I was not so

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S668-S669
Author(s):  
M.J. Gordillo Montaño ◽  
S. Ramos Perdigues ◽  
E. Guillén Guillén ◽  
O. Lopez Berastegui ◽  
M. Guisado Rico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Purging Behavior ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

IntroductionThe frontal lobes are the brain structures of latest development and evolution in the human brain. It is considered that the frontal lobes represent the “executive center of the brain”. The frontal tumors represent 16% of all supratentorial tumors. Symptoms are easily confused as psychiatric rather than neurological.ObjectivesCan see the alterations of the executive functions in a case of frontal affectation, for future cases know where to focus our attention and develop concepts associated with frontal lobe.MethodThirty-year-old patient without relevant medical history. Go to the emergency department with major episode of agitation. After performing cranial CT abnormality, it is detected in the front area. Sign up study. It presents amnesia episode before admission, whereupon shown stunned and worried. The patient describes a change in your life 12 months ago, when it begins to be more nervous, increasing their impulsiveness, she has episodes of binge eating, purging behavior with subsequent occasional alcohol abuse. Jealousy. The patient is informed as much as your family of the possible impact of the injury on the behavioral sphere and impulse control when it is still unknown origin.ConclusionsFrom a neuropsychological point of view the frontal lobes represent a system of planning, regulation and control of psychological processes; coordination and allow selection of multiple processes and various behavioral options and strategies available to the human being. Tumour research is important as it provides enough information we cognitive impairment. These patients exhibit symptoms that are easily confused as psychiatric rather than neurological.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Intact Priming for Novel Perceptual Representations in Amnesia

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan B. Hamann ◽  
Larry R. Squire
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Recent studies have challenged the notion that priming for ostensibly novel stimuli such as pseudowords (REAB) reflects the creation of new representations. Priming for such stimuli could instead reflect the activation of familiar memory representations that are orthographically similar (READ) and/or the activation of subparts of stimuli (RE, EX, AR), which are familar because they occur commonly in English. We addressed this issue in three experiments that assessed perceptual identification priming and recognition memory for novel and familiar letter strings in amnesic patients and control subjects. Priming for words, pseudowords, and orthographically illegal nonwords was fully intact in the amnesic patients following a single exposure, whereas recognition memory was impaired for the same items. Thus, priming can occur for stimuli that are unlikely to have preexisting representations. Words and pseudowords exhibited twice as much priming as illegal nonwords, suggesting that activation may contribute to priming for words and wordlike stimuli. Additional results showed that priming for illegal nonwords resulted from the formation of new perceptual associations among the component letters of each nonword rather than the activation of individual letter representations. In summary, the results demonstrate that priming following a single exposure can depend on the creation of new perceptual representations and that such priming is independent of the brain structures essential for declarative memory.

scholarly journals Increased Aluminum Content in Certain Brain Structures is Correlated with Higher Silicon Concentration in Alcoholic Use Disorder

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Grochowski ◽  
Eliza Blicharska ◽  
Jacek Bogucki ◽  
Jędrzej Proch ◽  
Aleksandra Mierzwińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Al Content ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Alcohol overuse may be related to increased aluminum (Al) exposure, the brain accumulation of which contributes to dementia. However, some reports indicate that silicon (Si) may have a protective role over Al-induced toxicity. Still, no study has ever explored the brain content of Al and Si in alcoholic use disorder (AUD). Materials and methods: To fill this gap, the present study employed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to investigate levels of Al and Si in 10 brain regions and in the liver of AUD patients (n = 31) and control (n = 32) post-mortem. Results: Al content was detected only in AUD patients at mean ± SD total brain content of 1.59 ± 1.19 mg/kg, with the highest levels in the thalamus (4.05 ± 12.7 mg/kg, FTH), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (3.48 ± 9.67 mg/kg, ILF), insula (2.41 ± 4.10 mg/kg) and superior longitudinal fasciculus (1.08 ± 2.30 mg/kg). Si content displayed no difference between AUD and control, except for FTH. Positive inter-region correlations between the content of both elements were identified in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and ILF. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that AUD patients may potentially be prone to Al-induced neurodegeneration in their brain—although this hypothesis requires further exploration.

