scholarly journals Fabrication of aortic bioprosthesis by decellularization, fibrin glue coating and re-endothelization: a cell scaffold approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonal Walawalkar ◽  
Shahdab Almelkar
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Fibrin Glue ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Graft Patency ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Ethanol Group ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Cellular Dna

Abstract Aortic dysfunctions (aneurysm, aortitis) lead to the most serious conditions related to aortic wall with life-threatening complications. The most common modality of management for such conditions is replacement (diseased part) of aorta by a larger diameter stent (reconstructive vascular surgery) which in itself is a big trial. The most natural way is to use a re-endothelized scaffold. Developing a scaffold with biomimetic properties is an experimental aim for most of the scientists and surgeons. We aim to structure a strategy to overcome the well-known problems associated with aorta. In this study, we plan to remold a larger diameter blood vessel such as aorta from xenogeneic origin using different protocols to decellularize and comparing them with normal aorta. The chemicals and enzymes used for bovine aorta decellularization are 1% SDS (group II), 70% ethanol + 0.25% trypsin (group III), 70% ethanol (group IV), and 0.25% trypsin (group V). Group I served as control (without decellularization). Histology and SEM study were conducted for cellular presence/absence in all scaffolds. Later, the scaffolds were coated with the fibrin glue (FG) and endothelial cells were proliferated over them. 3D images were taken showing the remolding of the endothelial cells on FG-coated surfaces. The re-endothelization was confirmed by lectin and vWF+/+ expression. Graft elasticity and burst pressure were confirmed by biomechanical tensile testing. Further, the absence of host tissue DNA and presence of cellular DNA after re-endothelialization were confirmed by PicoGreen assay. The acceptability for metabolically active cellular proliferation on scaffolds and its non-toxicity were proved by cell viability assay. Current findings accomplish that larger diameter aorta extracellular matrix scaffold (group II) can be fabricated and re-endothelialized to develop non-thrombotic surfaces with improved graft patency with promising results compared to other fabricated scaffold groups.

scholarly journals Astaxanthin Modulates Apoptotic Molecules to Induce Death of SKBR3 Breast Cancer Cells

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Sung Kim ◽  
Yong Tae Ahn ◽  
Chul Won Lee ◽  
Hyungwoo Kim ◽  
Won Gun An
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Intrinsic Apoptosis ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Astaxanthin (AST) is related to apoptosis but the details of the mechanism of how AST makes apoptosis is not clear. The present study investigated apoptotic effects of AST to SKBR3, a breast cancer cell line in detail. Cell viability assay showed cellular proliferation and morphological changes of the cells were observed under AST treatment. FACS analysis indicated that AST blocked cell cycle progression at G0/G1, suppressed proliferation dose-dependently, and induced apoptosis of the cells. The apoptosis of the cells by AST was further demonstrated through the decreased expression level of mutp53 and cleaved a PARP-1 fragment, respectively. In addition, AST induced the intrinsic apoptosis of the cells by activation of Bax/Bcl2, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. Furthermore, AST decreased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species as well as modulated expressions of superoxide dismutases and Pontin, an anti-apoptotic factor. Co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed AST reduced interaction between Pontin and mutant p53. Taken together, these studies proved that AST regulates the expression of apoptotic molecules to induce intrinsic apoptosis of the cells, suggesting AST therapy might provide an alternative for improving the efficacies of other anti-cancer therapies for breast cancer.

Fistulogram after Arteriovenous Dialysis Graft Thrombectomy Should be Mandatory

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1154-1158
Author(s):  
Shakthi D. Kumar ◽  
Krishna M. Jain ◽  
Shikha Jain ◽  
John S. Munn ◽  
Mark C. Rummel
Keyword(s):  
Graft Patency ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Primary Patency ◽  
Surgical Exploration ◽  
Significant Stenosis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Dialysis Graft ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Significant Lesion

The purpose of this study was to determine if fistulogram after prosthetic arteriovenous dialysis graft thrombectomy would reveal underlying lesions, which need correction, and if revision would improve graft patency. One hundred and ninety-two open thrombectomy procedures in 61 patients from January 1, 2000 to July 31, 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. All of the study patients were divided into two groups: In Group I fistulogram was carried out and in Group II no fistulogram was performed. Based on the fistulogram or clinical findings, appropriate intervention was carried out. In Group I, of 99 thrombectomy procedures, a significant lesion was identified and revision was carried out in 77 cases (78%). In Group II, of 93 thrombectomy procedures, a significant lesion was identified and revised in 53 cases (57%). A significant abnormality was more likely to be encountered by routine fistulogram than surgical exploration alone, 78 per cent versus 57 per cent (P < 0.05). Assisted primary patency is significantly increased in Group I and II when revision was performed (4.84 months) compared with when no fistulogram and no revision was performed (2.9 months), P < 0.05. Routine fistulogram after thrombectomy of an arteriovenous dialysis graft increases the likelihood of identifying a significant stenosis. Revision of the graft increases the longevity. We recommend routine use of fistulogram during thrombectomy.

