scholarly journals Affective Neuroscience Theory and Personality: An Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Montag ◽  
Kenneth L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Human Personality

AbstractThe present work gives a short overview of central aspects of Jaak Panksepp’sAffective Neuroscience Theory(AN theory) and its relevance for modern personality neuroscience. In contrast to the widely used Big Five approach to studying and understanding human personality, AN theory provides researchers with a distinct roadmap to the biological basis of personality, including molecular and neuroanatomical candidates, to understand individual differences in human behavior. Such molecular and neuroanatomical brain candidates have been derived by means of electrical brain stimulation and pharmacological challenges, while investigating primary emotional systems anchored in the subcortical mammalian brain. Research results derived from the study of emotions in mammals are also of relevance for humans because ancient layers of our minds—those layers where primary emotions originate—have been homologously conserved across species. From an evolutionary perspective, this makes sense because primal emotions represent “built-in tools for survival” for all mammals. In this context, Montag and Panksepp recently illustrated a potential ancient neurobiological effect by carving out robust associations between individual differences in primary emotions (assessed via self-report) and the Big Five in a cross-cultural study with data from the United States, Germany, and China. These associations together with some ideas derived from MacLean’s Triune Brain concept highlighted (a) that primary emotions likely represent the phylogenetically oldest parts of human personality and (b) that primary emotions influence human personality in a bottom-up fashion given their localization in ancient subcortical brain regions. A comment on the work by Montag and Panksepp asked for insights on putative links between primary emotions and facets of the Big Five. Therefore, we provide some first insights into such associations from recent Germany data. In addition, the present work provides a new short version of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales to assess individual differences in primary emotions.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis on individual differences in primary emotional systems and Big Five personality traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Marengo ◽  
Kenneth L. Davis ◽  
Gökçe Özkarar Gradwohl ◽  
Christian Montag
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Emotional Systems

AbstractThe Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were constructed as a self-report assessment to measure individual differences in Jaak Panksepp’s cross-species primary emotional systems: SEEKING, PLAY, CARE (positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (negative emotions). Beginning with the first published work on the ANPS in 2003, individual differences on the ANPS measures of these six primary emotional systems have been consistently linked to Big Five personality traits. From a theoretical perspective, these primary emotional systems arising from subcortical regions, shed light on the nature of the Big Five personality traits from an evolutionary perspective, because each of these primary emotional systems represent a tool for survival endowing mammalian species with inherited behavioral programs to react appropriately to complex environments. The present work revisited 21 available samples where both ANPS and Big Five measures have been administered. Our meta-analytical analysis provides solid evidence that high SEEKING relates to high Openness to Experience, high PLAY to high Extraversion, high CARE/low ANGER to high Agreeableness and high FEAR/SADNESS/ANGER to high Neuroticism. This seems to be true regardless of the ANPS inventory chosen, although much more work is needed in this area. Associations between primary emotional systems and Conscientiousness were in the lower effect size area across all six primary emotions, thereby supporting the idea that Conscientiousness rather seems to be less directly related with the subcortical primary emotions and likely is the most cognitive/cortical personality construct out of the Big Five. In sum, the present work underlines the idea that individual differences in primary emotional systems represent evolutionarily ancient foundations of human personality, given their a) meaningful links to the prominent Big Five model and b) their origins lying in subcortical areas of the human brain.

The Ego Resiliency Scale Revised

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Alessandri ◽  
Michele Vecchione ◽  
Gianvittorio Caprara ◽  
Tera D. Letzring
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Ego Resiliency

The present study examined the crosscultural generalizability of the latent structure of the ER89-R, a brief self-report scale that measures ego-resiliency with subjective self-ratings. First, we investigated the measurement invariance of the scale across three Western cultures, namely, Italy (n = 1,020), Spain (n = 452), and the United States (n = 808). Next, we examined the correlations of the ER89-R scale with several measures of adjustment and maladjustment. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of partial configural, metric, and scalar invariance across Italy, Spain, and the United States. Overall, the correlation patterns were stable across countries and sex, with some exceptions. As expected, higher levels of ego-resiliency were strongly and consistently associated with the positive poles of the Big Five. Moreover, ego-resiliency showed a positive correlation with psychological well-being in each country, and negative relations with depression in Spain and Italy, but not in the United States. In light of these results, the potential usefulness and applicability of the ER89-R scale are advanced and discussed.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Association Between Subjective Stress and Heart Rate Are Related to Psychological and Physical Well-Being

