The Challenge of Affordable Housing in Disasters: Western Iran Earthquake in 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-291
Author(s):  
Mohammad Heidari ◽  
Neda Eskandary ◽  
Seyedeh Samaneh Miresmaeeli
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
New Policies

ABSTRACTIn November 2017, a disruptive earthquake occurred in Western Iran. After the major earthquake in Kermanshah, most affordable buildings such as a hospital in Islamabad and a dozen schools were destroyed. According to experts, a dangerous location (construction on the fault), poor quality of concrete, inappropriate connection of the facade to the structure, the use of undesirable construction materials, and low quality of non-structural components are considered as the main reasons for these damages. Regarding the role of government in the developing countries, construction policies should be modified and new policies should be implemented to enhance the structural and non-structural resilience in the buildings.

scholarly journals The Role of Education in the Prevention of Radicalization and Violent Extremism in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2320
Author(s):  
Marlies Sas ◽  
Koen Ponnet ◽  
Genserik Reniers ◽  
Wim Hardyns
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Education And Employment

Only since the beginning of this century, the prevention of radicalization has become an important topic in debates about terrorism and sustainable development in developing countries. Research has shown that radicalized individuals are not uneducated, but have often completed secondary or tertiary education. Additionally, it became clear that some extremist groups consider the school environment as an attractive recruitment place. These findings led to a new approach where the education sector is considered as a prominent partner in preventing and combating the radicalization of young individuals. In this article, the potential limitations of the role of the education sector in developing countries are exposed. Based on previous research, three bottlenecks in the education sector were found: unequal access to education, poor quality of education and the relationship between education and employment. In order to strengthen the role of education for sustainable development in developing countries, it is recommended that equal access to education is improved, that schools invest in the creation of safe spaces for their students, that not only secondary but also primary and tertiary education are involved in policy strategies regarding radicalization, and that the job market is adjusted to the educational level of graduated students.

scholarly journals Electrification, Power Outages and Employment

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Josephine Ofori Adofo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Power Outages ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Industrial Composition ◽  
Negative Implication ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Although electrification rates have increased in developing countries, the poor quality of electricity still remains a challenge. This paper studies the effects of electrification at the intensive margin, using a fixed effects approach. I find that power outages significantly reduce employment, earnings, and hours of work. A key channel through which outages affect employment is decreased prevalence of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) among households. Evidence indicates that severe outages reduce opportunities for households to indulge in income generating activities. The decrease in employment opportunities is further exacerbated by reduced industrial growth and changes in the industrial composition. The results suggest that unreliable electricity may have a negative implication for job creation in developing countries.

scholarly journals Standard of living, quality of life and per capita GDP: a South African experience

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 882-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Tabani Mpofu
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Per Capita

This study looked at the phenomenon of the quality of life (QoL) as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite statistic used to rank countries by the level of “human development”. Measuring and determining what is QoL is not an easy task. In this study, using HDI as the yardstick for QoL, the concepts of standard of living and per capita income were examined closely in relation to the role of government in its public expenditure programmes and how these programmes in turn influenced QoL. This research question was seen as the key to addressing the phenomenon of QoL. In particular, the role of government expenditure on health and education seems to signify the commitment of a government in improving the HDI or QoL. Using data on government expenditure of South Africa for the period 1995 to 2011, the relationships amongst these variables were examined. The findings indicate that there seems to be a significant correlation between HDI and government spending on health and education as a percentage of GDP, but there seems to be of no significance to include the variable government spending on health and education as a percentage of total government spending. The findings tell us that between 1995 and 2011, government spending on education as a percentage of GDP has had a positive impact on HDI. However, government spending on health as a percentage of GDP has had a retarding effect as shown by the negative coefficient of variation. It then implies that for South Africa to realize the MDG goals and improve on the HDI, public spending on health as a percentage of GDP needs to be significantly increased.

scholarly journals Next Generation Architect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Terian Le Compte
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Building Information Modelling ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost

<p>The stereotype of an architect is expensive, with minimal consideration and awareness towards cost and budget. This is damaging the reputation of the profession. This thesis will look at the Next Generation Architect who combines both design and construction to understand the cost implications from the start to the completion of the project. A Next Generation Architect works with an innovative approach that is more affordable to how they currently practice. They design houses that are both economical and retain a strong design quality, through the value of the aesthetics, materials, and living conditions. An effective architect should be able to design, mindful of costs, along with the implications involved and actively manage the costs, based on design decisions made.  This research will commence by exploring tactics of affordability, housing economics, and costing and design tactics, to portray exemplars of affordable housing. Elements will be costed with data from QV costbuilder implemented through the use of Building information modelling (BIM) through Revit. The architectural value will explore the use of materials, living conditions, economics, and lifecycle to optimise the design. A series of precedents will be analysed to gain an understanding of the techniques of affordable methods used within New Zealand’s construction industry.  This thesis aims to provide architecturally designed and preliminarily costed affordable architectural products. Through a series of architecturally designed standalone houses that explore affordability, and tested through the use of architecture as a product across four sites, displaying different site conditions of the Wellington region.  This thesis will portray efficient, economic building and design techniques and cost monitoring while retaining a strong architectural quality.  The aim is to convey the contemporary role of a Next Generation Architect who works accurately with value. Who is mindful of costs and designs economically, without compromising the quality of an architecturally designed product.</p>

