CROP IMPROVEMENT | Hybridization and Plant Breeding

2003 ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Crop Improvement

scholarly journals Evolution and Application of Genome Editing Techniques for Achieving Food and Nutritional Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5585
Author(s):  
Sajid Fiaz ◽  
Sunny Ahmar ◽  
Sajjad Saeed ◽  
Aamir Riaz ◽  
Freddy Mora-Poblete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Protein System ◽  
Breeding Techniques

A world with zero hunger is possible only through a sustainable increase in food production and distribution and the elimination of poverty. Scientific, logistical, and humanitarian approaches must be employed simultaneously to ensure food security, starting with farmers and breeders and extending to policy makers and governments. The current agricultural production system is facing the challenge of sustainably increasing grain quality and yield and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress under the intensifying pressure of climate change. Under present circumstances, conventional breeding techniques are not sufficient. Innovation in plant breeding is critical in managing agricultural challenges and achieving sustainable crop production. Novel plant breeding techniques, involving a series of developments from genome editing techniques to speed breeding and the integration of omics technology, offer relevant, versatile, cost-effective, and less time-consuming ways of achieving precision in plant breeding. Opportunities to edit agriculturally significant genes now exist as a result of new genome editing techniques. These range from random (physical and chemical mutagens) to non-random meganucleases (MegaN), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein system 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), the CRISPR system from Prevotella and Francisella1 (Cpf1), base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE). Genome editing techniques that promote crop improvement through hybrid seed production, induced apomixis, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are prioritized when selecting for genetic gain in a restricted timeframe. The novel CRISPR-associated protein system 9 variants, namely BE and PE, can generate transgene-free plants with more frequency and are therefore being used for knocking out of genes of interest. We provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of genome editing technologies, especially the application of the third-generation genome editing technologies to achieve various plant breeding objectives within the regulatory regimes adopted by various countries. Future development and the optimization of forward and reverse genetics to achieve food security are evaluated.

scholarly journals Association Mapping for Improvement of Quantitative Traits in Plant Breeding Populations

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-89
Author(s):  
Umesh R Rosyara ◽  
Bal K Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Association Mapping ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Validation Of Results ◽  
Mapping Populations

DNA-based molecular markers have been extensively utilized for mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of interest based on linkage analysis in mapping populations. This is in contrast to human genetics that use of linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based mapping for fine mapping of QTLs using single nucleotide polymorphisms. LD based association mapping (AM) has promise to be used in plants. Possible use of such approach may be for fine mapping of genes / QTLs, identifying favorable alleles for marker aided selection and cross validation of results from linkage mapping for precise location of genes / QTLs of interest. In the present review, we discuss different mapping populations, approaches, prospects and limitations of using association mapping in plant breeding populations. This is expected to create awareness in plant breeders in use of AM in crop improvement activities.Key words: Association mapping; plant breeding; DNA marker; quantitative trait lociDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v2i1.5686  Nepal Journal of Biotechnology Jan.2012, Vol.2(1): 72-89

New and novel genetic tools for improving crops.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (028) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penna Suprasanna
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
New Novel ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Sequencing Platforms

Abstract The basic tenet of crop improvement is the novel genetic variability that is achieved through selection, hybridization, mutation and recombination. The new technological innovations of plant breeding offer scope for transforming crop improvement with more precision and resolution. Advances in genomic-based tools and high-throughput phenotyping have enabled the analysis of genetic variation and identification of molecular signatures of agronomic traits. Molecular markers and molecular-marker-assisted breeding have facilitated the speedy selection of new, novel genetic combinations in breeding for high-yielding, stress-tolerant and nutritionally enriched crops. Transgenic methods have revolutionized modification for stress tolerance and higher productivity, and several genetically modified crops are under cultivation. Availability of genome sequencing platforms and genomic resources has significantly contributed to accessing novel genes and validating their functions. Genome-editing tools and recent advances of prime editing are now accessible for precise genetic alteration of plant traits. The new plant breeding tools will certainly foster development of highly productive, improved crop varieties for achieving food security and climate resilience.

Concepts of Molecular Plant Breeding and Genome Editing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Targeted Gene Editing ◽  
Breeding Techniques

Traditional plant breeding depends on spontaneous and induced mutations available in the crop plants. Such mutations are rare and occur randomly. By contrast, molecular breeding and genome editing are advanced breeding techniques that can enhance the selection process and produce precisely targeted modifications in any crop. Identification of molecular markers, based on SSRs and SNPs, and the availability of high-throughput (HTP) genotyping platforms have accelerated the process of generating dense genetic linkage maps and thereby enhanced application of marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Advanced molecular biology techniques that facilitate precise, efficient, and targeted modifications at genomic loci are termed as “genome editing.” The genome editing tools include “zinc-finger nucleases (ZNFs),” “transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs),” oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (ODM), and “clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPER/Cas) system,” which can be used for targeted gene editing. Concepts of molecular plant breeding and genome editing systems are presented in this chapter.