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1016-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha L. Sommerfeldt ◽  
Stacey M. Schaefer ◽  
Markus Brauer ◽  
Carol D. Ryff ◽  
Richard J. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Reactive Protein

The physiological response to stress is intertwined with, but distinct from, the subjective feeling of stress, although both systems must work in concert to enable adaptive responses. We investigated 1,065 participants from the Midlife in the United States 2 study who completed a self-report battery and a stress-induction procedure while physiological and self-report measures of stress were recorded. Individual differences in the association between heart rate and self-reported stress were analyzed in relation to measures that reflect psychological well-being (self-report measures of well-being, anxiety, depression), denial coping, and physical well-being (proinflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein). The within-participants association between heart rate and self-reported stress was significantly related to higher psychological well-being, fewer depressive symptoms, lower trait anxiety, less use of denial coping, and lower levels of proinflammatory biomarkers. Our results highlight the importance of studying individual differences in coherence between physiological measures and subjective mental states in relation to well-being.

Validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory–Short Version in Justice-Involved and At-Risk Adolescents

Assessment ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher T. A. Gillen ◽  
Emily A. M. MacDougall ◽  
Adelle E. Forth ◽  
Christopher T. Barry ◽  
Randall T. Salekin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory ◽  
Interviewer Ratings ◽  
At Risk Adolescents

The current study examined the reliability and validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory–Short Version (YPI-S) in two different samples of at-risk adolescents enrolled in a residential program ( n = 160) and at a detention facility ( n = 60) in the United States. YPI-S scores displayed adequate internal consistency and were moderately associated with concurrent scales on other self-report psychopathy measures and externalizing behaviors. YPI-S scores were moderately related to interviewer-ratings of the construct using the four-factor model of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. Findings suggest that the YPI-S may be a clinically useful and valid tool for the assessment of psychopathic traits in juvenile settings. This may be particularly true given the differential predictive utility of each of its dimensions.

scholarly journals Mapping self-report questionnaires for socio-emotional characteristics: What do they measure?

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo PRIMI ◽  
Daniel Domingues dos SANTOS ◽  
Nelson HAUCK ◽  
Filip De FRUYT ◽  
Oliver Peter JOHN
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
School Students ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Educational Challenges ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties

Abstract Whereas the structure of individual differences in many social and emotional attributes is well understood in adults, much less work has been done in children and adolescents. The main goals of this research were to specify the major content domains that are assessed across multiple socioemotional instruments (self-esteem, grit, self-efficacy, strengths and difficulties, Big Five) in research in the United States and Europe, to test them in a less developed context with considerable educational challenges (Brazilian schools). We selected the five most promising instruments and studied their structure at the item level in a large sample of Brazilian school students (N = 3,023). The extracted factors to capture the major domains of child differences represented in these instruments closely resembled the Big Five personality dimensions. We discuss the contribution of our findings to the assessment of socio-emotional skills in education research, as well as limitations of the current study, and suggestions for future research.

The Factor Structure and Construct Validity of the Short Version of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory in Two Independent Samples of Nonreferred Adolescents

Assessment ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Fossati ◽  
Antonella Somma ◽  
Serena Borroni ◽  
Fernanda Frera ◽  
Cesare Maffei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory

To assess the internal consistency, factor structure, and construct validity of the Italian translation of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory–Short Version (YPI-S), both the YPI-S and its full version, the YPI, as well as self-reports of delinquency, aggression, and Big Five domains, were administered to two independent samples ( N = 868 and N = 881) of Italian community, nonreferred adolescents. The internal consistency of the YPI-S was adequate, and confirmatory factor analyses showed a good fit of the theoretical three-factor model of the YPI-S in both samples. Hierarchical regression models suggested the same pattern of associations with self-report measures of delinquency and aggression for the YPI-S and YPI, although the YPI was a better predictor of Big Five domains than the YPI-S. The findings support the internal consistency, factor validity, and construct validity of the YPI-S.

scholarly journals Behavioral Patterns in Smartphone Usage Predict Big Five Personality Traits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Stachl ◽  
Quay Au ◽  
Ramona Schoedel ◽  
Daniel Buschek ◽  
Sarah Völkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Smartphone Sensing

