scholarly journals Railway ground vibration and mitigation measures: benchmarking of best practices

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slimane Ouakka ◽  
Olivier Verlinden ◽  
Georges Kouroussis
Keyword(s):  
Insertion Loss ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ground Vibration ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transmission Path ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Noise Assessment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

AbstractVibration and noise aspects play a relevant role in the lifetime and comfort of urban areas and their residents. Among the different sources, the one coming from the rail transit system will play a central concern in the following years due to its sustainability. Ground-borne vibration and noise assessment as well as techniques to mitigate them become key elements of the environmental impact and the global enlargement planned for the railway industry. This paper aims to describe and compare the different mitigation systems existing and reported in literature through a comprehensive state of the art analysis providing the performance of each measure. First, an introduction to the ground-borne vibration and noise generated from the wheel-rail contact and its propagation through the transmission path is presented. Then, the impact and the different ways of evaluating and assessing these effects are presented, and the insertion loss indicator is introduced. Next, the different mitigation measures at different levels (vehicle, track, transmission path and receiver) are discussed by describing their possible application and their efficiency in terms of insertion loss. Finally, a summary with inputs of how it is possible to address the future of mitigation systems is reported.

scholarly journals Parents´ Knowledge about the Effects of Oral Hygiene, Proper Nutrition and Fluoride Prophylaxis on Oral Health in Early Childhood

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandrija Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Preventive Dentistry ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

SummaryBackground/Aim: Health education, as one of the important aspects of preventive dentistry, plays an important role in promoting and achieving good oral health. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of parents´ knowledge about the effects of oral hygiene, proper nutrition and fluoride prophylaxis on oral heath in early childhood. Material andMethods: Parents were asked to fill a questionnaire which consisted of three sections, oral hygiene, fluoride prophylaxis and nutrition. The study included 136 parents of children, aged between 3-6 years. The survey was conducted in pedagogical-education institution - PE “Our happiness” - Leposavic, Kosovo and Metohia, Serbia. Results: More than 58% parents from urban areas and 63% parents from rural areas were informed that the teeth should be brushed at least twice a day (p=0.007). Only 31.11% of parents from urban and 15.22% of parents from rural areas were informed that a child should visit dentists for the first time, at the one year of age (p=0.083). The analysis of the questionnaire section regarding the nutrition and oral health, showed that parents from rural areas were better informed than parents from urban areas. Awareness about fluoride and their role in preventive dentistry was poor, as only 3% of children from urban and 1% of children from rural areas were using tablets based on fluoride while only 1% of children from urban and none from rural areas were using fluoride mouth rinses. Conclusions: The study showed that parents have the knowledge about the impact of oral hygiene, food and fluoride prophylaxis on the oral health but unfortunately they do not apply their knowledge in practice.

scholarly journals Indirect Impact Assessment of Pluvial Flooding in Urban Areas Using a Graph-Based Approach: The Mexico City Case Study

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Arosio ◽  
Mario L. V. Martina ◽  
Enrico Creaco ◽  
Rui Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Graph Properties ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the application of a graph-based methodology for the assessment of flood impacts in an urban context. In this methodology, exposed elements are organized as nodes on a graph, which is used to propagate impacts from directly affected nodes to other nodes across graph links. Compared to traditional approaches, the main advantage of the adopted methodology lies in the possibility of identifying and understanding indirect impacts and cascading effects. The application case concerns floods numerically reconstructed in Mexico City in response to rainfall events of increasing return periods. The hazard reconstruction was carried out by using a simplified hydrological/hydraulic model of the urban drainage system, implemented in EPASWMM, the Storm Water Management Model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The paper shows how the impacts are propagated along different orders of the impact chain for each return period and compares the risk curves between direct and indirect impact. It also highlights the extent to which the reduction in demand of services from consumers and the loss of services from suppliers are respectively contributing to the final indirect impacts. Finally, it illustrates how different impact mitigation measures can be formulated based on systemic information provided by the analysis of graph properties and taking into account indirect impacts.

scholarly journals Migration and its Impact on Political Scenario:The Case of Karachi

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehtab S. Karim , Dr. Huma Baqai
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Level ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
The Government ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The impact of population growth is felt on every wake of life. Themovement of population from one country to another or within a countryhas its own consequences. Goldstone et al (2012) have thus argued, thatthe world’s population is changing in ways that are historicallyunprecedented, having its own political consequences such as, theperformance of the government due to increasing demand for services andthe distribution of political power at intra-state level. Thus, internalmigration, which is from high fertility rural zones to urban centers -indeveloping countries like Pakistan- in search of livelihood andemployment, results in concentration of population in slums and squattersettlements on the one hand and a youth bulge in urban areas, furthercontributing to this phenomenon and unprecedented urbanization. State’sinability to address this demographic change effectively results in strainsresources and poor governance. In turn, it creates xenophobia, wherenative populations blame the new migrants for deteriorating civicamenities; and generates various conflicts of critical nature. Pakistan,since its inception as an independent country, has experienced bothinternational and internal migration that resulted in socio-economiccrisis, political agitation and violent ethnic conflicts. In this backdrop, this paper takes into account the migration patterns in Pakistan since 1947 and focuses on Karachi for it being the most affected city. It theorizes that the conflict matrix of Karachi is fairly indicative of fault lines and argues that these fault lines will turn into gaping holes if timely actions are not taken.  