Molecular Plant Breeding and Genome Editing Tools for Crop Improvement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradip Chandra Deka
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Improvement

Farmer Participatory Crop Improvement. I. Varietal Selection and Breeding Methods and Their Impact on Biodiversity

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Witcombe ◽  
A. Joshi ◽  
K. D. Joshi ◽  
B. R. Sthapit
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Participatory Plant Breeding ◽  
Participatory Varietal Selection ◽  
Farmer Participatory Research ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Impact On Biodiversity ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYFarmer participatory approaches for the identification or breeding of improved crop cultivars can be usefully categorized into participatory varietal selection (PVS) and participatory plant breeding (PPB). Various PVS and PPB methods are reviewed. PVS is a more rapid and cost-effective way of identifying farmer-preferred cultivars if a suitable choice of cultivars exists. If this is impossible, then the more resource-consuming PPB is required. PPB can use, as parents, cultivars that were identified in successful PVS programmes. Compared with conventional plant breeding, PPB is more likely to produce farmer-acceptable products, particularly for marginal environments. The impact of farmer participatory research on biodiversity is considered. The long-term effect of PVS is to increase biodiversity, but where indigenous variability is high it can also reduce it. PPB has a greater effect on increasing biodiversity although its impact may be limited to smaller areas. PPB can be a dynamic form of in situ genetic conservation.

scholarly journals Generating novel plant genetic variation via genome editing to escape the breeding lottery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Schleif ◽  
Shawn M. Kaeppler ◽  
Heidi F. Kaeppler
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Random Mutagenesis ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Plant Genotype ◽  
Wild Accessions

AbstractPlant breeding relies on the presence of genetic variation, which is generated by a random process of mutagenesis that acts on existing gene pools. This variation is then recombined into new forms at frequencies impacted by the local euchromatin and heterochromatin environment. The result is a genetic lottery where plant breeders face increasingly low odds of generating a “winning” plant genotype. Genome editing tools enable targeted manipulation of the genome, providing a means to increase genetic variation and enhancing the chances for plant breeding success. Editing can be applied in a targeted way, where known genetic variation that improves performance can be directly brought into lines of interest through either deletion or insertion. This empowers approaches that are traditionally difficult such as novel domestication and introgression of wild accessions into a germplasm pool. Furthermore, broader editing-mediated approaches such as recombination enhancement and targeted random mutagenesis bring novel ways of variation creation to the plant breeding toolbox. Continued development and application of plant genome editing tools will be needed to aid in meeting critical global crop improvement needs.

scholarly journals Rewiring Meiosis for Crop Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallas Kuo ◽  
Olivier Da Ines ◽  
Christophe Lambing
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Dna Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Chromosome Engineering ◽  
Division Process ◽  
New Varieties

Meiosis is a specialized cell division that contributes to halve the genome content and reshuffle allelic combinations between generations in sexually reproducing eukaryotes. During meiosis, a large number of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed throughout the genome. Repair of meiotic DSBs facilitates the pairing of homologs and forms crossovers which are the reciprocal exchange of genetic information between chromosomes. Meiotic recombination also influences centromere organization and is essential for proper chromosome segregation. Accordingly, meiotic recombination drives genome evolution and is a powerful tool for breeders to create new varieties important to food security. Modifying meiotic recombination has the potential to accelerate plant breeding but it can also have detrimental effects on plant performance by breaking beneficial genetic linkages. Therefore, it is essential to gain a better understanding of these processes in order to develop novel strategies to facilitate plant breeding. Recent progress in targeted recombination technologies, chromosome engineering, and an increasing knowledge in the control of meiotic chromosome segregation has significantly increased our ability to manipulate meiosis. In this review, we summarize the latest findings and technologies on meiosis in plants. We also highlight recent attempts and future directions to manipulate crossover events and control the meiotic division process in a breeding perspective.

scholarly journals The Role and Contribution of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology to Sustainable Agriculture in Africa

Afrika Focus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kyetere ◽  
E. Okogbenin ◽  
J. Okeno ◽  
K. Sanni ◽  
J. Munyaradzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Modern Breeding

Africa’s economy is driven by agriculture, a sector that constitutes 32% of the continent’s GDP. The ongoing Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) in Africa hinges on a system change (from subsistence farming to agribusiness) approach that explores high productivity to strengthen the African economy. During the “Green Revolution” period, increased global yields of cereal crops were achieved through the interactions of breeding and agronomy. However, in the face of current challenges, such as climate change and need for new market niches, there is an increasing exigency to explore modern plant breeding (including biotechnology) to develop new varieties with the capacity for high yields in reduced chemical-input systems and with the genetic diversity needed to maintain yield stability in Africa ́s fluctuating climatic conditions. Biotechnology has significantly shortened the time required for the development of new cultivars, varieties and hybrids. Modern breeding tools include Double Haploid technology, marker assisted breeding, genomics, genetic engineering and genome editing. It is these tools that help accelerate the development of market responsive varieties needed for sustainable agriculture in Africa that will be highlighted. KEY WORDS: TECHNOLOGY, CROP IMPROVEMENT, GENETICS, MODERN BREEDING TOOLS.

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