The understanding, quantification and evaluation of individual differences in behavior, feelings and thoughts have always been central topics in psychological science. An enormous amount of previous work on individual differences in behavior is exclusively based on data from self-report questionnaires. To date, little is known about how individuals actually differ in their objectively quantifiable behaviors and how differences in these behaviors relate to big five personality traits. Technological advances in mobile computer and sensing technology have now created the possiblity to automatically record large amounts of data about humans' natural behavior. The collection and analysis of these records makes it possible to analyze and quantify behavioral differences at unprecedented scale and efficiency. In this study, we analyzed behavioral data obtained from 743 participants in 30 consecutive days of smartphone sensing (25,347,089 logging-events). We computed variables (15,692) about individual behavior from five semantic categories (communication & social behavior, music listening behavior, app usage behavior, mobility, and general day- & nighttime activity). Using a machine learning approach (random forest, elastic net), we show how these variables can be used to predict self-assessments of the big five personality traits at the factor and facet level. Our results reveal distinct behavioral patterns that proved to be differentially-predictive of big five personality traits. Overall, this paper shows how a combination of rich behavioral data obtained with smartphone sensing and the use of machine learning techniques can help to advance personality research and can inform both practitioners and researchers about the different behavioral patterns of personality.

scholarly journals Trust Toward Robots and Artificial Intelligence: An Experimental Approach to Human–Technology Interactions Online

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atte Oksanen ◽  
Nina Savela ◽  
Rita Latikka ◽  
Aki Koivula
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Big Five Personality

Robotization and artificial intelligence (AI) are expected to change societies profoundly. Trust is an important factor of human–technology interactions, as robots and AI increasingly contribute to tasks previously handled by humans. Currently, there is a need for studies investigating trust toward AI and robots, especially in first-encounter meetings. This article reports findings from a study investigating trust toward robots and AI in an online trust game experiment. The trust game manipulated the hypothetical opponents that were described as either AI or robots. These were compared with control group opponents using only a human name or a nickname. Participants (N = 1077) lived in the United States. Describing opponents with robots or AI did not impact participants’ trust toward them. The robot called jdrx894 was the most trusted opponent. Opponents named “jdrx894” were trusted more than opponents called “Michael.” Further analysis showed that having a degree in technology or engineering, exposure to robots online and robot use self-efficacy predicted higher trust toward robots and AI. Out of Big Five personality characteristics, openness to experience predicted higher trust, and conscientiousness predicted lower trust. Results suggest trust on robots and AI is contextual and it is also dependent on individual differences and knowledge on technology.

Cultural Awareness of Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Mixed-Methods Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1242
Author(s):  
Celeste Domsch ◽  
Lori Stiritz ◽  
Jay Huff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study

Purpose This study used a mixed-methods design to assess changes in students' cultural awareness during and following a short-term study abroad. Method Thirty-six undergraduate and graduate students participated in a 2-week study abroad to England during the summers of 2016 and 2017. Quantitative data were collected using standardized self-report measures administered prior to departure and after returning to the United States and were analyzed using paired-samples t tests. Qualitative data were collected in the form of daily journal reflections during the trip and interviews after returning to the United States and analyzed using phenomenological methods. Results No statistically significant changes were evident on any standardized self-report measures once corrections for multiple t tests were applied. In addition, a ceiling effect was found on one measure. On the qualitative measures, themes from student transcripts included increased global awareness and a sense of personal growth. Conclusions Measuring cultural awareness poses many challenges. One is that social desirability bias may influence responses. A second is that current measures of cultural competence may exhibit ceiling or floor effects. Analysis of qualitative data may be more useful in examining effects of participation in a short-term study abroad, which appears to result in decreased ethnocentrism and increased global awareness in communication sciences and disorders students. Future work may wish to consider the long-term effects of participation in a study abroad for emerging professionals in the field.

Measuring the Big Five in Self-Report and Other Ratings

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Barbaranelli ◽  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Fit Indexes ◽  
Response Modes

Summary: The aim of the study is to assess the construct validity of two different measures of the Big Five, matching two “response modes” (phrase-questionnaire and list of adjectives) and two sources of information or raters (self-report and other ratings). Two-hundred subjects, equally divided in males and females, were administered the self-report versions of the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) and the Big Five Observer (BFO), a list of bipolar pairs of adjectives ( Caprara, Barbaranelli, & Borgogni, 1993 , 1994 ). Every subject was rated by six acquaintances, then aggregated by means of the same instruments used for the self-report, but worded in a third-person format. The multitrait-multimethod matrix derived from these measures was then analyzed via Structural Equation Models according to the criteria proposed by Widaman (1985) , Marsh (1989) , and Bagozzi (1994) . In particular, four different models were compared. While the global fit indexes of the models were only moderate, convergent and discriminant validities were clearly supported, and method and error variance were moderate or low.

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