Landforms and distribution patterns of giant Castanopsis sieboldii trees in urban areas and western suburbs of Tokyo, Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 126997
Author(s):  
Tomotsugu Watanabe ◽  
Kako Matsunaga ◽  
Yumiko Kanazawa ◽  
Kojiro Suzuki ◽  
Ian D. Rotherham
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Castanopsis Sieboldii

scholarly journals AN EX-ANTE ASSESSMENT OF CITY DISTRIBUTION ALTERNATIVES BASED ON MULTI ACTOR MULTI CRITERIA FRAMEWORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 4241-4272
Author(s):  
Türkan Müge ÖZBEKLER ◽  
Arzu KARAMAN AKGÜL
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Load Factors ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Urban Consolidation

Recently, urban areas face challenges that result from negative externalities of traditional distribution networks. Especially, city actors increasingly suffer from issues as inefficient load factors in operations, traffic volume on roads, and noise pollution. To overcome these problems, modern city distribution patterns integrated with the consolidation strategy have the potential to provide satisfying solutions. Align with city actors’ expectations, alternatives of consolidation-distribution schemes can offer improvements in both economic, social, and environmental issues. In particular, this study aims at an ex-ante evaluation of city distribution alternatives on the typology of consolidation-distribution schemes ensuring win-win solutions to each city actor. This paper adopts Multi Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) as a novel approach to evaluating different city actors’ objectives and a set of city distribution alternatives comprehensively. The paper results highlight that micro consolidation centre facilities can be more suitable in response to city actors’ expectations among distribution alternatives to urban consolidation centre and mobile depot. Finally, future research in this topic can focus on evaluating distribution alternatives on a sector basis and marketing types such as B2B and B2C.  

scholarly journals Invasion Dynamics of A Termite, Reticulitermes flavipes, at Different Spatial Scales in France

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Elfie Perdereau ◽  
Guillaume Baudouin ◽  
Stéphanie Bankhead-Dronnet ◽  
Zoé Chevalier ◽  
Marie Zimmermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Invasion Dynamics ◽  
Large Colony

Termites are social insects that can also be major pests. A well-known problem species is the subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes. It is invasive in France and is thought to have arrived from Louisiana during the 18th century. While the putative source of French populations has been identified, little is known about how the termite spread following its establishment. Here, we examined expansion patterns at different spatial scales in urban areas to clarify how R. flavipes spread in France. Based on our analyses of phylogeography and population genetics, results suggest a scenario of successive introductions into the Charente-Maritime region, on the Atlantic Coast. Two major expansion fronts formed: one that spread toward the northeast and the other toward the southeast. At the regional scale, different spatial and genetic distribution patterns were observed: there was heterogeneity in Île-de-France and aggregation in Centre-Val de Loire. At the local scale, we found that our three focal urban sites each formed a single large colony that contained several secondary reproductives. Our findings represent a second step in efforts to reconstruct termite’s invasion dynamics. They also highlight the role that may have been played by the French railway network in transporting termites over long distances.

scholarly journals Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas of Nepal: spatial variation, sources, temporal trends and long range transport potential

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balram Pokhrel ◽  
Ping Gong ◽  
Xiaoping Wang ◽  
Sanjay Nath Khanal ◽  
Jiao Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Global Impacts

