scholarly journals Impact of faecal DM excretion on faecal calcium losses in dogs eating complete moist and dry pet foods – food digestibility is a major determinant of calcium requirements

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Kienzle ◽  
Thomas Brenten ◽  
Britta Dobenecker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Major Determinant ◽  
Predictive Equation ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Food Digestibility ◽  
Considerable Impact

AbstractThe recommendations for the Ca supply for maintenance of dogs have been reduced by about 75 % in the last decades. An important factor for Ca requirements is faecal Ca losses. In previous studies with experimental diets faecal Ca losses depended on Ca intake and on faecal DM excretion. A predictive equation for faecal Ca losses in mg/kg body weight (BW) developed in a fibre model is: faecal losses = −33·8 + (13·6 faecal DM excretion (g/kg BW)) + (0·78 Ca intake (mg/kg BW)). The present study aimed at testing this equation in pet food with material from trials carried out for other purposes. Digestion trials with twenty-five dry and fifteen moist foods (326 observations in total) were evaluated retrospectively. Faecal DM excretion and faecal Ca losses were significantly correlated (r2 0·86; P < 0·001). There was a highly significant correlation (r2 0·87; P < 0·001) between the experimentally determined faecal Ca excretion and the faecal Ca excretion predicted by the equation of Kienzle et al. The data from the previous fibre model study could be transferred to prepared moist and dry dog food. Faecal DM excretion has a considerable impact on faecal Ca losses in a practical feeding situation. In conclusion, Ca requirements for maintenance may vary with food DM intake and digestibility.

Nutritional Value of Extruded Dog Food with Mechanically Separated Chicken Meat or Meat By-products.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Meineri ◽  
Pier Giorgio Peiretti ◽  
Sonia Tassone ◽  
Alessia Candellone ◽  
Erica Longato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Food Digestibility ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
By Products

The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the effect of inclusion of mechanically separated chicken meat (MSCM) in dry dog food on fatty acid profile, in vivo and in vitro digestibility, and palatability as compared with dry dog food containing meat by-products (MBP); (b) to determine, whether or not, the inclusion of the one or the other ingredient changes the microbiology and the storage quality of the two food products; (c) to propose a new system (DaisyII Incubator) to measure the in vitro digestibility of the two products. Their similar chemical composition notwithstanding, the MSCM product had lower palatability but better nutritional quality (with higher polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] content and lower saturated fatty acid [SFA] content) than the MBP product. Microbiological risk assessment showed no microbiological hazards for either product. After 6 months storage, polyamine values were found to be higher in the MSCM than in the MBP. Finally, the DaisyII Incubator proved a valid instrument for the study of in vitro digestibility also for dogs; since it provided data simply, quickly with less variability and cost than obtained with in vivo trials, it could represent the future for pet food digestibility studies. Our results indicate that inclusion of MSCM or MBP as the main protein ingredient in extruded pet food may be used advantageously in product formulations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nutritional value and microbiological safety in commercial dog food

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kazimierska ◽  
Wioletta Biel ◽  
Robert Witkowicz ◽  
Jolanta Karakulska ◽  
Xymena Stachurska
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Microbiological Safety ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Dry Food

AbstractIn addition to properly balancing nutritional value in accordance with the needs of a dog, estimating the microbiological quality of dog food is crucial in providing healthy and safe foods. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of dry food for adult dogs, with particular reference to: (1) evaluating the nutritional value and compliance with nutritional guidelines for dogs, (2) comparing the nutritional value of dog foods, with particular emphasis on the division into cereal and cereal-free foods, and (3) evaluating their microbiological safety. All thirty-six evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum European Pet Food Industry FEDIAF requirement for total protein and fat content. The total aerobic microbial count in the analyzed dry dog foods ranged from 2.7 × 102 to above 3.0 × 107 cfu/g. In five (14%) dog foods the presence of staphylococci was detected; however, coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) was not found. Mold presence was reported in one cereal-free dog food and in six cereal foods. In none of the analyzed foods Enterobacteriaceae were found, including coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Bacteria of the genus Listeria and Clostridium as well as yeasts were also not detected. In conclusion, the evaluated dry dog foods had varied microbiological quality. The detected number of microorganisms may have some implications for long-term consumption of contaminated food. The lack of European Commission standards regarding the permissible amounts of microorganisms in pet food may result in insufficient quality control of these products.

scholarly journals Use of Medium Chain Fatty Acids To Mitigate Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) on Dry Pet Food Kibbles

