Methods for accurate measurements of small fixed wing UAV inertial properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (1233) ◽  
pp. 1785-1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lehmkühler ◽  
K.C. Wong ◽  
D. Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pendulum Motion ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

ABSTRACTTwo methods have been compared for the determination of the inertial properties of a small, fixed-wing un-manned aerial vehicle. The first method uses the standard single degree of freedom pendulum method and the second method implements a novel, potentially easier, 3 degrees of freedom pendulum method, which yields the entire inertia tensor from a single swing test. Both methods are using system identification of the pendulum motion to estimate the inertial properties. Substantial corrections (up to 25%) have to be applied to the experimental results. These corrections are caused by the acceleration of the pendulum being immersed in the surrounding air, also called the added mass effect. It has been found that the methods presented in literature to determine the corrections for full-scale aircraft do not give the correct results for the small-scale un-manned aerial vehicle under consideration. The only feasible, cost-effective method to generate these corrections utilise swing tests with a geometrically similar object of known inertial properties. It has also been found that the corrections are unique with respect to the experimental methods. Several benchmarking methods, including the innovative use of static and dynamic wind-tunnel test data, give high confidence in the results.

scholarly journals Synchronous fluorescence as a green and selective tool for simultaneous determination of bambuterol and its main degradation product, terbutaline

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 181359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samah Abo El Abass ◽  
Heba Elmansi
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Product ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Zero Crossing ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Main Degradation Product ◽  
20 Nm

A green, sensitive and cost-effective method is introduced in this research for the determination of bambuterol and its main degradation product, terbutaline, simultaneously, relying on the synchronous spectrofluorimetric technique. First derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric amplitude is measured at Δ λ = 20 nm, so bambuterol can be quantitated at 260 nm, and terbutaline can be measured at 290 nm, each at the zero crossing point of the other. The amplitude–concentration plots were linear over the concentration ranges of 0.2–6.0 µg ml −1 and 0.2–4.0 µg ml −1 for both bambuterol and terbutaline, respectively. Official guidelines were followed to calculate the validation parameters of the proposed method. The low values of limits of detection of 0.023, 0.056 µg ml −1 and limits of quantitation of 0.071, 0.169 µg ml −1 for bambuterol and terbutaline, respectively, point to the sensitivity of the method. Bambuterol is a prodrug for terbutaline, and the latter is considered its degradation product so the established method could be regarded as a stability-indicating one. Moreover, the proposed method was used for the analysis of bambuterol and terbutaline in their single ingredient preparations and the results revealed statistical agreement with the reference method. The suggested method, being a simple and low-cost procedure, is superior to the previously published methods which need more sophisticated techniques, longer analysis time and highly toxic solvents and reagents. It could be considered as an eco-friendly analytical procedure.

scholarly journals Drift Reduction of a 4-DOF Measurement System Caused by Unstable Air Refractive Index

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6329
Author(s):  
Ruijun Li ◽  
Yongjun Wang ◽  
Pan Tao ◽  
Rongjun Cheng ◽  
Zhenying Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Novel Method

Laser beam drift greatly influences the accuracy of a four degrees of freedom (4-DOF) measurement system during the detection of machine tool errors, especially for long-distance measurement. A novel method was proposed using bellows to serve as a laser beam shield and air pumps to stabilize the refractive index of air. The inner diameter of the bellows and the control mode of the pumps were optimized through theoretical analysis and simulation. An experimental setup was established to verify the feasibility of the method under the temperature interference condition. The results indicated that the position stability of the laser beam spot can be improved by more than 79% under the action of pumping and inflating. The proposed scheme provides a cost-effective method to reduce the laser beam drift, which can be applied to improve the detection accuracy of a 4-DOF measurement system.

A simple, fast and cost effective method for detection and determination of dopamine in bovine serum

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolkarim Abbaspour ◽  
Hamed Valizadeh ◽  
Abdolreza Khajehzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effective Method

scholarly journals Algal Biofuels: A Credible Prospective?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavish Patel ◽  
Bojan Tamburic ◽  
Fessehaye W. Zemichael ◽  
Pongsathorn Dechatiwongse ◽  
Klaus Hellgardt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Algal Biofuels ◽  
Algae Cultivation ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Technological Integration ◽  
By Products