scholarly journals PRÁTICAS VICIOSAS EM LICITAÇÕES: ANÁLISE DE CASOS INVESTIGADOS PELA CONTROLADORIA-GERAL DA UNIÃO (CGU)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Eronilton Pereira Buriti ◽  
Maria Lírida Calou de Araújo e Mendonça ◽  
Marco Antônio Praxedes de Moraes Filho
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Agency ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Money ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
And Control ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Selection Of

O principal escopo desta pesquisa se concentra em investigar algumas das práticas viciosas mais comuns durante a realização de processos licitatórios no setor público brasileiro. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na metodologia exploratória, sendo aplicada a partir de casos práticos examinados por um dos órgãos de fiscalização e controle da verba pública brasileira. Foram estudados 70 (setenta) relatórios da Controladoria-Geral da União, os quais estão disponíveis na página eletrônica do referido órgão. A seleção dos casos práticos se deu aleatoriamente, sem comparar localização, perfil político e grau de repetitividade. O que se buscou foi apresentar o que é considerado bastante “grosseiro” do ponto de vista de erros administrativos. Preliminarmente, o estudo trata de aspectos gerais da licitação pública, abordando os princípios setoriais deste microssistema jurídico e as diferentes modalidades estabelecidas pelo ordenamento. Na sequência, adentrando na proposta central deste trabalho, foram examinados alguns casos práticos constatados a partir de fiscalizações em atividades de execução de obras públicas em diversos períodos e locais do Brasil. O instrumento utilizado na sondagem foram os registros oficiais dos órgãos públicos de controle, bem como, seus documentos disponíveis em suas páginas eletrônicas. A título de conclusão foi possível verificar inúmeras lacunas no tocante a organização destes procedimentos, causa principal do não cumprimento da legislação especializada. VICIOUS BIDDING PRACTICES: ANALYSIS OF CASES INVESTIGATED BY THE BRAZILIAN OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL (CGU) ABSTRACT The main scope of this research focuses on investigating some of the most common vicious practices during bidding processes in the Brazilian public sector. The research was developed in the exploratory methodology, being applied from practical cases examined by one of the organs of fiscalization and control of the Brazilian public money. We studied seventy (70) of the Comptroller General's reports, which are available on the website of this public agency. The selection of practical cases occurred randomly, without comparing location, political profile and degree of repetitiveness. What was sought was to present what is considered quite "huge" from the point of view of administrative errors. Preliminarily, the study deals with general aspects of public bidding, addressing the sectoral principles of this legal micro-system and the different modalities established by the ordinance. Following, in the central proposal of this work, we examined some practical cases verified from inspections in activities of execution of public works in diverse periods and places of Brazil. The instrument used in the survey were the official records of the public control bodies, as well as their documents available on their electronic pages. As a conclusion, it was possible to identify a number of shortcomings in the organization of these procedures, the main cause of non-compliance with the specialized legislation.

scholarly journals A tale of two densities: active inference is enactive inference

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell JD Ramstead ◽  
Michael D Kirchhoff ◽  
Karl J Friston
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Energy Principle ◽  
Free Energy Principle ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this article is to clarify how best to interpret some of the central constructs that underwrite the free-energy principle (FEP) – and its corollary, active inference – in theoretical neuroscience and biology: namely, the role that generative models and variational densities play in this theory. We argue that these constructs have been systematically misrepresented in the literature, because of the conflation between the FEP and active inference, on the one hand, and distinct (albeit closely related) Bayesian formulations, centred on the brain – variously known as predictive processing, predictive coding or the prediction error minimisation framework. More specifically, we examine two contrasting interpretations of these models: a structural representationalist interpretation and an enactive interpretation. We argue that the structural representationalist interpretation of generative and recognition models does not do justice to the role that these constructs play in active inference under the FEP. We propose an enactive interpretation of active inference – what might be called enactive inference. In active inference under the FEP, the generative and recognition models are best cast as realising inference and control – the self-organising, belief-guided selection of action policies – and do not have the properties ascribed by structural representationalists.

