scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome: a New Frontier in Musculoskeletal Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Li ◽  
C. G. Boer ◽  
L. Oei ◽  
Carolina Medina-Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Musculoskeletal Health ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Musculoskeletal Development ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose of the review The human gut harbors a complex community of microbes that influence many processes regulating musculoskeletal development and homeostasis. This review gives an update on the current knowledge surrounding the impact of the gut microbiota on musculoskeletal health, with an emphasis on research conducted over the last three years. Recent findings The gut microbiota and their metabolites are associated with sarcopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The field is moving fast from describing simple correlations to pursue establishing causation through clinical trials. Summary The gut microbiota and their microbial-synthesized metabolites hold promise for offering new potential alternatives for the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases given its malleability and response to environmental stimuli.

scholarly journals Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises

Gut ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1716-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice D Cani
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Impact

The microbiome has received increasing attention over the last 15 years. Although gut microbes have been explored for several decades, investigations of the role of microorganisms that reside in the human gut has attracted much attention beyond classical infectious diseases. For example, numerous studies have reported changes in the gut microbiota during not only obesity, diabetes, and liver diseases but also cancer and even neurodegenerative diseases. The human gut microbiota is viewed as a potential source of novel therapeutics. Between 2013 and 2017, the number of publications focusing on the gut microbiota was, remarkably, 12 900, which represents four-fifths of the total number of publications over the last 40 years that investigated this topic. This review discusses recent evidence of the impact of the gut microbiota on metabolic disorders and focus on selected key mechanisms. This review also aims to provide a critical analysis of the current knowledge in this field, identify putative key issues or problems and discuss misinterpretations. The abundance of metagenomic data generated on comparing diseased and healthy subjects can lead to the erroneous claim that a bacterium is causally linked with the protection or the onset of a disease. In fact, environmental factors such as dietary habits, drug treatments, intestinal motility and stool frequency and consistency are all factors that influence the composition of the microbiota and should be considered. The cases of the bacteria Prevotella copri and Akkermansia muciniphila will be discussed as key examples.

scholarly journals HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Anca Magdalena Munteanu ◽  
◽  
Raluca Cursaru ◽  
Loreta Guja ◽  
Simona Carniciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

The medical research of the last 1-2 decades allows us to look at the human gut microbiota and microbiome as to a structure that can promote health and sometimes initiate disease. It works like an endocrine organ: releasing specific metabolites, using environmental inputs, e.g. diet, or acting through its structural compounds, that signal human host receptors, to finally contributing to the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. The same commensal microbes were found as shapers of the human host response to drugs (cardiovascular, oncology etc.). New technologies played an important role in these achievements, facilitating analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of this microbial community. Once the inputs, the pathways and a lot of human host receptors were highlighted, the scientists were encouraged to go further into research, in order to develop new pathogenic therapies, targeting the human gut flora. Dual therapies, evolving these “friend microbes”, are another actual research subjects. This review gives an update on the current knowledge in the area of microbiota disbalances under environmental factors, the contribution of gut microbiota and microbiome to the pathogenesis of obesity, obesity associated metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease, as well as new perspectives in preventing and treating these diseases, with high prevalence in contemporary, economically developed societies. It brings the latest and most relevant evidences relating to: probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols and fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary nutrient manipulation, microbial as well as human host enzyme manipulation, shaping human responses to currently used drugs, manipulating the gut microbiome by horizontal gene transfer.

scholarly journals Role of Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Kit Au ◽  
Tin Lok Lai ◽  
Cheuk Wan Yim
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Rheumatic Manifestations

AbstractMajority of rheumatic diseases are complex and multifactorial in etiology. Emerging studies has suggested that the change of human microbiota, especially in the gut, play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Dysequilibrium of the gut microbiota triggers the imbalance between pro- and anti- inflammatory immune responses and results in different rheumatic manifestations, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). In this article, current and future role of the human gut microbiota in rheumatic diseases are discussed.

Role of the gut microbiota in airway immunity and host defense against respiratory infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Willers ◽  
Dorothee Viemann
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Colonization of the intestine with commensal bacteria is known to play a major role in the maintenance of human health. An altered gut microbiome is associated with various ensuing diseases including respiratory diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on airway immunity with a focus on consequences for the host defense against respiratory infections. Specific gut commensal microbiota compositions and functions are depicted that mediate protection against respiratory infections with bacterial and viral pathogens. Lastly, we highlight factors that have imprinting effects on the establishment of the gut microbiota early in life and are potentially relevant in the context of respiratory infections. Deepening our understanding of these relationships will allow to exploit the knowledge on how gut microbiome maturation needs to be modulated to ensure lifelong enhanced resistance towards respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Considerations for the design and conduct of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 3347-3368
Author(s):  
J. R. Swann ◽  
M. Rajilic-Stojanovic ◽  
A. Salonen ◽  
O. Sakwinska ◽  
C. Gill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWith the growing appreciation for the influence of the intestinal microbiota on human health, there is increasing motivation to design and refine interventions to promote favorable shifts in the microbiota and their interactions with the host. Technological advances have improved our understanding and ability to measure this indigenous population and the impact of such interventions. However, the rapid growth and evolution of the field, as well as the diversity of methods used, parameters measured and populations studied, make it difficult to interpret the significance of the findings and translate their outcomes to the wider population. This can prevent comparisons across studies and hinder the drawing of appropriate conclusions. This review outlines considerations to facilitate the design, implementation and interpretation of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods based upon our current understanding of the intestinal microbiota, its functionality and interactions with the human host. This includes parameters associated with study design, eligibility criteria, statistical considerations, characterization of products and the measurement of compliance. Methodologies and markers to assess compositional and functional changes in the microbiota, following interventions are discussed in addition to approaches to assess changes in microbiota–host interactions and host responses. Last, EU legislative aspects in relation to foods and health claims are presented. While it is appreciated that the field of gastrointestinal microbiology is rapidly evolving, such guidance will assist in the design and interpretation of human gut microbiota interventional studies relating to foods.