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 1505-1511
Author(s):  
JANAK DHAKAL ◽  
CHARLES G. ALDRICH
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Evaluation Time ◽  
Time Point ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) against Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) when used on dry dog food kibbles. The MIC of three MCFAs, caproic (C6), caprylic (C8), and capric (C10), was determined using the broth micro- and macrodilution assay technique. Using canola oil as a fat coating, the efficacy of each MCFA was then tested on dry dog food kibbles at 37°C for up to 5 h. The MIC was found to be 0.3125, 0.3125, and 0.625% for C6, C8, and C10, respectively. When the MCFAs were tested on fat-coated dry kibbles, all three MCFAs reduced (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella levels by &gt;4.5 log after 5 h when the Salmonella recovery from a no-treatment control was ∼6.4 log. At each evaluation time point, the three treatments were effective in reducing (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella loads. No countable colonies of Salmonella were detected at 4 h when the combination of C6+C8 was used on the kibbles (P ≤ 0.05), whereas with the C6+C10 combination, the Salmonella colonies were not detectable between 2 and 4 h after treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Different combinations of C8 and C10 caused Salmonella to drop to a nondetectable limit (1 CFU/g) between 1 and 5 h after treatment (P ≤ 0.05). This study suggests that the use of MCFAs during kibble coating may mitigate postprocessing Salmonella recontamination on dry dog food kibbles. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e5828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo de Aro Galera ◽  
Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho ◽  
Luiza Santos Reis ◽  
Janaina Leite de Souza ◽  
Yeleine Almoza Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Average Standard Deviation ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dry Food

Background Brazil is a low- to medium-income country and has the second largest pet food market in the world with 8% of world pet food consumption. The lowest-income social class spends around 17% of their domestic budget on pet food and other items related to pets. Consumers are frequently misled by advertising as there is no precise information about the main sources of protein, carbohydrates and fat in the labels, and the Brazilian pet food industry can legally claim that their products contain certain items like salmon or beef even if they use just a flavoring compound. Methods The stable isotope methodology compares the stable isotope ratios of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) between source and product. The 13C/12C ratio of a specific product (e.g., dog food) reveals the proportions of C4 (maize) and C3 (soybean, rice and wheat) plants in that product and the 15N/14N ratio reveals the proportion of the compounds derived from animals. With this isotopic data, we used MixSIAR, a Bayesian stable isotope-mixing model, to estimate the proportion of maize, grains, poultry and beef in dog food. Results The δ13C values of dry dog food ranged from −24.2‰ to −12.8‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of −17.1‰ ± 2.8‰. The δ13C values of wet pet food ranged from −25.4‰ to −16.9‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of −21.2‰ ± 2.4‰, which was significantly lower (p < 0.01). The δ15N values of the dry and wet food ranged from 1.7‰ to 4.2‰, and from 0.5‰ to 5.5‰, respectively. The average δ15N values of dry food (2.9‰ ± 0.5‰) was not higher than the wet food (2.6‰ ± 1.3‰) (p > 0.01). The output of the MixSIAR showed a low proportion of bovine products in dry dog food samples. On the other hand, poultry was obviously the dominant ingredient present in most of the samples. Maize was the second dominant ingredient. Wet and dry dog food showed similar isotopic analysis results. The only difference was a lower proportion of maize and higher proportion of grains in wet dog food. Discussion The main finding is that dog food in Brazil is mostly made of approximately 60% (ranging from 32% to 86%) animal-based and 40% (ranging from 14% to 67%) plant-based products. Poultry and maize are the main ingredients. Poultry is added as a by-product or meal, which avoids competition between dogs and humans for meat products, while they can compete for maize. On the other hand, a large proportion of plant-based products in dog food decreases the energy and environmental footprint, since plant-based food products tend to be less harmful compared to animal-based products. Labels can mislead consumers by showing pictures of items that are not necessarily part of the product composition and by not showing the detailed information on the proportion of each ingredient. This information would allow customers to make their own choices considering their pet’s nutrition, the competition between animals and humans for resources and environmental sustainability.

