scholarly journals In vitro effects of nutraceutical treatment on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes of females of different age and weight groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Amr ◽  
Alia Mallah ◽  
Haneen Abusharkh ◽  
Bernard Van Wie ◽  
Arda Gozen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Catechin Hydrate ◽  
Engineered Tissues ◽  
Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes ◽  
Mrna Gene ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract The in vitro effects of four nutraceuticals, catechin hydrate, gallic acid, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, on the ability of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes of two female obese groups to form articular cartilage (AC) tissues and to reduce inflammation were investigated. Group 1 represented thirteen females in the 50–69 years old range, an average weight of 100 kg and an average body mass index (BMI) of 34⋅06 kg/m2. Group 2 was constituted of three females in the 70–80 years old range, an average weight of 75 kg and an average BMI of 31⋅43 kg/m2. The efficacy of nutraceuticals was assessed in monolayer cultures using histological, colorimetric and mRNA gene expression analyses. AC engineered tissues of group 1 produced less total collagen and COL2A1 (38-fold), and higher COL10A1 (2⋅7-fold), MMP13 (50-fold) and NOS2 (15-fold) mRNA levels than those of group 2. In comparison, engineered tissues of group 1 had a significant decrease in NO levels from day 1 to day 21 (2⋅6-fold), as well as higher mRNA levels of FOXO1 (2-fold) and TNFAIP6 (16-fold) compared to group 2. Catechin hydrate decreased NO levels significantly in group 1 (1⋅5-fold) while increasing NO levels significantly in group 2 (3⋅8-fold). No differences from the negative control were observed in the presence of other nutraceuticals for either group. In conclusion, engineered tissues of the younger but heavier patients responded better to nutraceuticals than those from the older but leaner study participants. Finally, cells of group 2 formed better AC tissues with less inflammation and better extracellular matrix than cells of group 1.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an In Vitro Assay for Gamma Interferon Production in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Taggart ◽  
Harry R. Hill ◽  
Roland G. Ruegner ◽  
Thomas B. Martins ◽  
Christine M. Litwin
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT The tuberculin skin test (TST) is the “gold standard” for detecting infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We compared the TST using purified protein derivative to the QuantiFERON-TB test (QFT). Two groups were examined. Group 1 individuals (n = 66) (low risk) were at low risk for exposure to M. tuberculosis and were not Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccinated. Group 2 (n = 29) include individuals who were likely to have been exposed to a high prevalence of M. tuberculosis infections and were BCG vaccinated. Group 1 individuals were given a TST. Group 2 individuals were not given a TST because of possible adverse reactions. A 10- to 15-mm indurated area 48 h after TST was considered positive. A positive QFT result was defined as a significant gamma interferon response to M. tuberculosis antigen, Mycobacterium avium antigen, and a nonspecific mitogen stimulus and no response in the negative control. In group 1, 60 of 66 individuals (90.9%) were negative by both methods, and 1 person was positive by both methods. There was one QFT-negative, TST-positive case, one QFT-positive, TST-negative case, and three conditional QFT-positive, TST-negative cases. In group 2, 12 of 29 (41.4%) were positive by QFT and considered likely to be TST positive because of prior BCG vaccination. QFT testing in our low-risk group resulted in an agreement of 96.8%, a sensitivity of 50%, and a specificity of 98.4% compared with TST results. QFT testing with TST in low-risk groups can aid in the detection of latent M. tuberculosis infections.

Antiurolithiatic effect of Cymbopogon Proximus, Alhagi Maurorum, on Sulfadimidine induced urolithiasis in male New Zealand rabbits

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Sameh El-Nabtity
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
New Zealand Rabbits ◽  
Group 1

The present study aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect of Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum on Sulfadimidine induced urolithiasis in rabbits . Thirty New Zealand male rabbits were allocated into six equal groups (each of five): Group (1) was used as a negative control. Group(2) were administered sulfadimidine (200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection.Groups(3) and (4) were administered sulfadimidine(200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection and 330mg/kg of Cymbopogon proximus alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively orally.Groups(5) and (6) were administered sulfadimidine(200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection and 400mg/kg of Alhagi maurorum alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively orally. The period of experiment was 10 days. Blood and urine samples were collected from rabbits on the 10th day. The results recorded a significant decrease in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and crystalluria in Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum groups compared to sulfadimidine treated group.We conclude that Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum have a nephroprotective and antiurolithiatic effects against sulfadimidine induced crystalluria.