scholarly journals HIV-1 Transactivator Protein Induces ZO-1 and Neprilysin Dysfunction in Brain Endothelial Cells via the Ras Signaling Pathway

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlin Jiang ◽  
Wen Huang ◽  
Yanlan Chen ◽  
Min Zou ◽  
Dingyue Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Ras Signaling ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
Ras Signaling Pathway ◽  
Transactivator Protein ◽  
Hiv 1

Amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition is increased in human immunodeficiency virus-1- (HIV-1-) infected brain, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of Ras signaling in HIV-1 transactivator protein- (Tat-) induced Aβ accumulation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HBEC-5i). Cell viability assay showed that 1 μg/mL Tat and 20 μmol/L of the Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS) had no significant effect on HBEC-5i cell viability after 24 h exposure. Exposure to Tat decreased protein and mRNA levels of zonula occludens- (ZO-) 1 and Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin (NEP) in HBEC-5i cells as determined by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Exposure to Tat also increased transendothelial transfer of Aβ and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; however, these effects were attenuated by FTS. Collectively, these results suggest that the Ras signaling pathway is involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced changes in ZO-1 and NEP, as well as Aβ deposition in HBEC-5i cells. FTS partially protects blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and inhibits Aβ accumulation.

scholarly journals Comparison Of Conjunctival Autograft And Combined Amniotic Membrane Mini-Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantion After Primary Pterygium Excision

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHOK JHA ◽  
Abhay Simba
Keyword(s):  
Fibrin Glue ◽  
Amniotic Membrane ◽  
Operative Time ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Conjunctival Autograft ◽  
Group I ◽  
Pterygium Excision ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Primary Pterygium

Abstract Background: To compare conjunctival autograft and combined amniotic membrane mini-simple limbal epithelial transplant after primary pterygium excision Methods: A prospective randomized interventional study was conducted on 264 eyes with Primary Pterygium.The patients were divided into Group I (conjunctival autograft) and Group II (mini-simple limbal epithelial transplant). 133 eyes in Group I underwent pterygium excision with a conjunctival autograft using fibrin glue. 131 eyes in Group II underwent mini Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplant with amniotic membrane using fibrin glue. Post-operatively, the patients were reviewed on day 1,3,7,14 & 30 and then at three,six and nine months. Primary outcome measure was the recurrence rate whereas the secondary outcome measures were the intraoperative time and other complications.Recurrence rate was calculated using Fisher’s exact test. Variables like age , preoperative BCVA , operative time and the dimensions of graft were compared using unpaired t test . Other baseline characteristics like gender, Laterality, grades of pterygium(I-III),Occupation and indication of surgery were expressed between the two groups using Pearson’s Chi-Square test. Results: Two hundred and thirty three eyes(118 in group I and 115 in group II) could complete nine months follow-up period. Recurrence was seen in 2(1.6%) cases in group I whereas 3 cases (2.6%) had recurrence in group II(p=0.681).Operative time for group (II) (20.33±1.28 min) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than group I (12.01±1.26). Graft displacement occurred in one case in group II (p=0.999). Conclusions: Despite a longer time,(p<0.001) mini-SLET seems to be a viable and equally effective alternative to CAG in the management of primary pterygium ,especially in cases where conjunctiva needs to be spared.Ethical Clearance Certificate Number : 29/MH/2015 dated 11 Aug 2015

Prostanoid production in endothelial and Kupffer liver cells from monocrotaline intoxicated rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 564-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Lemberg ◽  
Graciela Calabrese ◽  
Mónica Majowicz ◽  
Horacio Peredo ◽  
Camila Scorticati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Prostanoid Production ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Group Ii

