Infographics from the world addressed child labour, youth employment, gender equality, better work, dialogue promotion, migrant workforce, migration, domestic workers and safety at work. Moreover, International Labour Organisation made interactive media containing infographics - infostories - with topics: young workers, gender gap, migrants, non-standard employment, disability inclusion, forced labour and collective bargaining. Conclusions We suggest to include more public health topics and to raise awareness among Croatian public health experts on the importance of infographics as a form of communication. Key messages Visualization of key statistical data in the style of infographics enables public health professionals to educate their employees and the public. Infographics are excellent tools for communicating important topics and are more likely to drive action and change behavior.

scholarly journals Inequality and Social Rank: Income Increases Buy More Life Satisfaction in More Equal Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722092385
Author(s):  
Edika G. Quispe-Torreblanca ◽  
Gordon D. A. Brown ◽  
Christopher J. Boyce ◽  
Alex M. Wood ◽  
Jan-Emmanuel De Neve
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Equal Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

How do income and income inequality combine to influence subjective well-being? We examined the relation between income and life satisfaction in different societies, and found large effects of income inequality within a society on the relationship between individuals’ incomes and their life satisfaction. The income–satisfaction gradient is steeper in countries with more equal income distributions, such that the positive effect of a 10% increase in income on life satisfaction is more than twice as large in a country with low income inequality as it is in a country with high income inequality. These findings are predicted by an income rank hypothesis according to which life satisfaction is derived from social rank. A fixed increment in income confers a greater increment in social position in a more equal society. Income inequality may influence people’s preferences, such that in unequal countries people’s life satisfaction is determined more strongly by their income.

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