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B1 in commercial pet food in Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Campos ◽  
L. Keller ◽  
L. Cavaglieri ◽  
C. Krüger ◽  
M. Fernández Juri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Recommended Level

The aims of this study were to determine the aflatoxigenic mycoflora and the incidence of aflatoxin B1 in commercial samples of ready dog food. This in turn demonstrated the ability of the Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus strains to produce aflatoxin B1. 180 samples (standard, premium and super premium) were collected. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera followed by Penicillium and Fusarium. A. flavus and A. parasiticus were the prevalent species. All A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains from super premium samples were able to produce aflatoxin B1, whereas toxigenic strains isolated from standard and premium samples varied from 80 to 100%. A high percentage of ready pet food contaminated by toxigenic species from section Flavi was found and aflatoxin B1 levels were detected. The fungal counts from the three kinds of feed did not exceed the proposed value (1×104 cfu/g) and none of the samples exceeded the aflatoxin B1 recommended level (20 ng/g). The presence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus with aflatoxigenic ability could be a potential risk for production of AFB1 in feedstuffs when environmental storage conditions are not adequate.

scholarly journals The digestion of heather (Calluna vulgaris) by red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus)

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Moss ◽  
J. A. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Red Grouse ◽  
Total N ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Food Digestibility

1. In the wild, red grouse live largely on heather, a high-fibre (25%), low-protein (7%) food. Digestibility trials were carried out under semi-natural conditions, with magnesium as a digestibility marker. Two trials were done, one in autumn and one in spring.2. Digestibility of the dry matter varied from 21 to 30% and metabolizable energy from 1.1 to 1.6 kcal/g. These variations were inversely related to intake and could partly be accounted for by facultative variations in holocellulose and lignin digestion.3. Digestion of soluble carbohydrates, protein (measured as α-amino-nitrogen) and holocellulose varied between trials according to the initial concentration in the food. The digestibility of soluble carbohydrate was high (78–83%) in autumn (16% in food) and low (61–66%) in spring (11% in food) and that of protein was relatively low (24–31%) in autumn (6% in food) and high (42–48%) in spring (7% in food). Digestibility of crude fat was 30–33% for four birds and 20% for one bird.4. By comparison with poultry, voluntary intake of dry matter was very high relative to body-weight and intake of energy appeared to be adequate. None the less, all birds lost weight during the trials, presumably for reasons other than energy shortage.5. Urate excretion increased in parallel with body-weight losses, but formed only 2% of the total N output at low weight losses, in which event the main nitrogenous compounds in the droppings were α-amino N (presumably largely from undigested protein), ammonium salts and ornithuric acid.6. The ornithuric acid was presumably a detoxication product of prolignins and possibly tannins and other polyphenols. Its excretion by grouse corresponds to the excretion of hippuric acid by ruminants.

scholarly journals Effects of “fresh mechanically deboned meat” inclusion on nutritional value, palatability, shelf-life microbiological risk and digestibility in dry dog food

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250351
Author(s):  
Giorgia Meineri ◽  
Alessia Candellone ◽  
Sonia Tassone ◽  
Pier Giorgio Peiretti ◽  
Erica Longato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Valid Instrument

Fresh mechanically deboned meat (MDM) is usually claimed as high-quality ingredient on dry pet food recipes and this aspect may positively influence consumer choice. It is important to determine the scientifically sustainability of this claim and to assess the microbiological safety of MDM inclusion in dry pet food. Objectives were: 1) to evaluate the effect of inclusion of MDM in dry dog food on fatty acid profile and in vivo and in vitro digestibility, proposing a new system (DaisyII Incubator) to measure the in vitro digestibility for dogs; 2) to compare palatability of dry dog food containing MDM with dry dog food in which meat by-products (MBP) are the only animal protein sources; 3) to determine, whether or not, the inclusion of that ingredient changes the microbiology and the storage quality. Results indicated that MDM product was characterized by significant higher nutritional value in terms of fatty acids profile, in vitro digestibility (HV-IVD method) and lower palatability than the MBP product. Microbiological risk assessment showed no microbiological hazards for either product. After 6-months storage, the total mesophilic bacterial count ranged between 1.77 and 2.09 log CFU/g feed, while polyamine values were higher in the MDM (0.37 g/kg) than in the MBP (0.27 g/kg). The DaisyII Incubator was found to be a valid instrument for studying in vitro digestibility also for dogs, providing data simply, quickly, with less variability and costs than in vivo trials. In conclusion, MDM inclusion in dry dog food is microbiologically safe and it can improve its nutritional quality, at the expense of a reduced palatability. The higher polyamine levels fount in MDM-enriched petfood after 6-months storage, however, may represent a possible hazard, and further studies are still warranted.