A single dose of monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, was injected into rats in order to produce 25 (Group I) and 45 (Group II) days later a progressive and so called delayed liver injury. The present study investigated the prostanoid production of Kupffer cells and endothelial cells separated from Monocrotaline and saline (Group III) injected rat livers. Kupffer cells: formation of 6 keto Prostaglandin F1a, the major prostacyclin metabolite, gradually decreased in Groups I vs II (P50.01) and in both Groups I and II vs Controls (P50.01). In addition Prostaglandin F2a showed a significant increase in Groups I and II when compared to Group III, (P50.001), and Thromboxane B2 was present in both Groups of Monocrotaline treated animals, while it was not detectable in the control Group III. Endothelial cells:6ketoProstaglandin F1a decreased in Groups I vs II. This differences was significant when compared, and compared to controls (Group III, P50.001). Prostaglandin E2 was detected only in Groups I and II. Prostaglandin F2a and Thromboxane B2 could not be detected in any Group. Ultramicroscopy showed morphological cell damage in nonparenchymal cells in Monocrotaline intoxication in Group II, rats sacrified 45 days after the injection, while it shows normal features in those treated animals sacrified 25 days after the injection, as well as in control group. Conclusion: Asingle Monocrotaline injection produces, 25 and 45 days later, severe and progressive alterations in the prostanoid production in Kupffer and Endothelial cells, while ultramicroscopic alterations was only observed 45 days after the injection of Monocrotaline. A decreased production of vasodilators and the presence of vasoconstrictor prostanoids that can participate in the production of the circulatory derangements enhancing liver injury and portal hypertension were also observed.

Altered Endothelial Cells Properties and Platelets Activity in Treatment NaïVe Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM ) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (nHL): Association with Thromboembolic Complications

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 5649-5649
Author(s):  
Lidia Usnarska-Zubkiewicz ◽  
Maria Podolak-Dawidziak ◽  
Urszula Zaleska-Dorobisz ◽  
Magdalena Olszewska-Szopa ◽  
Iwona Prajs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Group I ◽  
Elevated Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
D Dimer

Abstract Multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its treatment are frequently associated with increased tromboembolic risk, particularly venous trromboembolism (VTE), cerebrovascular ischemic events and myocardial infarction. The incidence of thrombotic complications dramatically raise after highly prothrombotic therapeutic regimens e.g. thalidomide and lenalidomide in MM. The current study was designed to examine whether procoagulant microparticles (MPs) derived from endothelial cells (EMPs) and platelets (PMPs) constitute an enhanced risk for venous thrombosis in MM and nHL patients (pts). We studied 39 pts without history of VTE, 17/22 F/M, aged 24-84 years (mean=60,23±13,45). There were 25 MM pts (15 cases of IgG, 3 of IgA, 1 IgM, 2 non secretory MM, 3 LCD) and 14 nHL (6 cases of DLBCL, 2 anaplastic T cell lymphoma, 2 FL, 4 MCL). All patients underwent routine coagulation tests. Flow-cytometry was used for quantification of endothelial cell (CD133+) microparticles (EMPs) and platelet (CD61+) microparticles (PMPs). In all pts ultrasound examination of venous system of lower extremities was performed. Deep and superficial veins of both limbs were evaluated. Conventional and Doppler imagination, as well as elastography and options to detect microcalcifications (micropure) were used. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of vein thrombosis in 18 pts (group I, n =18). 11 out of 18 pts with bilateral lesions in VSM (vena saphena magna, great saphenous vein) and lower leg veins or bilateral in VSM only comprised subgroup Ia. 7 pts with unilateral blood clots in VSM formed group Ib. Thrombosis was observed in 11 pts with MM and 7 with nHL, and bilateral thrombotic lesions were demonstrated in 6 MM and 5 nHL pts. The remaining 21 pts showed no thrombosis (group II). The most frequently thrombosis was observed in IgA-MM (3/3 pts), followed by IgG-MM. In nHL patients thrombosis was found the most frequently in DLBCL. Patients were divided into two groups according to the age: > 60 yrs and <60 yrs. Both in MM and nHL, thrombosis was more frequent in older patients. The mean percentage of EMPs (CD133+) was 1,44±1,22 (median 0,95, IQR 0,47-2,31), and it did not differ (p=0,83) between thrombotic (group I) (1,48±1,16) and non-thrombotic pts (group II) (1,46±1,31), however the greatest value was assessed in the subgroup Ia (1,74±1,26, p=0,3467). Also, there was a trend marked that EMP percentage was lower in MM patients (1,25±1,31) in comparison to nHL patients (1,76±1,04), p=0,0671 (UM-W test). EMP percentage did not differ according to sex and age. The percentage of PMPs (CD61+) was 12,06 ± 6,31 (median 10,88, IQR 8,35-15,90), and higher in group I (12,65±3,25) vs. group II (10,93±7,68), p=0,0459 (UM-W test), including subgroup Ia (13,05±3,66), p=0,0885 (UM-W test). The mean PMPs percentage was similar in MM (12,27±7,18) vs. nHL (11,70±4,71), and as EMPs percentage, did not differ according to sex and age. Mean plasma fibrinogen (FBG) concentration was 3,95±1,82 g/L and did not significantly differ in MM and nHL patients with and without thrombosis (3,84±1,68 vs. 4,10±2,06 g/L), also it has similar level in subgroup Ia (4,06±1,97 g/L). Mean D-dimer level was 2,29±4,15 mg/L (median 1,30, IQR 0,54-2,35), and there was not significantly different in patients with and without thrombosis (2,95±5,29 vs. 1,34±1,25 mg/L), moreover it was not elevated in subgroup Ia (1,96±1,02 mg/L). Type of the disease, sex as well as age did not influenced FBG and D-dimer levels. Venous thrombosis was confirmed in nearly half of patients with newly diagnosed patients with MM and n-HL. In patients with many thrombotic lesions elevated activity of platelets (PMPs) was observed, as well as a trend towards elevated activity of endothelial cells (EMPs). Disclosures Robak: MorphoSys AG: Research Funding.

