scholarly journals A GIS-based methodological framework to identify superficial water sources and their corresponding conduction paths for gravity-driven irrigation systems in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 106048
Author(s):  
Jefferson Valencia ◽  
Fredy Monserrate ◽  
Sven Casteleyn ◽  
Vincent Bax ◽  
Wendy Francesconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Gravity Driven

scholarly journals Towards developing a low-cost gravity-driven arsenic filtration system using iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded PU foam

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-248
Author(s):  
Arundhati Pillai ◽  
M. Amin F. Zarandi ◽  
Faten B. Hussein ◽  
Krishna M. Pillai ◽  
Nidal H. Abu-Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticle ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticle

Abstract Arsenic contamination of water sources is a global problem, affecting numerous (especially developing) countries across the world. Exposure to exorbitantly high concentrations reaching 400 parts per billion of arsenic in water sources lead to numerous health complications, including the development of respiratory, neurological, and cancerous diseases. This study focused on developing an innovative, low-cost, and gravity-driven filtration system using a novel iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded polyurethane (PU) foam by which people in developing countries may have easy access to an effective, affordable, and easily fabricated filtration system. After successfully synthesizing the new iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded PU foam, effectiveness of the foam was tested by developing a filtration system consisting of vertical polyvinyl-chloride tubing inserted with 10 and 20 cm of PU foams. Samples of arsenic-contaminated water with known concentrations of 100 and 200 ppb were run through each of the systems numerous times for one and five run cases. The system with 20 cm of PU foam and five runs successfully filtered out around 50–70% of the arsenic from the 100 and 200 ppm samples. The filtration process was quite fast (and hence practical) with each run completing in 5–10 minutes' time. Future research is expected to improve this promising start.

Waste policy reforms in developing countries: A comparative study of India and Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-994
Author(s):  
Alexandre Pereira ◽  
Flávio de Miranda Ribeiro ◽  
Robin Jeffrey ◽  
Assa Doron
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Waste Policy ◽  
Point Of Departure

Over the last decade India and Brazil implemented waste policy reforms to tackle the constraints of their waste management. This study compares those reforms using the methodological framework proposed by Wilson where waste policy evolves through a series of subsequent stages, depending on two aspects: local circumstances; and stakeholders’ groups. The current research is exploratory in its scope, adopting this method to describe, compare and evaluate both Indian and Brazilian cases, and also verifying how the model performs when applied to developing countries. The paper confirms Wilson’s conclusions, and adds a perception that in developing economies a special local circumstance is to be considered the point of departure, that is, the particular starting point of Wilson’s evolution. In addition, the research concludes that participation of diverse stakeholder groups throughout the political process is fundamental, and could be key to overcoming the risks of policy setbacks.

scholarly journals A Non-electric and Affordable Surface Engineered Particle (SEP) based Point-of-Use (POU) Water Disinfection System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Dixit ◽  
Virupakshi Soppina ◽  
Chinmay Ghoroi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Binding Property ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Gravity Driven

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water is still a distant dream to millions of people around the world. Especially, people from the low-income group in the developing countries remain deprived of this fundamental right and causes millions of death. There is an urgent need to develop affordable and easy to handle water filter which can provide desired drinking water quality without any electricity. In the present work, a simple and low-cost surface engineered particle (SEP) based filter is developed via alkali treatment of soda-lime-silica particle. The SEP based filter can be used as a portable, non-electric, gravity-driven Point-of-Use (POU) water disinfection system. The developed SEP-based filter is capable to arrest the 99.48% (~2 to 2.5 log10 reduction) of gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli OP50) on its surface from the water containing 3 × 108 cells/ml. No bacterial regrowth is observed in the purified water for 12 h. The performance of SEP bed filter is implicated to the nano-scale surface roughness, its distribution along with the surface charge and surface hydrophobicity which are favorable to attract and adhere the bacteria in the flowing water. The observation is consistent over multiple filtration cycles indicating the suitability of SEP based bed filter for POU water disinfection. The SEP surface with 0.05 mM Ag+ loading (SEP+) completely inactivated (>99.99999%) bacteria and protects any bacteria recontamination in the purified water for its long term usage. The strong and effective silver binding property of SEP surface enables very minimal silver loading and eliminates any health hazard due to low silver leaching (~50 ppb) which is well below the drinking water equivalent level (DWEL ≤ 100 ppb). In rural and urban slum areas of developing countries where no water purification system exists prior to consumption, the easy-to-implement and affordable SEP-based gravity-driven non-electric point-of-use water purifier (materials cost ~ 0.25 USD) can be used to protect millions of lives from water borne diseases.

scholarly journals Co-production as deep engagement

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary S. Mangai ◽  
Michiel S. De Vries
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Philosophical Framework

