scholarly journals Consumption of cropland with high yield and low irrigation water intensity by urban expansion in China during 2000–2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 106644
Author(s):  
Xue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Water Intensity

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Strategies on Silage Corn Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelaziz Nilahyane ◽  
M. Islam ◽  
Abdel Mesbah ◽  
Axel Garcia y Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Semi Arid

In water-scarce regions, high yield and improved water use efficiency (WUE) of crops can be obtained if water and nitrogen (N) are properly applied. While water and N have been the subject of research worldwide, studies are needed to advance our understanding on the complexity of their interaction. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Wyoming Powell Research and Extension Center in 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to determine the effect of irrigation water and N on growth, dry matter (DM) yield, and WUE of silage corn (Zea mays L.) grown under on-surface drip irrigation (ODI). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in split-plot arrangement with three replications. Irrigation was the main treatment and included 100ETc (100% crop evapotranspiration), 80ETc, and 60ETc. Nitrogen was the sub-treatment and included 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N ha−1 as urea-ammonium-nitrate solution Results showed that irrigation water, N, and application timing significantly affected growth and DM yield, especially at late vegetative and mid reproductive growth stages. At harvest (R4), no significant difference was observed between 180 kg N ha−1 and 270 kg N ha−1 on DM yield and WUE. However, significant differences of DM yield were observed between irrigation treatments, and 100ETc and 80ETc did not differ in WUE. Our findings suggest that 100ETc and 180 kg N ha−1 is the best combination for high yielding corn for silage grown in a semi-arid climate under ODI.

Effects of nutrient supply and sowing time on the yield and pathological traits of winter oilseed rape

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-205
Author(s):  
P. Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Spring Precipitation ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Sowing Time

The fertilizer response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera f. biennis L.) was investigated on the chernozem soil in Eastern Hungary in a three-year experiment with two sowing times. The results proved that oilseed rape had high fertilizer (N+PK) demand. In the experiments, N = 210 kg ha−1 +PK proved to be the optimal fertilizer dose. The yield-increasing effect of fertilization was 800 to 1300 kg ha−1, depending on the year. The maximum yield (5000 kg ha−1) was obtained in the year with least infection. The excellent natural nutrient-providing ability of chernozem soil was confirmed by the high yield level (3000–4200 kg ha−1) of the control treatment (N = 0 kg ha−1 +PK). The results showed that the specific fertilizer utilization efficiency of oilseed rape decreased if the dose of N+PK fertilizer was increased (being 19–27 kg/1 kg NPK in the control treatment and 11–12 kg/1 kg NPK in the N = 210 kg ha−1 +PK treatment). On the other hand, fertilization improved the water utilization from 4–8 kg/1 mm precipitation + irrigation water to 11–14 kg/1 mm precipitation + irrigation water. The results of these studies confirmed that hybrid rape had excellent adaptability to the sowing time. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a strong correlation (0.6*–0.9**) between the spring precipitation and temperature and the most important diseases (Sclerotinia, Alternaria, Peronospora, Phoma) attacking oilseed rape.

Water Consumption Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Flue-Cured Tobacco under Different Conditions of Irrigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 651-653 ◽  
pp. 1388-1393
Author(s):  
Xiao Hou Shao ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
You Bo Yuan ◽  
Fu Zhang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Equation ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
High Production

The experiments were carried out in lysimeters to study water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of flue-cured tobacco under different conditions of irrigation. By comparing the T and the invalid E of the tobacco K326, it is concluded that in the period of root extending most of the irrigation water is used for the E, in the early vigorous period, plants with all of the treatments show a T higher than the E, in the late vigorous period and the maturity, this ratio remains at 50%. Based on measured data, it was shown that the amount of irrigation water in the vigorous period had the most important influence on the yield of the tobacco.The nonlinear equation of the yield and WUE is Y=-2531.3X2+6113.8X-624.49,R2=0.7324; the equation of the yield and ET is Y=4E-0.7X3-0.0032X2+8.8458X-4806.7, suggesting that the WUE is not maximized at the highest yield of flue-cured tobacco. In the high-yield range, reducing irrigation appropriately could reach the harmonization of high production and water saving.

scholarly journals CropSyst model for wheat under deficit irrigation using sprinkler and drip irrigation in sandy soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahany Noreldin ◽  
Samiha Ouda ◽  
Oussama Mounzer ◽  
Magdi T. Abdelhamid
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Losses

AbstractCropSyst (Cropping Systems Simulation) is used as an analytic tool for studying irrigation water management to increase wheat productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted to 1) calibrate CropSyst model for wheat grown under sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, 2) to use the simulation results to analyse the relationship between applied irrigation amount and the resulted yield and 3) to simulate the effect of saving irrigation water on wheat yield. Drip irrigation system in three treatments (100%, 75% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration – ETc) and under sprinkler irrigation system in five treatments (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of ETc) were imposed on these experiments. Results using CropSyst calibration revealed-that results of using CropSyst calibration revealed that the model was able to predict wheat grain and biological yield, with high degree of accuracy. Using 100% ETc under drip system resulted in very low water stress index (WSI = 0.008), whereas using 100% ETc sprinkler system resulted in WSI = 0.1, which proved that application of 100% ETc enough to ensure high yield. The rest of deficit irrigation treatments resulted in high yield losses. Simulation of application of 90% ETc not only reduced yield losses to either irrigation system, but also increased land and water productivity. Thus, it can be recommended to apply irrigation water to wheat equal to 90% ETc to save on the applied water and increase water productivity.