Tissue Engineering of Vein Valves Based on Decellularized Natural Matrices

2017 ◽  
Vol 204 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Mogaldea ◽  
Tobias Goecke ◽  
Karolina Theodoridis ◽  
Axel Haverich ◽  
Serghei Cebotari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Venous Valve ◽  
Cell Coverage ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Valvular repair or transplantation, designed to restore the venous valve function of the legs, has been proposed as treatment in chronic venous insufficiency. Available grafts or surgeries have provided limited durability so far. Generating venous valve substitutes by means of tissue engineering could be a solution. We generated decellularized jugular ovine vein conduits containing valves (oVVC) after reseeding with ovine endothelial cells differentiated from peripheral blood-derived endothelial cells (oPBEC), cultivated in vitro corresponding to the circulatory situation in the lower leg at rest and under exertion. oVVC were decellularized by detergent treatment. GFP-labeled oPBEC were seeded onto the luminal side of the decellularized oVVC and cultivated under static-rotational conditions for 6 h (group I) and 12 h (group II), respectively. Reseeded matrices of group I were exposed to continuous low flow conditions (“leg at rest”). The tissues of group II were exposed to a gradually increasing flow (“leg under effort”). After 5 days, the grafts of group I revealed a uniform luminal endothelial cell coverage of the examined areas of the venous walls and adjacent venous valve leaflets. In group II, the cell coverage on luminal areas of the venous wall parts was found to be nearly complete. The endothelial cell coverage of adjacent venous valve leaflets was revealed to be less dense and confluent. Endothelial cells cultured on acellular vein tissues of both groups were distinctly orientated uniformly in the flow direction, clearly creating a stable and flow-orientated layer. Thus, an endothelium could successfully be reestablished on the luminal surface of a decellularized venous valve by seeding peripheral blood endothelial cells and culturing under different conditions.

scholarly journals Testicular fixation and its effect on ipsilateral and contralateral testis in prepubertal rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Singh ◽  
M. Srinivas ◽  
Saumyaranjan Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Fibrin Glue ◽  
Tissue Adhesive ◽  
Dna Flow Cytometry ◽  
Suture Materials ◽  
Contralateral Testis ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Tubular Diameter

Abstract Background While performing orchidopexy, various suture materials or fibrin glues are used to achieve testicular fixation. This study was designed to assess the histological changes in testis after orchidopexy using fibrin glue and suture material. Methods Male Wistar rats (n = 80) were divided randomly into four groups. Group I, (n = 20): sham operation, Group II (n = 20): Dartos Pouch (DP), Group III (n = 20): Transtunical fixation (TF), Group IV (n = 20): Tissue Adhesive (TA). Ipsilateral and contralateral testicular histology was assessed at 70 and 120 days of life after sacrificing animals by using thiopental sodium intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Results Morphologically, at day 70, contralateral testis in Group III had a significant (p value 0.046) decrease testicular width (0.92 ± 0.01 vs 1.24 ± 0.39 cm). At 120 of life, Group I, II, III, and IV had a significant (p value < 0.001 each) decrease testicular width and weight in ipsilateral and decrease testicular length (p value 0.002) in contralateral testis. Histologically, mean seminiferous tubular diameter and DNA flow cytometry had a significant (p value < 0.001) decrease in size in Group I, II, III, and IV both ipsilateral as well as contralateral testis. Intergroup comparison at 70 and 120 days of life showed a significant decrease in seminiferous tubular diameter in Group II, III and IV and in Johnsen maturation score, seminiferous tubular diameter, DNA flow cytometry in Group I, II, III, and IV. Conclusions Dartos Pouch is most suitable procedure for treatment of orchidopexy. Suture fixation must be avoided and if the need arises then instead of suture materials, fibrin glue should be used for testicular fixation.