scholarly journals Impact of Standing Column Well Operation on Carbonate Scaling

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2222
Author(s):  
Léo Cerclet ◽  
Benoît Courcelles ◽  
Philippe Pasquier
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Heat Pump System ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
The Impact

Standing column well constitutes a recent promising solution to provide heating or cooling and to reduce greenhouse gases emissions in urban areas. Nevertheless, scaling issues can emerge in presence of carbonates and impact their efficiency. Even though a thermo-hydro-geochemical model demonstrated the impact of the water temperature on carbonate concentration, this conclusion has not been yet demonstrated by field investigations. To do so, an experimental ground source heat pump system connected to a standing column well was operated under various conditions to collect 50 groundwater samples over a period of 267 days. These field samples were used for mineral analysis and laboratory batch experiments. The results were analyzed with multivariate regression and geochemical simulations and confirmed a clear relationship between the calcium concentrations measured in the well, the temperature and the calcite equilibrium constant. It was also found that operating a ground source heat pump system in conjunction with a small groundwater treatment system allows reduction of calcium concentration in the well, while shutting down the system leads to a quite rapid increase at a level consistent with the regional calcium concentration. Although no major clogging or biofouling problem was observed after two years of operation, mineral scales made of carbonates precipitated on a flowmeter and hindered its operation. The paper provides insight on the impact of standing column well on groundwater quality and suggests some mitigation measures.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effects of the Spanish National Air Pollution Control Programme on Air Quality

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta G. Vivanco ◽  
Juan Luis Garrido ◽  
Fernando Martín ◽  
Mark R. Theobald ◽  
Victoria Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
The Impact

During the last few decades, European legislation has driven progress in reducing air pollution in Europe through emission mitigation measures. In this paper, we use a chemistry transport model to assess the impact on ambient air quality of the measures considered for 2030 in the for the scenarios with existing (WEM2030) and additional measures (WAM2030). The study estimates a general improvement of air quality for the WAM2030 scenario, with no non-compliant air quality zones for NO2, SO2, and PM indicators. Despite an improvement for O3, the model still estimates non-compliant areas. For this pollutant, the WAM2030 scenario leads to different impacts depending on the indicator considered. Although the model estimates a reduction in maximum hourly O3 concentrations, small increases in O3 concentrations in winter and nighttime in the summer lead to increases in the annual mean in some areas and increases in other indicators (SOMO35 for health impacts and AOT40 for impacts on vegetation) in some urban areas. The results suggest that the lower NOx emissions in the WEM and WAM scenarios lead to less removal of O3 by NO titration, especially background ozone in winter and both background and locally produced ozone in summer, in areas with high NOx emissions.

scholarly journals MIDAS: A New Integrated Flood Early Warning System for the Miño River

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fernández-Nóvoa ◽  
Orlando García-Feal ◽  
José González-Cao ◽  
Carlos de Gonzalo ◽  
José Antonio Rodríguez-Suárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Flood Alert ◽  
The Impact

Early warning systems have become an essential tool to mitigate the impact of river floods, whose frequency and magnitude have increased during the last few decades as a consequence of climate change. In this context, the Miño River Flood Alert System (MIDAS) early warning system has been developed for the Miño River (Galicia, NW Spain), whose flood events have historically caused severe damage in urban areas and are expected to increase in intensity in the next decades. MIDAS is integrated by a hydrologic (HEC-HMS) and a hydraulic (Iber+) model using precipitation forecast as input data. The system runs automatically and is governed by a set of Python scripts. When any hazard is detected, an alert is issued by the system, including detailed hazards maps, to help decision makers to take precise and effective mitigation measures. Statistical analysis supports the accuracy of hydrologic and hydraulic modules implemented to forecast river flow and flooded critical areas during the analyzed period of time, including some of the most extreme events registered in the Miño River. In fact, MIDAS has proven to be capable of predicting most of the alert situations occurred during the study period, showing its capability to anticipate risk situations.