Purpose While there is an urgent need for clean water in Ghana and Nigeria, governments lack the financial means to do much to address this need. This does not mean that improving access to clean water is impossible. On the contrary, this paper argued that engaging citizens through co-production, as is already being done in developed countries in the fields of care-giving, waste management, healthcare and community policing, could provide a successful strategy. The purpose of this paper is to examine how public water facilities are being managed to improve and sustain access to clean water for domestic use in rural areas in Ghana and Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach A survey interview with households and in-depth interviews with water professionals were conducted in Ghana and Nigeria to help the authors understand the practicalities of the co-production of clean water and how this is improving and maintaining access to clean water sources. The paper draws on a philosophical framework of “deep” citizen engagement to describe the merits of co-production and how it works in practice in developing countries. Findings Based on the interviews with officials and surveys among the population of rural areas in the two countries studied, the authors found that the two countries vary significantly in their approach to water management decisions and the extent to which citizens are involved. Ghana’s approach seems much more successful than Nigeria when it comes to maintaining boreholes for water supply with the help of the population. In Nigeria, three-quarters of the public water facilities are non-functional, while in Ghana, community involvement in maintaining public water facilities has resulted in the sustained use of boreholes and eliminated the lack of access to clean water in many communities. Originality/value This paper contributes to the practical understanding of co-production in developing countries and the potential of such co-production in improving clean water access. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous scientific research has studied how co-production can improve and sustain access specifically to clean water sources in developing countries, and this paper aimed to fill this gap.

A Multidimensional Measure of Diarrheal Disease Load Changes Resulting from Access to Improved Water Sources in Honduras

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery Deal ◽  
Sylvia Nazar ◽  
Ronald Delaney ◽  
Micah Sorum ◽  
Thomas Leatherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Multidimensional Measure ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Waterborne Illnesses ◽  
Access And Quality ◽  
The Impact

Waterborne illnesses continue to be a major source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. A myriad of interventions to improve both access and quality of water for household use has been used. The impact of these interventions is most commonly measured by self-reported frequencies of diarrhea, a method prone to significant reporting bias.

scholarly journals Analysis of issues in sustainable water management of irrigation systems: case of a developing country

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Sirimewan ◽  
A.P.K.D. Mendis ◽  
Damitha Rajini ◽  
Aparna Samaraweera ◽  
Naiduwa Handi Chathuri Manjula
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Sustainable Water Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Environmental Integrity ◽  
Irrigation Infrastructure

PurposeSustaining the irrigated agriculture, while conserving the natural eco-system, are the two main objectives of sustainable water management (SWM) in irrigation. Achieving both the objectives simultaneously is a complex task in most developing countries. This requires a holistic approach of understanding the issues in irrigation water management (IWM) from social, economic and environmental perspectives. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse the issues towards the SWM of irrigation systems in Sri Lanka to help maintain a stable relationship between the aforementioned two objectives.Design/methodology/approachQualitative interview survey was selected as the research strategy to achieve the research aim. 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in IWM sector to collect data in the Sri Lankan context. Data were analysed using code-based content analysis, based on directed approach.FindingsFindings revealed the issues in SWM in terms of efficiency of irrigation infrastructure; equity of water distribution; environmental integrity and economic acceptability. Most of the issues were related to the inefficiency towards SWM of irrigation systems. Conflicts among water users, especially the people in downstreams aggravated the problem of equity of water sharing. Depletion of groundwater and waterlogging were the major issues towards environmental integrity. Loss of water happened due to the issues in different irrigation infrastructure components hindering economic acceptability.Originality/valueTheoretical contribution includes an analysis of issues in IWM from a sustainability perspective. Practical implications include an overview of deficiencies in the SWM to generate appropriate strategies to achieve sustainability for decision-makers such as policymakers in the irrigation sector in developing countries similar to Sri Lanka.

Non-conventional water sources for small remote communities in developing countries

Desalination ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Abulnour ◽  
M.H. Sorour ◽  
F.A. Hammouda ◽  
A.M.Abdel Dayem
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Remote Communities

scholarly journals Effects of Digital Transformation and Network Externalities in the Telecommunication Markets

ECONOMICS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Snežana Radukić ◽  
Zoran Mastilo ◽  
Zorana Kostić
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Network Externalities ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Technological Capabilities ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Telecommunication Services ◽  
Telecommunications Markets

Abstract The main purpose of the paper is to address the effects of digital transformation in the telecommunications markets which are characterized by network externalities. By acknowledging disruptive effects of digital transformation age, the paper highlights challenges which were created by advancement of technological capabilities. The specific aim of the paper is to present a methodological framework for measuring the information society. The research will be based on an analysis of the number of subscribers by types of telecommunication services, in developed and developing countries, in the last two decades. In this regard, increasing the number of subscribers leads to higher value of the selected network. We expect confirmation of both hypotheses respectively (H1: Digital transformation affects the simultaneously continuous growth of the number of subscribers and the continuous decline in prices of telecommunication services; H2: There are similar trends in developed and developing countries, which are related to the number of the telecommunication services subscribers). Therefore, digital transformation and the effect of network externalities contribute to increasing the number of subscribers, reducing the number of networks (distortion of the market competition) and reducing the prices of telecommunication services.

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