scholarly journals Relationship between Wine Consumption, Diet and Microbiome Modulation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3082
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Moreno-Arribas ◽  
Begoña Bartolomé ◽  
José L. Peñalvo ◽  
Patricia Pérez-Matute ◽  
Maria José Motilva
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wine Polyphenols ◽  
The Impact

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to the most common form of dementia in elderly people. Modifiable dietary and lifestyle factors could either accelerate or ameliorate the aging process and the risk of developing AD and other age-related morbidities. Emerging evidence also reports a potential link between oral and gut microbiota alterations and AD. Dietary polyphenols, in particular wine polyphenols, are a major diver of oral and gut microbiota composition and function. Consequently, wine polyphenols health effects, mediated as a function of the individual’s oral and gut microbiome are considered one of the recent greatest challenges in the field of neurodegenerative diseases as a promising strategy to prevent or slow down AD progression. This review highlights current knowledge on the link of oral and intestinal microbiome and the interaction between wine polyphenols and microbiota in the context of AD. Furthermore, the extent to which mechanisms bacteria and polyphenols and its microbial metabolites exert their action on communication pathways between the brain and the microbiota, as well as the impact of the molecular mediators to these interactions on AD patients, are described.

scholarly journals The Joint-Brain Axis: Insights From Rheumatoid Arthritis on the Crosstalk Between Chronic Peripheral Inflammation and the Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Süß ◽  
Tobias Rothe ◽  
Alana Hoffmann ◽  
Johannes C. M. Schlachetzki ◽  
Jürgen Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Peripheral Inflammation ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
The Impact

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by erosive polyarthritis. Beyond joint pathology, RA is associated with neuropsychiatric comorbidity including depression, anxiety, and an increased risk to develop neurodegenerative diseases in later life. Studies investigating the central nervous system (CNS) in preclinical models of RA have leveraged the understanding of the intimate crosstalk between peripheral and central immune responses. This mini review summarizes the current knowledge of CNS comorbidity in RA patients and known underlying cellular mechanisms. We focus on the differential regulation of CNS myeloid and glial cells in different mouse models of RA reflecting different patterns of peripheral immune activation. Moreover, we address CNS responses to anti-inflammatory treatment in human RA patients and mice. Finally, to illustrate the bidirectional communication between the CNS and chronic peripheral inflammation, we present the current knowledge about the impact of the CNS on arthritis. A comprehensive understanding of the crosstalk between the CNS and chronic peripheral inflammation will help to identify RA patients at risk of developing CNS comorbidity, setting the path for future therapeutic approaches in both RA and neuropsychiatric diseases.

scholarly journals Human gut microbiota – its diversity and impact on our health

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-100
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wardak
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Modern Molecular Biology ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Human Digestive Tract ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Generation Sequencing

The human digestive tract is the living environment for billions of cells of various microorganisms that are part of the human microflora. The use of modern molecular biology techniques, such as NGS (Next Generation Sequencing), made it possible to study the microorganisms inhabiting the intestines and to understand their impact on human health. The gut microbiota plays a significant role in the synthesis and metabolism of many nutrients and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), amino acids, lipids, bile acids and vitamins. Many factors such as diet, age, climate, and socioeconomic conditions influence the diversity of the microbiota. Rapid changes in the composition of the microbiota (disturbance of homeostasis) can lead to dysbiosis - a condition associated not only with intestinal disorders, but also with numerous extraintestinal diseases. The present work is a review of current reports on: research techniques used to analyze microbiota, the impact of various factors on its diversity and the impact of microbiota on our health.

scholarly journals Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R Leeming ◽  
Abigail J Johnson ◽  
Tim D Spector ◽  
Caroline I Le Roy
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modifiable Factor ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Dietary Strategies

The human gut is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms composing a dynamic ecosystem implicated in health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiota is unique to each individual and tends to remain relatively stable throughout life, yet daily transient fluctuations are observed. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability. While diet can induce a shift in the gut microbiota, these changes appear to be temporary. Whether prolonged dietary changes can induce permanent alterations in the gut microbiota is unknown, mainly due to a lack of long-term human dietary interventions, or long-term follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions. It is possible that habitual diets have a greater influence on the gut microbiota than acute dietary strategies. This review presents the current knowledge around the response of the gut microbiota to short-term and long-term dietary interventions and identifies major factors that contribute to microbiota response to diet. Overall, further research on long-term diets that include health and microbiome measures is required before clinical recommendations can be made for dietary modulation of the gut microbiota for health.

scholarly journals The role of microbiome in rheumatoid arthritis treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1759720X1984463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Bodkhe ◽  
Baskar Balakrishnan ◽  
Veena Taneja
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Impact

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder with multifactorial etiology; both genetic and environmental factors are known to be involved in pathogenesis. Treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) plays an essential role in controlling disease progression and symptoms. DMARDs have immunomodulatory properties and suppress immune response by interfering in various pro-inflammatory pathways. Recent evidence has shown that the gut microbiota directly and indirectly modulates the host immune system. RA has been associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Patients with RA treated with DMARDs show partial restoration of eubiotic gut microbiome. Hence, it is essential to understand the impact of DMARDs on the microbial composition and its consequent influences on the host immune system to identify novel therapies for RA. In this review, we discuss the importance of antirheumatic-drug-induced host microbiota modulations and possible probiotics that can generate eubiosis.

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