scholarly journals PDLCs and EPCs Co-Cultured on Ta Discs: A Golden Fleece for “Compromised” Osseointegration

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4486
Author(s):  
Hitesh Chopra ◽  
Yuanyuan Han ◽  
Cheng F. Zhang ◽  
Edmond H. N. Pow
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Cells ◽  
Material Research ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Viability Assay ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Osteogenic Effect ◽  
Angiogenic Genes

Material research in tissue engineering forms a vital link between basic cell research and animal research. Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs, P) from the tooth have an osteogenic effect, whereas endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs, E) assist in neovascularization. In the present study, the interaction of PDLCs and EPCs with Tantalum (Ta, I) discs, either alone (IP or IE group) or in 1:1 (IPE) ratio was explored. Additionally, surface analysis of Ta discs with respect to different types and cycles of sterilization and disinfection procedures was evaluated. It was observed that Ta discs could be used for a maximum of three times, after which the changes in properties of Ta discs were detrimental to cell growth, irrespective of the type of the protocol. Cell-Disc’s analysis revealed that cell proliferation in the IE group at day 6 and day 10 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other groups. A cell viability assay revealed increased live cells in the IPE group than in the IP or IE group. Similarly, adhesion and penetration of cells in the IPE group were not only higher, but also had an increased thickness of cellular extensions. RT-PCR analysis revealed that on day 8, both osteogenic (ALP, RUNX-2, and BSP) and angiogenic genes (VEGFR-2, CD31) increased significantly in the IPE group as compared to the IP or IE groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Ta discs promoted cellular proliferation and increased osteogenic and angiogenic activity by augmenting RUNX-2 and VEGFR-2 activity.

scholarly journals Correlation of ultrastructural changes of endothelial cells and astrocytes occuring during blood brain barrier damage after traumatic brain injury with biochemical markers of BBB leakage and inflammatory response

2009 ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Vajtr ◽  
O Benada ◽  
J Kukačka ◽  
R Průša ◽  
L Houstava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cerebral Contusion ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Focal cerebral contusion can be dynamic and expansive. It has been proved that subsequent expansive contusion is caused by brain parenchyma damage, especially BBB damage. We investigated a group of patients with traumatic brain injury. The patients (n=18) were divided into group I (n=7) of patients submitted to neurosurgery due to expansive contusion, and group II (n=11) of patients without surgery. Serum concentrations of NSE and S-100B protein were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by chemiluminescent sequential immunometric assay and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9, MMP-2) were measured by immunoassays. Cortical biopsy specimens of brain were investigated by electron microscopy in patients with trauma brain injury submitted to neurosurgery. Biochemical investigation from first day up to third day after traumatic brain injury proved increased values of IL-6 (302.2±119.9 vs. 59.6±11.9 ng/l, p<0.02) and S-100B protein (3.064±1.064 vs. 0.649±0.182 μg/l, p<0.05) in patients with expansive lesion compared to patients without expansive contusion. Significantly higher levels of MMP-9 (150.4±28.46 vs. 74.11±13.16 ng/l, p<0.05) and of MMP-2 (814.5±126.3 vs. 523.1±25.28 ng/l, p<0.05) were found during first 3 days after admission in group I compared to group II. MMP-9 has also elevated in group II from lower values after admission (74.11±13.16 ng/l) up to high levels on the 10th day of hospitalization (225.1±49.35 ng/l). Ultrastructural investigation of endothelial cells and surrounded tissue revealed perivascular hemorrhage, increased pinocytic activity of endothelial cells, and cytotoxic edema of astroglial cells. Multivesical bodies were disclosed inside the endothelial cells. Higher levels of serum protein S-100B and IL-6 correlated with ultrastructural changes of endothelial cells, and with inflammatory response following TBI, respectively.

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