scholarly journals Effect of Splinting in Accuracy of Two Implant Impression Techniques

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Dorigatti de Avila ◽  
Fernanda de Matos Moraes ◽  
Sabrina Maria Castanharo ◽  
Marcelo Antonialli Del'Acqua ◽  
Francisco de Assis Mollo
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Impression Material ◽  
Titanium Screw ◽  
Standard Preparation ◽  
Implant Abutment ◽  
Interface Gaps ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Because there is no consensus in the literature about the need for a splint between copings, the aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the accuracy of 2 impression techniques for implant-supported prostheses. A master cast was fabricated with four parallel implant abutment analogs and a passive framework. Two groups with 5 casts each were formed: Group 1 (squared impression copings with no splint: S) and Group 2 (splinted squared impression copings, using metal drill burs and Pattern resin: SS). The impression material used was polyvinyl siloxane with open trays for standard preparation of the casts. For each cast, the framework was positioned, and a titanium screw was tightened with 10 N·cm torque in analog A, after which measurements of the abutment-framework interface gaps were performed at analogs C and D. This process was repeated for analog D. These measurements were analyzed using software. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a confidence interval of 95% was used to analyze the data. Significant differences were detected between S and SS in relation to the master cast (P ≤ 0.05). The median values of the abutment-framework interface gaps were as follows: master cast: 39.64 μm; squared impression copings with no splint: 205.86 μm; splinted squared impression copings: 99.19 μm. Under the limitations of this study, the technique presented for Group 2 produces better results compared with the technique used for Group 1.

scholarly journals A Flexible Multidose GnRH Antagonist versus a Microdose Flare-Up GnRH Agonist Combined with a Flexible Multidose GnRH Antagonist Protocol in Poor Responders to IVF

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayem İnayet Turgay Çelik ◽  
Havva Kömür Sütçü ◽  
Yaşam Kemal Akpak ◽  
Münire Erman Akar
Keyword(s):  
Gnrh Agonist ◽  
Gnrh Antagonist ◽  
Poor Responders ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gnrh Antagonist Protocol ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Antagonist Protocol ◽  
Group 1

Objective. To compare the effectiveness of a flexible multidose gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist against the effectiveness of a microdose flare-up GnRH agonist combined with a flexible multidose GnRH antagonist protocol in poor responders to in vitro fertilization (IVF).Study Design. A retrospective study in Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IVF Center, for 131 poor responders in the intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer (ICSI-ET) program between January 2006 and November 2012. The groups were compared to the patients’ characteristics, controlled ovarian stimulation (COH) results, and laboratory results.Results. Combination protocol was applied to 46 patients (group 1), and a single protocol was applied to 85 patients (group 2). In group 1, the duration of the treatment was longer and the dose of FSH was higher. The cycle cancellation rate was significantly higher in group 2 (26.1% versus 38.8%). A significant difference was not observed with respect to the number and quality of oocytes and embryos or to the number of embryos transferred. There were no statistically significant differences in the hCG positivity (9.5% versus 9.4%) or the clinical pregnancy rates (7.1% versus 10.6%).Conclusion. The combination protocol does not provide additional efficacy.

scholarly journals THU0227 CAFFEINE INTAKE MODULATES DISEASE ACTIVITY AND CYTOKINES LEVELS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 340.2-341
Author(s):  
V. Orefice ◽  
F. Ceccarelli ◽  
C. Barbati ◽  
R. Lucchetti ◽  
G. Olivieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Activity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Caffeine Consumption ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

