scholarly journals Fundamental Investigations in the Design of Five-Axis Nanopositioning Machines for Measurement and Fabrication Purposes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Schienbein ◽  
Florian Fern ◽  
René Theska ◽  
Shraddha Supreeti ◽  
Roland Füßl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Test Series ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Reference Mirror ◽  
Rotary Stage ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cartesian Coordinate ◽  
Five Axis

AbstractThe majority of nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machines (NPMMs) are based on three independent linear movements in a Cartesian coordinate system. This in combination with the specific nature of sensors and tools limits the addressable part geometries. An enhancement of an NPMM is introduced by the implementation of rotational movements while keeping the precision in the nanometer range. For this purpose, a parameter-based dynamic evaluation system with quantifiable technological parameters has been set up and employed to identify and assess general solution concepts and adequate substructures. Evaluations taken show high potential for three linear movements of the object in combination with two angular movements of the tool. The influence of the additional rotation systems on the existing structure of NPMMs has been investigated further on. Test series on the repeatability of an NPMM enhanced by a chosen combination of a rotary stage and a goniometer setup are realized. As a result of these test series, the necessity of in situ position determination of the tool became very clear. The tool position is measured in situ in relation to a hemispherical reference mirror by three Fabry–Pérot interferometers. FEA optimization has been used to enhance the overall system structure with regard to reproducibility and long-term stability. Results have been experimentally investigated by use of a retroreflector as a tool and the various laser interferometers of the NPMM. The knowledge gained has been formed into general rules for the verification and optimization of design solutions for multiaxial nanopositioning machines.

scholarly journals Laser R-Test for Angular Positioning Calibration and Compensation of the Five-Axis Machine Tools

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9507
Author(s):  
Cao-Sang Tran ◽  
Tung-Hsien Hsieh ◽  
Wen-Yuh Jywe
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Machine Tools ◽  
Cnc Machine Tool ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Rotary Stage ◽  
Commercial Instrument ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
Measurement Path ◽  
Cartesian Coordinate ◽  
Five Axis

The angular positioning error of the rotary stage causes low quality in milling various angles of a workpiece. This study proposes a solution that could improve these issues by using our Laser R-test for angular positioning calibration and compensation of the five-axis machine tools in compliance with the simultaneous measurement path of ISO regulations: ISO 10791-6 and ISO 230-2. System uncertainty analysis and calibration were implemented for system prediction. The measurement method proposed in this paper could solve concentricity problems between measurement devices and the rotary table by applying the Cosine theorem with a Cartesian coordinate system. Further, we used the commercial instrument XR20-W (Renishaw, UK) rotary axis calibrator to verify and compare the measured results on a CNC machine tool. The applied system achieves an angular error of 0.0121 degrees for actual workpieces and is smaller than the referring commercial system, which achieves an error of about 0.0022 degrees. The system in this research is useful for five-axis machine tool full calibrations.

scholarly journals Comparison of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Consortia from Surface and Deep Waters of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Characterization and Degradation Potential

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2246
Author(s):  
Georgia Charalampous ◽  
Efsevia Fragkou ◽  
Konstantinos A. Kormas ◽  
Alexandre B. De Menezes ◽  
Paraskevi N. Polymenakou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Set Up

The diversity and degradation capacity of hydrocarbon-degrading consortia from surface and deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea were studied in time-series experiments. Microcosms were set up in ONR7a medium at in situ temperatures of 25 °C and 14 °C for the Surface and Deep consortia, respectively, and crude oil as the sole source of carbon. The Deep consortium was additionally investigated at 25 °C to allow the direct comparison of the degradation rates to the Surface consortium. In total, ~50% of the alkanes and ~15% of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were degraded in all treatments by Day 24. Approximately ~95% of the total biodegradation by the Deep consortium took place within 6 days regardless of temperature, whereas comparable levels of degradation were reached on Day 12 by the Surface consortium. Both consortia were dominated by well-known hydrocarbon-degrading taxa. Temperature played a significant role in shaping the Deep consortia communities with Pseudomonas and Pseudoalteromonas dominating at 25 °C and Alcanivorax at 14 °C. Overall, the Deep consortium showed a higher efficiency for hydrocarbon degradation within the first week following contamination, which is critical in the case of oil spills, and thus merits further investigation for its exploitation in bioremediation technologies tailored to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Use of a crystallization robot to set up sitting-drop vapor-diffusion crystallization andin situcrystallization screens

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher F. Snook ◽  
Michael D. Purdy ◽  
Michael C. Wiener
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Protein Crystallization ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Vapor Diffusion ◽  
Liquid Handling ◽  
General Utility ◽  
Crystallization Experiments ◽  
Automated Screening ◽  
Set Up

A commercial crystallization robot has been modified for use in setting up sitting-drop vapor-diffusion crystallization experiments, and for setting up protein crystallization screensin situ. The primary aim of this effort is the automated screening of crystallization of integral membrane proteins in detergent-containing solutions. However, the results of this work are of general utility to robotic liquid-handling systems. Sources of error that can prevent the accurate dispensing and mixing of solutions have been identified, and include local environmental, machine-specific and solution conditions. Solutions to each of these problems have been developed and implemented.