Abstract. The study of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in low latitude tropical and subtropical urban cities is necessary to assess their local and global impacts on ecosystems and human health. Despite studies on levels of POPs in water, soils, and sediments, analysis of the distribution patterns, seasonality and sources of POPs in urban regions of Nepal remain limited. Polyurethane foam (PUF)-based passive air samplers were deployed in three major cities in Nepal: Kathmandu (the capital city), Pokhara and Hetauda (agricultural cities). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were the dominant organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere at all sites. The average concentrations of POPs were: ∑DDTs, 11.0–885.2 pg/m3; ∑HCHs, 4.0–2623.8 pg/m3; HCB, 2.7–186.2 pg/m3; ∑endosulfan, 1.4–34.8 pg/m3; and ∑6PCBs, 1.4–29.2 pg/m3. Isomer and metabolite ratio analyses suggested that the concentrations present were from both new and historical applications of the POPs. Vegetable production sites and their market places appeared to be the major DDT and HCH source areas. Higher atmospheric concentrations of DDT and HCH occurred during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, and winter, respectively, closely associated with their local application for soil preparation and vegetable spraying. The estimated travel distances of the POPs (HCB, α-HCH, γ-HCH, and p,p'-DDT) under the Nepalese tropical climate were all above 1000 km, suggesting that high precipitation levels in the tropical climate were not enough to scavenge the POPs and that Nepal could be an important source region for POPs. Due to their close proximity and cold trapping (driven by low temperatures), the high Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau are likely the key receptors of POPs emitted in Nepal. These results add to the information available on POPs from tropical developing countries.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Changes of Urban Rainstorm-Related Micro-Blogging Activities in Response to Rainstorms: A Case Study in Beijing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Wang ◽  
Yunyan Du ◽  
Fuyuan Liang ◽  
Jiawei Yi ◽  
Huimeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Natural disasters cause significant casualties and losses in urban areas every year. Further, the frequency and intensity of natural disasters have increased significantly over the past couple of decades in the context of global climate change. Understanding how urban dwellers learn about and response to a natural hazard is of great significance as more and more people migrate to cities. Social media has become one of the most essential communication platforms in the virtual space for users to share their knowledge, information, and opinions about almost everything in the physical world. Geo-tagged posts published on different social media platforms contain a huge amount of information that can help us to better understand the dynamics of collective geo-tagged human activities. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of the collective geo-tagged human activities in Beijing when it was afflicted by the “6-22” rainstorm. We used a variety of machine learning and statistical methods to examine the correlations between rainstorm-related microblogs and the rainstorm characteristics at a fine spatial and a fine temporal scale across Beijing. We also studied factors that could be used to explain the changes of the rainstorm-related blogging activities. Our results show that the human response to a disaster is very consistent, though with certain time lags, in the virtual and physical spaces at both the grid and city scales. Such a consistency varies significantly across our study area.

scholarly journals Large-Eddy Simulation of plume dispersion within various actual urban areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nakayama ◽  
K. Jurcakova ◽  
H. Nagai
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Plume Dispersion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Eddy

Abstract. Plume dispersion of hazardous materials within urban area resulting from accidental or intentional releases is of great concern to public health. Many researchers have developed local-scale atmospheric dispersion models using building-resolving computational fluid dynamics. However, an important issue is encountered when determining a reasonable domain size of the computational model in order to capture concentration distribution patterns influenced by urban surface geometries. In this study, we carried out Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of plume dispersion within various urban areas with a wide range of obstacle density and building height variability. The difference of centerline mean and r.m.s. concentration distributions among various complex urban surface geometries becomes small for downwind distances from the point source greater than 1.0 km. From these results, it can be concluded that a length of a computational model should be at least 1.0 km from a point source.

scholarly journals Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas of Nepal: spatial variation, sources, temporal trends, and long-range transport potential

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1325-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balram Pokhrel ◽  
Ping Gong ◽  
Xiaoping Wang ◽  
Sanjay Nath Khanal ◽  
Jiao Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Global Impacts

Abstract. The study of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in low-latitude tropical and subtropical urban cities is necessary to assess their local and global impacts on ecosystems and human health. Despite studies on levels of POPs in water, soils, and sediments, analysis of the distribution patterns, seasonality, and sources of POPs in urban regions of Nepal remain limited. Polyurethane foam (PUF)-based passive air samplers were deployed in three major cities in Nepal: Kathmandu (the capital city), Pokhara, and Hetauda (agricultural cities). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were the dominant organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere at all sites. The average concentrations of POPs were  ∑ DDTs, 8.7–1.0  ×  103 pg m−3;  ∑ HCHs, 5.3–3.3  ×  103 pg m−3; HCB, 5.8–3.4  ×  102 pg m−3;  ∑ endosulfan, BDL–51 pg m−3; and  ∑ 6PCBs, 1.4–47 pg m−3. Isomer and metabolite ratio analyses suggested that the concentrations present were from both new and historical applications of the POPs. Vegetable production sites and their market places appeared to be the major DDT and HCH source areas. Higher atmospheric concentrations of DDT and HCH occurred during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, and winter, respectively, closely associated with their local application for soil preparation and vegetable spraying. The estimated travel distances of the POPs (HCB, α-HCH, γ-HCH, and p, p′-DDT) under the Nepalese tropical climate were all above 1000 km, suggesting that high precipitation levels in the tropical climate were not enough to scavenge the POPs and that Nepal could be an important source region for POPs. Due to their close proximity and cold trapping (driven by low temperatures), the high Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau are likely the key receptors of POPs emitted in Nepal. These results add to the information available on POPs from tropical developing countries.

scholarly journals Mapping the Spatial Variability of Sexually Transmitted Infections Across Fiji Health Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Sidloski ◽  
Tayyab Shah ◽  
Elisa Toroca
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Significant Public Health