CONTROL ASPECTS OF A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR EPILEPTIC SEIZURES

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (07) ◽  
pp. 2013-2027 ◽  
Author(s):  
KOSTAS TSAKALIS ◽  
LEON IASEMIDIS
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Brain Circuitry ◽  
And Control ◽  
Functional Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Term Objective

We discuss the key features of theoretical models of networks of coupled chaotic oscillators that produce seizure-like events and bear striking similarities to dynamics of epileptic seizures. Our long-term objective is to understand the basic functional mechanisms that can produce seizures and may ultimately lead to strategies for seizure suppression and control. We show that, from a dynamical systems point of view, a plausible cause of seizures is a pathological feedback in the brain circuitry. This suggests new seizure control approaches, as well as systematic methods to tune existing ones. While the suggested models and control approaches are far from being considered optimal for epileptic seizures, they have interesting physical interpretation and implications for treatments of epilepsy. They also have close ties with a variety of recent practical observations in the human and animal epileptic brain, and with theories from adaptive systems, optimization and chaos.

Does Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Induce Changes in Peripheral Physiology?

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S33-S33
Author(s):  
S. Lehto
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Competing Interest

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that has evoked increasing interest during the past years. The most common form of tES, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), is considered to modulate neuronal resting potentials. For example, anodal stimulation over motor cortex appears to lead to increased neuronal excitability under the stimulation electrodes. However, some recent findings suggest that the effects of tDCS extend beyond the cortical areas under the electrodes, to deeper brain structures such as the midbrain. The brain also actively regulates peripheral physiology. Thus, changes in brain activity following tES may lead to modulation of peripheral physiology. For example, tDCS targeting primary motor cortex has been observed to induce changes in peripheral glucose metabolism. Furthermore, stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to lead to alterations in cortisol secretion and the activity of the autonomic nervous system. Unpublished findings from our group corroborate with the above observations. Nevertheless, the evidence regarding peripheral effects of tES remains limited. Investigating such possible effects may be relevant especially from the point of view of tES safety and potential therapeutic discoveries.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals In vivo Binding of Nimodipine in the Brain: I. The Effect of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine M. Hakim ◽  
Matthew J. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Secular Equilibrium ◽  
Control Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

We report the regional variation in [3H]nimodipine binding in vivo during focal cerebral ischemia. After intravenous injection, 30 min of circulation of [3H]nimodipine was sufficient to establish a secular equilibrium of distribution in the brain. Rats sustained left middle cerebral and common carotid artery occlusions for 5 min, and 4, 24, and 48 h (n ≥ 6 per group). They were decapitated 30 min after injection of 250 μCi of [3H]nimodipine and their brains were submitted to autoradiography. The concentrations of [3H]nimodipine in plasma and brain structures, corrected for metabolism of nimodipine, were used to calculate the regional volumes of distribution ( V) in the ischemic left (L) and control right (R) hemispheres. Log (VL/VR) was then defined as the group mean of the logarithms of the left-to-right ratio of V of [3H]nimodipine. In the lateral caudate, binding of [3H]nimodipine on the ischemic side was highest within 5 min of occlusion. Log ( VL/ VR) in this region for the combined sham-operated and normal control rats and those after 5 min and 4 and 24 h of ischemia were −0.014 ± 0.025, 0.137 ± 0.056*, −0.201 ± 0.367, and −0.049 ± 0.370 (mean ± SD, *represents p < 0.01 compared with controls). By contrast, in the superior frontal cortex, values for log ( VL/ VR) in the same sequence were −0.016 ± 0.025, 0.028 ± 0.056, 0.284 ± 0.228*, and 0.224 ± 0.069*, thus showing a significant rise in [3H]nimodipine binding only at 4 h. Structures such as the cingulate and striate cortex, sufficiently removed from the ischemic core, showed only small changes in log ( VL/ VR) at all times. Correlating these data with CBF and histologic determinations performed in separate groups of rats, we conclude that [3H]nimodipine binding increases earlier in the more severely ischemic structures than in those with more moderate reductions in perfusion. Furthermore, when binding declines in a region where it was previously increased, infarction is likely. These studies afford new insight into the concept of ischemic penumbra and suggest that this model may allow testing for therapeutic effectiveness.