The Role of Bionic Modifications in Reducing Adhesion and Draft of Agricultural and Earthmoving Machinery

2013 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 553-561
Author(s):  
Rashid Qaisrani ◽  
Jian Qiao Li ◽  
Mohammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Force Analysis ◽  
Lubrication Mechanism ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
Practical Field ◽  
Adhesion Friction

Soil adheres to the surfaces of soil engaging components of earthmoving machinery and equipment. It has been pbserved that up to 50% of energy may be consumed in overcoming adhesion and friction of soil to the surfaces of soil engaging components of agricultural and earthmoving machinery. Surface morphology, chemical composition, elasticity, lubrication mechanism and electric osmosis play significant roles in reducing adhesion, friction and energy consumption of various equipment. Some of these techniques have very limited application in the practical field conditions because of the time and amount of fluid required to achieve the desired results. Whereas other techniques are effective in reducing adhesion and friction and improving work quality of these machines and equipment. This paper analyses the forces including the drafts of conventional and bionic bulldozing blades operating under identical conditions using mathematical modelling. The force analysis showed that both adhesion and friction play major role in reducing drafts of earrthmoving machinery. It is also worth stating that both the surface morphology and the construction materials play important role in reducing adhesion and friction of ground eganging components of earthmoving machinery.

Legal Capacity

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Besley ◽  
Torsten Persson
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Legal Capacity ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Right ◽  
Productive Role

This chapter focuses on the productive role of government in improving the environment for doing business. Improvements in the performance of government are measured as total factor productivity and differences in income across countries can be explained by differences in the quality of their economic institutions. This makes it essential to understand why some countries make the right investments in legal institutions and deploy such legal capacity effectively. A running theme of the chapter is the possibility of a complementarity between the extractive (taxation) and the productive (supporting markets) roles of government. This is at the heart of the empirical observation that market development and state development move hand in hand. But the key insight from this is that we have to understand the incentives of a government to make investments to improve the workings of the economy.

Die Reformen des Wahlrechts zum Deutschen Bundestag 2011 und 2013 im öffentlichen Diskurs

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 844-864
Author(s):  
Eric Linhart ◽  
Oke Bahnsen
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
German Newspapers

The German electoral law to the federal parliament was reformed in 2011 and in 2013 . While political scientists have extensively evaluated consequences of these reforms, the role of the public discourse has been largely neglected . We analyze articles from three leading German newspapers (FAZ, SZ, Welt) on this topic and find the debate around the reforms to be dominated by parties and political institutions . Scientists, interest groups, and journalists have only played minor roles . Regarding content, the discourse largely focused on surplus seats, reform speed, and a proposal by the CDU/CSU‑FDP coalition government in 2011 . A broad public debate in which multiple social groups could participate has not taken place . From a normative perspective this is problematic since the lack of a public debate might have contributed to the poor quality of the reform’s result .

Psychiatry’s ethical involvement in gender-affirming care

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto D’Angelo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Gender Reassignment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Physical Treatments

Objective: To reflect on the role of psychiatry in authorising physical treatments for Gender Dysphoria and to examine the quality of evidence for gender-reassignment. Method: A Medline search was performed with the subject term “transsexualism” or “gender dysphoria” and “outcome” or “follow-up” in the title. Studies published from 2005 onwards reporting psychosocial outcomes were selected for review. Results: Most available evidence indicating positive outcomes for gender reassignment is of poor quality. The few studies with robust methodology suggest that some patients have poor outcomes and may be at risk of suicide. Conclusion: The author raises questions about the implications for ethical treatment of transgender individuals.

scholarly journals Triggers for Atrial Fibrillation: The Role of Anxiety

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Severino ◽  
Marco Valerio Mariani ◽  
Annalisa Maraone ◽  
Agostino Piro ◽  
Andrea Ceccacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Valvular Heart Diseases ◽  
Arrhythmogenic Substrate ◽  
Clinical Strategies

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most widely recognized arrhythmia. Systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, heart failure, and valvular heart diseases are major risk factors for the onset and progression of AF. Various studies have emphasized the augmented anxiety rate among AF patients due to the poor quality of life; however, little information is known about the possibility of triggering atrial fibrillation by anxiety. The present review sought to underline the possible pathophysiological association between AF and anxiety disorders and suggests that anxiety can be an independent risk factor for AF, acting as a trigger, creating an arrhythmogenic substrate, and modulating the autonomic nervous system. The awareness of the role of anxiety disorders as a risk factor for AF may lead to the development of new clinical strategies for the management of AF.

scholarly journals Industrial Policy in Britain since 1970: Changing Values, Assumptions and Mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-57
Author(s):  
Martin Chick
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Market Inefficiency ◽  
Quality Of Supply ◽  
Supply Side Factors

Abstract This article examines the change in the fundamental assumptions underpinning industrial policy from the mid-1970s in Britain. It necessarily contrasts the broadly supply-side concerns of industrial policy from the mid-1970s with the more demand-side concerns of the earlier ‘Golden Age’ period from 1945. Where in the earlier period the emphasis in industrial policy was on capital investment and the role of government in compensating for perceived market inefficiency, from the late 1970s this emphasis shifted to the need to improve the flexibility and quality of supply-side factors allied to a more optimistic view of the ability of the market to secure efficient outcomes.

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