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health problem in countries within the South Pacific, including Fiji. If untreated, curable STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis can cause infertility, adverse outcomes in pregnancy, and can increase the risk of contracting HIV in infected individuals. Methods: This research used cartographic software to map and analyze the spatial distribution of selected STIs across health regions in Fiji. Total rates of STIs, as well as the prevalence of gonorrhea and syphilis specifically, were examined for the years of 2007 and 2016 to determine how spatial distribution patterns have changed over this period, and how resources might currently be most effectively mobilized to address this public health issue. Results/Discussion: Our findings suggest that while some specific regions with high prevalence rates for 2007 and 2016 should be targeted for intervention in the short term, lack of data collecting and reporting raises concerns about the accuracy of rate estimations in non-urban areas. Conclusion: Analyzing the spatial distribution of the prevalence of STIs in a given population can better inform the development and implementation of intervention strategies at local scales, thus improving health outcomes for countries and their communities. Overall, consistent and transparent STI data collection and reporting procedures are necessary for effective long-term management and minimization of STI spread in Fiji.

scholarly journals The ectomycorrhizal community of urban linden trees in Gdańsk, Poland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Olchowik ◽  
Marzena Suchocka ◽  
Paweł Jankowski ◽  
Tadeusz Malewski ◽  
Dorota Hilszczańska
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Tree Damage ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Communities ◽  
The City

The linden tree ( Tilia  spp.) is a popular tree for landscaping and urban environments in central and northwest European countries, and it is one of the most popular in cities in Poland. Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a symbiosis with many urban tree species and protect the host plant from heavy metals and against salinity. The aim of this study was to characterize the ECM fungal community of urban linden trees along the tree damage gradient. The study was performed on two homogeneous sites located in the centre of the city of Gdańsk, in northern Poland. The vitality assessment of urban linden trees was made according to Roloff’s classification. Tree damage classes were related to soil characteristics using principal component analysis. The five ectomycorrhizal fungal species were shared among all four tree damage classes, and  Cenococcum geophilum  was found to be the most abundant and frequent ectomycorrhizal fungal species in each class. Park soil had significantly lower pH and Na, Cl and Pb content than street soils. Our knowledge of ectomycorrhizal communities in urban areas is still limited, and these findings provide new insights into ectomycorrhizal distribution patterns in urban areas.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution change of groundwater quality in deep aquifer of Semarang alluvial plains area in past five years

2021 ◽  
Vol 896 (1) ◽  
pp. 012057
Author(s):  
Susanto ◽  
Syafrudin ◽  
T T Putranto
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Deep Aquifer

Abstract Over time, excessive groundwater usage in urban areas can affect groundwater conditions both in quantity & quality. In some regions, groundwater in the unconfined aquifer has been heavily involved, but for confined aquifers that are deep & tend to be protected, they are not involved too much. The extensive effect, especially groundwater quality, is very significant, especially in coastal areas where seawater intrusion is common & changes in water salinity occur within a specific time range. Regarding these conditions, research was carried out related to changes in spatial & temporal distribution patterns of groundwater quality, exceedingly physical & chemical parameters related to salinity in confined aquifer conditions in coastal areas. By taking a case study in the alluvial plains of Semarang City, this study aims to determine whether there are significant changes in the five years, starting from 2016 to 2020. By using data sourced from groundwater quality tests taken in the reference year, the results gained from the data processing explained that the groundwater quality parameters such as electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), acidity (pH), & chloride ions (Cl-) are changing respectively, both spatially & temporally.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal distributions of total and methyl mercury in precipitation in core urban areas, Chongqing, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 9417-9426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. M. Wang ◽  
D. Y. Wang ◽  
B. Meng ◽  
Y. L. Peng ◽  
L. Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distributions ◽  
The City

Abstract. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of mercury (Hg) in precipitation were investigated in the core urban areas of Chongqing, China. During the period from July 2010 to June 2011, total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in precipitation were analysed from three sampling sites. Our results suggested that the volume-weight mean THg and MeHg concentrations in precipitation were 30.67 ng l−1 and 0.31 ng l−1, respectively. The proportion of MeHg in THg ranged from 0.1% to 7.6% with a mean value of 1.3%. THg and MeHg concentrations showed seasonal variations, while the highest THg value was measured in winter. Contrarily, the highest MeHg concentration was observed in autumn. Additionally, a geographically gradual decline of THg concentration in precipitation was observed from the downtown to the suburb, then to the controlled site in the city. 5 mm rainfall might be a threshold for the full wash-out capability. Rainfall above 5 mm may have a diluting effect for the concentrations of THg. Moreover, the current research implies that the coal combustion and motor vehicles could be the dominant sources for Hg in the precipitation.

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