Assessment of Exposure to Noise of Workers to a Reinforcing Bar Rod Mill ArcelorMittal Algeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
Wahiba Meddeb ◽  
Kamel Tadjine
Keyword(s):  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Environmental Management System ◽  
Iso 14001 ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Reinforcing Bar ◽  
Steel Making ◽  
Noise Assessment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis work is a contribution to a normative approach of noise assessment in the professional environment. It permits the identification of the affected workstations on the one hand and on the other hand it constitutes an important support to the preoccupations of the impact study on the environment in plants. It also informs us on the adequate preparation of the procedures required by the Environmental Management System (ISO 14001) being implemented in steel-making complex ArcelorMittal Algeria. It constitutes an answer to the recommended environmental politics.The proposed calculation methods are verified according to the recognized sources (ISO 9612, 2009) and the results will be estimated in relation to the legal thresholds recommended by international bodies. The methodology for measuring the noise exposure levels has been done according to the following steps: work analysis; selection of measurement strategy; measurements; error handling and uncertainty evaluations; calculations; and presentation of results. This will lead us to an implementation of a corrective and preventive action plan intended to master this occupational risk carrying prejudice to the health of the workers.

Gully Initiation on the Quartzite Ridges of Ibadan, South West, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olutoyin Fashae ◽  
Rotimi Obateru ◽  
Adeyemi Olusola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Extensive Surface ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

<p>Gullies are morphological evidences that reflect the impact of environmental changes on landscape. In an attempt to emphasize the importance of topography on gully initiation and development in an area of uniform geology, this study examined the morphological characteristics of hillslope and the role of topographic mechanism in gully initiation on a quartzite terrain of Ibadan, South western Nigeria. Four prominent quartzite ridges exist in Ibadan namely Mokola, Mapo, Eleyele and Ojoo, each of which except the latter is characterized with significant gully systems. Field measurement was carried out to determine the gully morphological characteristics such as length, width, depth, area and depth of gully head, width/depth ratio, gully sinuosity and gully shape while Digital Elevation model (DEM) was used to examine the slope-area relationship. The slope-drainage area threshold was established for each of the gully systems.  </p><p>The average gully density of the study area is 2.48km/km<sup>2</sup> and the gully frequency is 9.72 gullies/km<sup>2</sup>. Although an investigation into the variation of the gully morphology and initiation show that human activities and vegetation are contributary factors to their development. However, topographic characteristics exhibit a dominant role in the gullying process. The ridges were observed to trend in NNW-SSE direction with slope angles ranging between 5<sup>o</sup> and 30<sup>o</sup>. The inverse relationship derived between the topography and gully dimension (r = 0.462), suggested that gully initiation processes are dominant on gently sloping ridges due to extensive surface area on a deeply weathered regolith that enhances fluvial processes of material detachment on the one hand and anthropogenic conditions on the other hand. Thus, further geomorphological assessment of landform units in Ibadan is necessary with a view of identifying potential geomorphic risk prone areas, an essential component of risk management for dense urban areas of the tropics.</p>

scholarly journals Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): a Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Davey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
The Impact

Climate change adaptation and mitigation measures a complicated process and community livelihoods are being seriously impacted. The current local community reality is that climate change and associated disasters are becoming more intense, unpredictable, frequent and costly impacting on rural and urban areas. Disaster Risk Reduction is very important. United Nations General Assembly already set the global policy with the hope that the impact of future disaster events on the community is substantially reduced. Solutions to internal refugee crises start at the local level and require that everyone plays a part: every city, every neighbourhood including farming areas, and every individual can contribute. Leaders must create spaces where everyone can live in safety, become self-reliant, and contribute to and participate in their local community, and not allow people to shift into slum areas after disasters strike. The UNISDR suggests community’s use of the recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities; through integrating disaster risk reduction measures into the restoration of physical infrastructure and societal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, economies, and the environment.

scholarly journals Urban Heat Island: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation Measures with Emphasis on Reflective and Permeable Pavements

CivilEng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-484
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vujovic ◽  
Bechara Haddad ◽  
Hamzé Karaky ◽  
Nassim Sebaibi ◽  
Mohamed Boutouil
Keyword(s):  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Permeable Pavements ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

Economic and social development of urban and rural areas continues in parallel with the increase of the human population, especially in developing countries, which leads to sustained expansion of impervious surface areas, particularly paved surfaces. The conversion of pervious surfaces to impervious surfaces significantly modifies local energy balance in urban areas and contributes to urban heat island (UHI) formation, mainly in densely developed cities. This paper represents a literature review on the causes and consequences of the UHI and potential measures that could be adopted to improve the urban microclimate. The primary focus is to discuss and summarise significant findings on the UHI phenomenon and its consequences, such as the impact on human thermal comfort and health, energy consumption, air pollution, and surface water quality deterioration. Regarding the measures to mitigate UHI, particular emphasis is given to the reflective and permeable pavements.

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