Global energy use has reached unprecedented levels and increasing human population, technological integration, and improving lifestyle will further fuel this demand. Fossil fuel based energy is our primary source of energy and it will remain to be in the near future. The effects from the use of this finite resource on the fate of our planet are only now being understood and recognised in the form of climate change. Renewable energy systems may offer a credible alternative to help maintain our lifestyle sustainably and there are a range of options that can be pursued. Biofuels, especially algae based, have gained significant publicity recently. The concept of making biofuels, biochemicals, and by-products works well theoretically and at small scale, but when considering scaleup, many solutions can be dismissed on either economical or ecological grounds. Even if an (cost-) effective method for algae cultivation is developed, other input parameters, namely, fixed nitrogen and fresh water, remain to be addressed. Furthermore, current processing routes for harvesting, drying, and extraction for conversion to subsequent products are economically unattractive. The strategies employed for various algae-based fuels are identified and it is suggested that ultimately only an integrated algal biorefinery concept may be the way forward.

scholarly journals Simulation and flight experiments of a quadrotor tail-sitter vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle with wide flight envelope

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximin Lyu ◽  
Haowei Gu ◽  
Jinni Zhou ◽  
Zexiang Li ◽  
Shaojie Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
Flight Envelope ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Attitude Controller ◽  
And Control ◽  
Thrust And Torque

This paper presents the modeling, simulation, and control of a small-scale electric powered quadrotor tail-sitter vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle. In the modeling part, a full attitude wind tunnel test is performed on the full-scale unmanned aerial vehicle to capture its aerodynamics over the flight envelope. To accurately capture the degradation of motor thrust and torque at the presence of the forward speed, a wind tunnel test on the motor and propeller is also carried out. The extensive wind tunnel tests, when combined with the unmanned aerial vehicle kinematics model, dynamics model and other practical constraints such as motor saturation and delay, lead to a complete flight simulator that can accurately reveal the actual aircraft dynamics as verified by actual flight experiments. Based on the developed model, a unified attitude controller and a stable transition controller are designed and verified. Both simulation and experiments show that the developed attitude controller can stabilize the unmanned aerial vehicle attitude over the entire flight envelope and the transition controller can successfully transit the unmanned aerial vehicle from vertical flight to level flight with negligible altitude dropping, a common and fundamental challenge for tail-sitter vertical take-off and landing aircrafts. Finally, when supplied with the designed controller, the tail-sitter unmanned aerial vehicle can achieve a wide flight speed envelope ranging from stationary hovering to fast level flight. This feature dramatically distinguishes our aircraft from conventional fixed-wing airplanes.

scholarly journals An improved method to determine neutron fluence in high energy medical accelerators using activation detectors

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
K. Papadopoulos ◽  
G. Siltzovalis ◽  
M. I. Savva ◽  
T. Vasilopoulou ◽  
P. Georgolopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Neutron Fluence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Cross Section Data ◽  
Section Data ◽  
Cost Effective Method

Scope of the present work was to test the hypothesis that a generic simulation geometry can adequately describe a high energy medical accelerator head for the purpose of estimating the parasitic neutron fluence levels at the position of the isocenter. The experiment was performed using an Elekta Synergy 18 MV linear accelerator. Gold, cobalt, indium and copper activation foils were used. Activation measurements were performed using a calibrated HPGe detector based spectrometry system. Four generic accelerator head models were considered. Neutron spectrum averaged cross-section data for each foil were derived for the examined configurations using the Monte Carlo code MCNP5 in conjuction with cross section data obtained from the International Reactor Dosimetry and Fusion File (IRDFF). It was concluded that the accelerator head can be adequately described either as a solid tungsten sphere of 10 cm radius or a spherical tungsten shell 20 cm in external diameter and 10 cm in thickness. This work contributes towards the development of a simple and computationally cost effective method for the determination of neutron fluence around high energy medical accelerators and therefore the optimization of the radiation protection of the patients and staff in radiation therapy.

scholarly journals Eco-friendly ultraviolet spectrophotometric methods for the determination of clotrimazole and tinidazole in bulk and ointment dosage form

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanaka Parvathi Kannaiah ◽  
Abimanyu Sugumaran
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Stock Solutions

Analyzing a drug over its overlapped spectra utilizes sophisticated instruments and more toxic solvents, which has a deleterious effect on environmental safety. There is an alarming need to develop a simple, novel, and cost-effective method for determining combined substances that are non-toxic to the environment. So, the study aimed to develop four simple, fast and eco-friendly spectrophotometric techniques for quantifying clotrimazole and tinidazole in bulk and ointment dosage form. Stock solutions produced at concentrations of 7 to 13 and 17.5 to 32.5 µg/mL of clotrimazole and tinidazole in 10% v/v ethanol and scanned in the UV-visible range 200-450 nm, and used for all methods. The methods were validated according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines and found to be within limits. Additionally, the outliers were tested by using the Grubbers test and found within limits. Finally, green evaluation studies show that the method is more environmentally friendly, as confirmed by four assessment tools.

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