Background:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting women of childbearing age. The interplay between genetic and environmental factors may contribute to disease pathogenesis1. At today, no robust data are available about the possible contribute of diet in SLE. Caffeine, one of the most widely consumed products in the world, seems to interact with multiple components of the immune system by acting as a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor2.In vitrodose-dependent treatment with caffeine seems to down-regulate mRNA levels of key inflammation-related genes and similarly reduce levels of different pro-inflammatory cytokines3.Objectives:We evaluated the impact of caffeine consumption on SLE-related disease phenotype and activity, in terms of clinimetric assessment and cytokines levels.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study, enrolling consecutive patients and reporting their clinical and laboratory data. Disease activity was assessed by SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2k)4. Caffeine intake was evaluated by a 7-day food frequency questionnaire, including all the main sources of caffeine. As previously reported, patients were divided in four groups according to the daily caffeine intake: <29.1 mg/day (group 1), 29.2-153.7 mg/day (group 2), 153.8-376.5 mg/day (group 3) and >376.6 mg/day (group 4)5. At the end of questionnaire filling, blood samples were collected from each patient to assess cytokines levels. These were assessed by using a panel by Bio-Plex assays to measure the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-27, IFN-γ, IFN-α and Blys.Results:We enrolled 89 SLE patients (F/M 87/2, median age 46 years, IQR 14; median disease duration 144 months, IQR 150). The median intake of caffeine was 195 mg/day (IQR 160.5). At the time of the enrollment, 8 patients (8.9%) referred a caffeine intake < 29.1 mg/day (group 1), 27 patients (30.3%) between 29.2 and 153.7 mg/day (group 2), 45 patients (51%) between 153.8 and 376.5 mg/day (group 3) and 9 patients (10.1%) >376.6 mg/day (group 4). A negative correlation between the levels of caffeine and disease activity, evaluated with SLEDAI-2K, was observed (p=0.01, r=-0.26). By comparing the four groups, a significant higher prevalence of lupus nephritis, neuropsychiatric involvement, haematological manifestations, hypocomplementemia and anti-dsDNA positivity was observed in patients with less intake of caffeine (figure 1 A-E). Furthermore, patients with less intake of caffeine showed a significant more frequent use of glucocorticoids [group 4: 22.2%,versusgroup 1 (50.0%, p=0.0001), group 2 (55.5%, p=0.0001), group 3 (40.0%, p=0.009)]. Moving on cytokines analysis, a negative correlation between daily caffeine consumption and serum level of IFNγ was found (p=0.03, r=-0.2) (figure 2A); furthermore, patients with more caffeine intake showed significant lower levels of IFNα (p=0.02, figure 2B), IL-17 (p=0.01, figure 2C) and IL-6 (p=0.003, figure 2D).Conclusion:This is the first report demonstrating the impact of caffeine on SLE disease activity status, as demonstrated by the inverse correlation between its intake and both SLEDAI-2k values and cytokines levels. Moreover, in our cohort, patients with less caffeine consumption seems to have a more severe disease phenotype, especially in terms of renal and neuropsychiatric involvement. Our results seem to suggest a possible immunoregulatory dose-dependent effect of caffeine, through the modulation of serum cytokine levels, as already suggested byin vitroanalysis.References:[1]Kaul et alNat. Rev. Dis. Prim.2016; 2. Aronsen et alEurop Joul of Pharm2014; 3. Iris et alClin Immun.2018; 4. Gladman et al J Rheumatol. 2002; 5. Mikuls et alArth Rheum2002Disclosure of Interests:Valeria Orefice: None declared, Fulvia Ceccarelli: None declared, cristiana barbati: None declared, Ramona Lucchetti: None declared, Giulio Olivieri: None declared, enrica cipriano: None declared, Francesco Natalucci: None declared, Carlo Perricone: None declared, Francesca Romana Spinelli Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Consultant of: Novartis, Gilead, Lilly, Sanofi, Celgene, Speakers bureau: Lilly, cristiano alessandri Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Guido Valesini: None declared, Fabrizio Conti Speakers bureau: BMS, Lilly, Abbvie, Pfizer, Sanofi

scholarly journals Evaluation of Gingival Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations with Different Lining Techniques: An In Vitro Study

Scientifica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vedavathi Bore Gowda ◽  
B. V. Sreenivasa Murthy ◽  
Swaroop Hegde ◽  
Swapna Devarasanahalli Venkataramanaswamy ◽  
Veena Suresh Pai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Groups ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Composite Liner ◽  
Flowable Composite ◽  
Composite Restorations ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim. To compare the microleakage in class II composite restorations without a liner/with resin modified glass ionomer and flowable composite liner.Method. Forty standardized MO cavities were prepared on human permanent mandibular molars extracted for periodontal reasons and then divided into 4 groups of ten specimens. The cavity preparations were etched, rinsed, blot dried, and light cured and Adper Single Bond 2 is applied. Group 1 is restored with Filtek P60 packable composite in 2 mm oblique increments. Group 2 is precure group where 1 mm Filtek Z350 flowable liner is applied and light cured for 20 sec. Group 3 is the same as Group 2, but the liner was cocured with packable composite. In Group 4, 1 mm RMGIC, Fuji Lining LC is applied and cured for 20 sec. All the teeth were restored as in Group 1. The specimens were coated with nail varnish leaving 1 mm around the restoration, subjected to thermocycling, basic fuchsin dye penetration, sectioned mesiodistally, and observed under a stereomicroscope.Results. The mean leakage scores of the individual study groups were Group 1 (33.40), Group 2 (7.85), Group 3 (16.40), and Group 4 (24.35). Group 1 without a liner showed maximum leakage. Flowable composite liner precured was the best.