Developing a test to assess social cognition based on a real interaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S355-S356
Author(s):  
G. Benito ◽  
C. Luzón ◽  
J. Arillaga ◽  
A. Fernández-Liria ◽  
G. Lahera
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Correlation Matrix ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Social Scene ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Final Selection ◽  
Selection Of

IntroductionSocial cognition enables the processing of social information and is needed to adapt one's behaviour to the perceived social scene. Its assessment is a very controversial issue, tests currently available often use unhelpful stimuli from the ecological point of view.AimsTo develop a test based on genuine social stimuli–not on their representations–and to do so, a controlled social situation is created in which participants can be evaluated on their abilities to perceive and process such information.MethodA script was prepared, consisting of several interactions which are staged before the participants by two members of the research team. The sample comprises 50 subjects, being on average 22 years old (56% women), who took this test, the MSCEIT and the MASC.ResultsThe application showed no incidence, no one detected that it was a previously prepared situation and they were not upset when this fact was revealed. A final selection of 18 items obtained a reliability of 0.701. Multidimensional scaling, partly showed the subdomains taken into account. The correlation matrix confirms the validity of the instrument. (r = 0,465 alpha < 0,001 with MASC. r = 0,106 alpha > 0,05 with MSCEIT).ConclusionsThe instrument is applicable and tolerated by participants being evaluated with it. It is feasible to use it as a test to assess social cognition It is mid-high reliability allows its use for research purposes. The correlation matrix confirmed validity, showing a significant and moderate connection with MASC and no association with any of the scales of MSCEIT.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals The conformation of the brain plays an important role in the distribution of diffuse axonal injury in fatal road traffic accident

2004 ◽  
Vol 62 (2b) ◽  
pp. 406-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Eymard Homem Pittella ◽  
Sebastião Nataniel da Silva Gusmão
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Rostral Portion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Diffuse Distribution

OBJECTIVE: A study was made of the brain lesions in 120 random victims of fatal road traffic accidents to determine the frequency and topographic distribution of diffuse axonal damage (DAI) in relation to the midline brain structures. METHOD: The identification of axons was carried out with a mouse antibody anti-neurofilament proteins 70-, 160-, and 210-kD. RESULTS: DAI was identified in 96 (80%) brains and classified as Grade 1 in 21.9%, as Grade 2 in 51%, and as Grade 3 in 27.1% of the patients. In spite of the diffuse distribution that is characteristic of DAI, damage occurred preferentially in the interhemispheric formations (corpus callosum and fornix) and rostral portion of the brainstem, usually to one side of the midline. CONCLUSION: From a mechanical point of view, the interhemispheric formations and the rostral portion of the brainstem act as fixating structures for the cerebral hemispheres during rotational acceleration of the head. It is known that the motion of the cerebral hemispheres is delayed at the points of fixation, where greater stress would be produced, particularly on the side subjected to greater displacement. The frequent involvement by DAI of deep, center-medial brain structures, usually to one side of the midline, supports the mechanism proposed above.

Comparison of Aeration Equipment under Operating Conditions

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Aging Properties ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of

In the course of investigations in order to control the efficiency of aeration equipment or to judge the loading of technical activated sludge plants the oxygenation capacity under operating conditions has been evaluated. Plants for industrial as well as for domestic waste water have been investigated. The investigations were conducted on the oxygenation characteristics - the connection between oxygenation efficiency and specific power consumption, the flexibility of aeration control and adaptability of the aeration equipment to varying demands. Besides these parameters that can be classified quantitatively, practical experiences from the operational point of view as well as the aging properties will be dealt with. Moreover criteria for the selection of compressors and pumps as well as problems of air distribution at compressed air aeration systems, with the related problems for measurements and control of air flow, will be discussed.

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