scholarly journals Pet Food Quality Assurance and Safety and Quality Assurance Survey within the Costa Rican Pet Food Industry

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiva ◽  
Molina ◽  
Redondo-Solano ◽  
Artavia ◽  
Rojas-Bogantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
General Terms

Costa Rican animal feed production is continually growing, with approximately 1,238,243 metric tons produced in 2018. Production-wise, pet cat and dog food are in fifth place (about 41,635 metric tons per year) amongst animal feeds, and it supplies up to 90% of the national market. Pet food production has increased as a response to the increase in the population of dogs and cats in Costa Rica, where 50.5% of households own at least one dog and indicates more responsible ownership in terms of feeding pets. Part of the process of making dry pet food involves a thermal process called extrusion, which is capable of eliminating the microbial load. However, extrusion can compromise nutritional quality to some extent by denaturing proteins, oxidizing lipids, and reducing digestibility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and safety of dry pet food and to assess the effect of the extrusion process on digestibility and the quality of proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids. Pet food samples were collected before and after extrusion and were used to evaluate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), based on Central American Technical Regulation (RTCA 65.05.63:11). In general terms, weaknesses in infrastructure, documentary evidence, and post-process practices were observed in two Costa Rican feed manufactories. Feed safety was surveyed through the analysis of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, fungi, and yeasts counts. The extrusion process effectively reduced pathogenic microorganisms, and showed no effect on the digestibility of dog food (p = 0.347), however, it could reduce the availability of some nutrients (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids). Furthermore, a retrospective diagnosis was made for puppy food (n = 68), dog food (n = 158), and cat food (n = 25), to evaluate the history of nutritional quality and safety. Finally, it can be confirmed that the correct implementation of GMP allows feed manufacturers to deliver a product of optimum texture, smell, nutritional composition, and safety.

Pediatric Defibrillation: Importance of Paddle Size in Determining Transthoracic Impedance

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 914-918
Author(s):  
Dianne L. Atkins ◽  
Sara Sirna ◽  
Robert Kieso ◽  
Francis Charbonnier ◽  
Richard E. Kerber
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Major Determinant ◽  
Pulse Technique ◽  
Test Pulse ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Transthoracic Impedance ◽  
Transthoracic Resistance

Transthoracic impedance is a major determinant of successful defibrillation or cardioversion, but no data are available concerning the range and determinants of transthoracic impedance in children. Transthoracic impedance was measured in ten ambulatory infants, 6 weeks to 9 months of age, and 37 children, 1.5 to 15 years of age, using a previously validated "test pulse" technique that measures transthoracic impedance without actually delivering a shock. We used hand-held "pediatric" (21 cm2) and "adult" (83 cm2) electrode paddles coated with either Redux paste or Redux creme. Transthoracic impedance in children was 108 ± 24 Ω (range 61 to 212 Ω) using pediatric paddles. Using adult paddles lowered the transthoracic resistance by 47% to 57 ± 11 Ω (range 29 to 101 Ω), P &lt; .05. In infants, transthoracic impedance (measured only with pediatric paddles) was 94 ± 17 Ω (range 74 to 124 Ω). Using Redux paste as the coupling agent reduced transthoracic impedance by 13% (P &lt; .05). Transthoracic impedance was significantly but poorly related to body weight and body surface areas, but the correlations were not sufficiently high to be clinically useful. These data indicate that the larger adult electrode paddles will minimize transthoracic impedance and should be used when the child's thorax is large enough to permit electrode to chest contact over the entire paddle surface. This transition occurred at an approximate weight of 10 kg.

Estimating reserve lipids in greater scaup (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (A. affinis)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Chappell ◽  
Rodger D. Titman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Predictive Equation ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Lesser Scaup ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Aythya Marila

Greater scaup (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (A. affinis) were collected during their spring and fall migrations at Lake St. Louis, Quebec, in 1979 and 1980. Body measurements and weights of fat deposits were obtained for 35 greater scaup and 39 lesser scaup. Carcasses were homogenized and analyzed for lipid and water content. Percent body water and skin weight were the best predictors of ether-extractable body lipids. Body weight and body weight/body length were good predictors of ether-extractable lipids but may provide less reliable estimates if used for scaup at other stages of their annual cycle. Only abdominal fat weight could be used to derive a single predictive equation estimating ether-extractable lipids for both species. Regression lines with body weight or body weight/body length as the independent variables had the same slope for both species but these differed in elevation.

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