scholarly journals Experimental Reproduction of Bovine Fetal Neospora Infection and Death with a Bovine Neospora Isolate

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradd C. Barr ◽  
Joan D. Rowe ◽  
Karen W. Sverlow ◽  
Robert H. BonDurant ◽  
Alex A. Ardans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uninfected Cell ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Protozoal Infection ◽  
Group 1

Studies were conducted to determine the pathogenic potential of the recently isolated bovine Neospora protozoa (BPA-1) for the bovine fetus. Cows chosen for study had Neospora titers < 160 using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Four experimental groups were studied. In group 1, 2 fetuses were inoculated in utero at 118 days gestation with culture-derived Neospora tachyzoites. A pregnant control cow was housed in the same pen, observed daily and screened serologically for evidence of exposure to Neospora. In group 2, 2 cows were infected with Neospora tachyzoites at 138 or 161 days gestation, and 1 control cow was given uninfected cell culture suspension simultaneously at 154 days gestation. Groups 3 (85 days gestation) and 4 (120 days gestation) each consisted of 2 cows infected with Neospora tachyzoites and 1 control cow given uninfected material at the same stage of gestation. Dead fetuses were surgically removed from the infected cows in group 1 on postinfection day (PID) 17. The histopathology was compatible with protozoal fetal infection, and protozoa were identified by immunohistochemistry. Viable fetuses were removed surgically from cows in group 2 on PID 28-30. The histopathology was compatible with protozoal fetal infection, protozoa were identified by immunoperoxidase techniques, and Neospora tachyzoites were reisolated in vitro from tissues of the 2 infected fetuses. In groups 3 and 4, the control fetus and 1 infected fetus were removed surgically between PID 26 and PID 33. The remaining infected cows were observed until fetal death or abortion occurred. In group 3, the fetus that was surgically removed from 1 infected cow had no pathologic abnormalities, and parasites were not found (PID 26). The second fetus in group 3 died in utero, and expulsion of a mummified fetus was induced on PID 67. Brain histopathology was compatible with protozoal infection, and parasites were identified by immunoperoxidase techniques. The fetus that was surgically removed (PID 32) from 1 infected cow in group 4 had lesions compatible with protozoal infection, and Neospora tachyzoites were reisolated in vitro from fetal tissues. The second infected cow in group 4 produced a full-term live calf that had a precolostral Neospora titer of 20,480. Clinically, this calf had depressed conscious proprioception in all limbs. Very mild lesions were found in the central nervous system, but protozoa were not found in the tissues. The results demonstrate that the bovine Neospora protozoa can be transplacentally transmitted, resulting in fetal infection and death, and mimics the naturally occurring fetal disease.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy of Three Different Single File Systems: An In Vitro Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Deebah Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
File Systems ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Single File ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cleaning Efficacy ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Group 1

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the canal cleaning efficacy of these three file systems using scanning electron microscopy. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences Sehora, between October 2020 and December 2020. Materials and Methods: Access cavity preparation was performed on sixty extracted human mandibular premolar teeth and working length was determined. The samples were randomly divided into three groups (n=20) depending upon the file system used i.e. Group 1 (Reciproc Blue), Group 2 (Waveone Gold) and Group 3 (F360). Samples were split into two halves by creating longitudinal grooves on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The samples were sputter-coated with gold and examined under scanning electron microscope at 5000X. The dentinal wall of root canal at coronal, middle and apical thirds of each sample were evaluated for the presence of determining the canal cleanliness and then analyzed using a five-score index. Results: The results of this study revealed that Group 1 (Reciproc Blue) exhibited better cleaning efficacy than samples of Group 2 (WaveOne Gold) and Group 3 (F360) at different locations in the canal i.e. coronal, middle and apical. The mean debris present was highest in coronal area for both group 2 and group 3 i.e. 2.1 and least was seen in apical area of group 1 i.e. 0.3. (p<0.05) Conclusion: Reciproc Blue single-file showed highest cleaning efficacy followed by Waveone Gold and F360. Reciproc file also showed effective cleaning in the apical third of the canal.