Impact of Sprinkler Irrigation Amount and Rotation On Peanut Yield

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lamb ◽  
M. H. Masters ◽  
D. Rowland ◽  
R. B. Sorensen ◽  
H. Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
One Year ◽  
Rotation Sequence

Abstract Irrigated hectares for crop production in Georgia increased from 70,875 ha in 1970 to 587,250 in 2000. The majority of the increase was planted in peanut, corn, and cotton. In 1970, these crops accounted for 40,500 of Georgia's irrigated hectares, and in 2000, these crops totaled 465,750 irrigated hectares. Simultaneously, demand for water resources due to urban expansion and interstate litigation coupled with repeated drought are collectively threatening irrigation water supplies in the southeast U.S. peanut producing regions. A study was conducted during the 2001 to 2003 crop years to quantify the impacts of reduced irrigation amounts and different crop rotation sequences including peanut, corn, and cotton. On average, irrigated peanut pod yield was significantly increased by 906 kg/ha as compared to nonirrigated peanut yield. The affect of crop rotation on peanut yield was also significant. One year out of peanuts, in either corn or cotton, increased irrigated peanut yield an average of 1072 kg/ha over continuous peanut. Two years out of peanuts, in either corn or cotton, increased irrigated peanut yield an average of 2333 kg/ha over continuous peanut. In nonirrigated peanuts, crop rotation sequence had less affect on pod yield than did precipitation during the growing season.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Optimal Use of Irrigation Water in Production of Lettuce – An Economical Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Farida Omar Fahaid ◽  
Nuri Masoud Albay ◽  
Ahmed Ibrahim Ekhmaj
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Optimal Quantity

The lack of data, information and studies examining the economic issues which related to crop water consumption are the main obstacles facing decision makers, legislators and farmers to optimize the use of water for agricultural purposes. This study aims to determine the optimal quantity of irrigation water for lettuce (lactuca sativa L.), which is a crop that does not have local data on its behavior of water consumption. To achieve the goals of the study, field experiment was conducted under trickle irrigation condition at the Tripoli Center of Agricultural Research during winter season of 2017.Four levels of irrigation water 130 mm, 195 mm, 260 mm and 320 mm were applied. These levels were selected based on the water requirements as calculated from Penman- Monthieth -FAO 1998 equation to represent 50, 75, 100, and 125% of total irrigation water required by lettuce crop, respectively. A second degree polynomial equation was fitted (R 2 = 0.64) for production function (yield in ton/ha versus. applied irrigation water in m3/ha). The results revealed that the increase in the quantity of irrigation water led to a higher yield of lettuce to a specific point and then the production rates decreased. According to the water price, the results of economical analysis indicated that the optimal quantity of irrigation water estimated of the lettuce which achieved the optimal productivity was found at 2506 m3 / ha. Many studies and researches on several crops must be conducted under field conditions in order to reach the optimal approach that ensures achieving high yield production through optimal use of limited water resources

Quality films from carbon fiber evaporation for thorough coverage of TEM grids

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 418-419
Author(s):  
N. Tempel ◽  
M. C. Ledbetter
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Vacuum Evaporation ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Good Adhesion ◽  
Noise Structure ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Carbon Foils

Carbon films have been a support of choice for high resolution electron microscopy since the introduction of vacuum evaporation of carbon. The desirable qualities of carbon films and methods of producing them has been extensively reviewed. It is difficult to get a high yield of grids by many of these methods, especially if virtually all of the windows must be covered with a tightly bonded, quality film of predictable thickness. We report here a method for producing carbon foils designed to maximize these attributes: 1) coverage of virtually all grid windows, 2) freedom from holes, wrinkles or folds, 3) good adhesion between film and grid, 4) uniformity of film and low noise structure, 5) predictability of film thickness, and 6) reproducibility.Our method utilizes vacuum evaporation of carbon from a fiber onto celloidin film and grid bars, adhesion of the film complex to the grid by carbon-carbon contact, and removal of the celloidin by acetone dissolution. Materials must be of high purity, and cleanliness must be rigorously maintained.

Effects of high pressure on the crystallization of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) laminate composites

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 876-877
Author(s):  
Hong-Ming Lin ◽  
C. H. Liu ◽  
R. F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Laminate Composites ◽  
Peek Composite ◽  
Continuous Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a crystallizable thermoplastic used as composite matrix materials in application which requires high yield stress, high toughness, long term high temperature service, and resistance to solvent and radiation. There have been several reports on the crystallization behavior of neat PEEK and of CF/PEEK composite. Other reports discussed the effects of crystallization on the mechanical properties of PEEK and CF/PEEK composites. However, these reports were all concerned with the crystallization or melting processes at or close to atmospheric pressure. Thus, the effects of high pressure on the crystallization of CF/PEEK will be examined in this study.The continuous carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (CF/PEEK) laminate composite with 68 wt.% of fibers was obtained from Imperial Chemical Industry (ICI). For the high pressure experiments, HIP was used to keep these samples under 1000, 1500 or 2000 atm. Then the samples were slowly cooled from 420 °C to 60 °C in the cooling rate about 1 - 2 degree per minute to induce high pressure crystallization. After the high pressure treatment, the samples were scanned in regular DSC to study the crystallinity and the melting temperature. Following the regular polishing, etching, and gold coating of the sample surface, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to image the microstructure of the crystals. Also the samples about 25mmx5mmx3mm were prepared for the 3-point bending tests.

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