The Establishment of Exergy Consumption Evaluation Index in Heated Oil Pipeline Transportation

2013 ◽  
Vol 401-403 ◽  
pp. 2143-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Lin Cheng ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Shuai Shao ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Xu Xu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Index Set ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Heated Oil ◽  
Consumption Index ◽  
Exergy Consumption ◽  
Exergy Transfer ◽  
Set Up

The exergy consumption during the transportation of heated oil includes four items: valid and invalid pressure exergy consumption, valid and invalid heat exergy consumption. These four parts are taken as the same loss in traditional evaluation systems of pipeline energy consumption, which somewhat hinders the further energy-conservation study. So establishing a scientific exergy consumption evaluation system is an important basis work of energy efficiency management. Based on the index system of energy efficiency for pipeline proposed by predecessors, the meaning of energy quality for exergy and the categories of exergy flow, the energy consumption index set of exergy transfer is set up in this article. Moreover, by computing exergy consumption index of exergy transfer for an oil pipeline in Daqing Oilfield, a part of representative indexes are selected by analyzing the obtained data with correlation coefficient method. Finally, the exergy consumption evaluation system is constructed.

Exploring Nature's plasticity with a flexible probing tool, and finding new ways for its electronic distribution

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Beier ◽  
M. Baum ◽  
H. Rebscher ◽  
R. Mauritz ◽  
A. Wixmerten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Situ Synthesis ◽  
Light Modulation ◽  
Genomic Assays ◽  
Electronic Distribution ◽  
Spatial Light Modulation ◽  
Microarray Fabrication ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Microarray Format

Concepts and results are described for the use of a single, but extremely flexible, probing tool to address a wide variety of genomic questions. This is achieved by transforming genomic questions into a software file that is used as the design scheme for potentially any genomic assay in a microarray format. Microarray fabrication takes place in three-dimensional microchannel reaction carriers by in situ synthesis based on spatial light modulation. This set-up allows for maximum flexibility in design and realization of genomic assays. Flexibility is achieved at the molecular, genomic and assay levels. We have applied this technology to expression profiling and genotyping experiments.

scholarly journals Monitoring compliance with sulfur content regulations of shipping fuel by in situ measurements of ship emissions

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 10087-10092 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kattner ◽  
B. Mathieu-Üffing ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
S. Schmolke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. In 1997 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted MARPOL Annex VI to prevent air pollution by shipping emissions. It regulates, among other issues, the sulfur content in shipping fuels, which is transformed into the air pollutant sulfur dioxide (SO2) during combustion. Within designated Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA), the sulfur content was limited to 1 %, and on 1 January 2015, this limit was further reduced to 0.1 %. Here we present the set-up and measurement results of a permanent ship emission monitoring site near Hamburg harbour in the North Sea SECA. Trace gas measurements are conducted with in situ instruments and a data set from September 2014 to January 2015 is presented. By combining measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and SO2 with ship position data, it is possible to deduce the sulfur fuel content of individual ships passing the measurement station, thus facilitating the monitoring of compliance of ships with the IMO regulations. While compliance is almost 100 % for the 2014 data, it decreases only very little in 2015 to 95.4 % despite the much stricter limit. We analysed more than 1400 ship plumes in total and for months with favourable conditions, up to 40 % of all ships entering and leaving Hamburg harbour could be checked for their sulfur fuel content.

Genetic gap analysis of wildHordeumtaxa

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Vincent ◽  
Roland von Bothmer ◽  
Helmut Knüpffer ◽  
Ahmed Amri ◽  
Jan Konopka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Barley Plant ◽  
Genetic Reserve ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Global Inventory

To facilitate the updating ofin situandex situconservation strategies for wild taxa of the genusHordeumL., a combined ecogeographic survey and gap analysis was undertaken. The analysis was based on the Global Inventory of Barley Plant Genetic Resources held by ICARDA plus additional datasets, resulting in a database containing 17,131 wildHordeumaccessions. The analysis concluded that a genetic reserve should be established in the Mendoza Province of Argentina, as this is the most species-rich area globally forHordeum. A network of reserves should also be set up across the Fertile Crescent in Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey to provide effective conservation within the centres of diversity for gene pools 1B (Hordeum vulgaresubsp.spontaneum(C. Koch) Thell.) and 2 (Hordeum bulbosumL.). The majority of the species were deemed under-collected, so further collecting missions are required worldwide where possible. Althoughex situandin situconservation strategies have been developed, there needs to be further investigation into the ecological environments thatHordeumspecies occupy to ensure that any adaptive traits expressed are fully conserved. Additionally, studies are required to characterize existing collections and test the viability of rare species accessions held in genebanks to determine whether furtherex situcollections are required alongside the proposedin situconservation.

The Research and Actualize of the Quality Management System’s Effectiveness Evaluation

2010 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 547-552
Author(s):  
Shi Lin Feng
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Effectiveness Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Result ◽  
Improvement Measure ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation System ◽  
Set Up

To guarantee the run effectiveness of the quality management system(QMS), a comprehensive evaluation system of the QMS’s effectiveness is brought forward. In the evaluation system, first the evaluation flow chart is set up; Second the evaluation index is given out; Third the evaluation result is given out by the calculate of the grey integration evaluation arithmetic. The organization can find out why the effectiveness of the QMS is weak and establish improvement measure from the comprehensive evaluation result.

Design of Credit Risk Evaluation System Based on the Fuzzy Neural Network and Expert System

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 4523-4527
Author(s):  
Hong Min Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Index System ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Fuzzy Neural Network ◽  
Enterprise Risk ◽  
Fuzzy Neural ◽  
Set Up

Credit risk is the main risk that Chinese commercial banks are facing. Taking into account three categories of risk factors, namely risk factors of enterprise, risk factors of commercial bank and risk factors of macroscopic economy, an index system was set up. Then, according to the index system and the characteristics of fuzzy neural network and expert system, a credit risk rating system based on fuzzy neural network and expert system was proposed.

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