scholarly journals Association Between Serum Oestradiol Level on the Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Administration Day and Neonatal Birthweight After in Vitro Fertilization-embryo Transfer: A Retrospective Study of 3659 Singleton Live Births

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yihong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Ivf Et ◽  
Group 1

Abstract BackgroundOestradiol, an important hormone in follicular development and endometrial receptivity, is closely related to clinical outcomes of fresh in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. A supraphysiologic E2 level is inevitable during controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation (COH), and its effect on the outcome of IVF-ET is controversial. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the association between elevated serum oestradiol (E2) levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) administration and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET cycles.MethodsThe data of 3659 infertile patients with fresh IVF-ET cycles were analysed retrospectively between August 2009 and February 2017 in First Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Patients were categorized by serum E2 levels on the day of hCG administration into six groups: group 1 (serum E2 levels≤1000 pg/mL, n=230), group 2 (serum E2 levels between 1001 and 2000 pg/mL, n=524), group 3 (serum E2 levels between 2001 and 3000 pg/mL, n=783), group 4 (serum E2 levels between 3001 and 4000 pg/mL, n = 721), group 5 (serum E2 levels between 4001 and 5000 pg/mL, n=548 ), and group 6 (serum E2 levels > 5000 pg/mL, n=852). Univariate linear regression was used to evaluate the independent correlation between each factor and outcome index. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding factors.ResultsThe LBW rates were as follows: 3.0% (group 1), 2.9% (group 2), 1.9% (group 3), 2.9% (group 4), and 2.0% (group 6) (P =0.629), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of neonatal LBW among the six groups. We did not detect an association between peak serum E2 level during ovarian stimulation and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET.ConclusionThe results of this retrospective cohort study showed that serum E2 peak levels during ovarian stimulation were not associated with birth weight during IVF cycles. In addition, no association was found between higher E2 levels and increased LBW risk. Our observations suggest that the hyper-oestrogenic milieu during COS does not seem to have adverse effects on the birthweight of offspring after IVF.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Effects of Ethanolic Tamarindus Indica Seed Extract on Snake Venom

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Ismail ◽  
Nur Farhana Azmi ◽  
Khin Maung Maung ◽  
Pakeer Oothuman
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Snakebite has been categorised as a ‘neglected tropical disease’ by WHO in 2009 and it affects mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia. The standard treatment for snake envenomation is the anti-snake venom medication which can be very expensive, not readily available and specific against a snake species. This study was conducted to screen the phytochemical compounds of Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) and its in-vitro effects on snake venom of three snake species; namely Daboia russelli, Naja kaouthia and Ophiophagus hannah. Materials and method: Ethanolic Soxhlet extract of TSE was used. Phytochemical screening analysing for saponins, alkaloids, flavanoids, anthraquinone derivatives, arthraquinone glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, sterol and volatile oils were carried out. In-vitro enzymatic inhibition study on venom enzymes namely phospholipase A2 (PLA2), proteinase and phosphomonoesterase (PME) were studied by measuring the absorbance using the spectrophotometer. There were two main groups; Group 1: venom only; and Group 2: venom with TSE. The mean triplicate determination of venom enzyme activity post-exposure to TSE from Group 2 was taken and analysed against 100% venom enzyme activity from Group 1. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the TSE has (+++) phenolics and (+++) hydrolysable tannins. TSE significantly reduced all venom enzymatic activities i.e. PLA2, proteinase and PME from the three snake species at 925 nm, 280 nm and 400 nm, respectively. SDS-PAGE experiment showed the disruption of venom protein bands from all three snake species when venom was exposed to 4.76 µg TSE. Conclusion: Ethanolic TSE contains mainly phenolics and hydrolysable tannins which can reduce the snake venom enzymatic activities. This is possibly due to the formation of tannin-protein complex rendering the venom less potent.

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