Exit Options and the Effectiveness of Regional Economic Organizations

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Gray ◽  
Jonathan B. Slapin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Institutional Structure ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Exit Options ◽  
Expert Surveys

Regional economic organizations (REOs) proliferate in the developed and developing world. However, there is wide variation in both their institutional structure and the degree to which they achieve their goals. This article presents a theoretical framework and empirical evidence to explain the variance in the institutional design and effectiveness of these agreements. It argues that the conditions that produce effective and broad agreements are not a function of design, but rather of exogenous factors. If countries within the REO have fewer options for world trade beyond the REO, they will develop strong institutions and make substantial use of them. This study presents a new cross-regional dataset, compiled from expert surveys, to test these arguments. It shows that expert evaluations of how well a REO functions - including its ability to meet its own goals and the ambition of those goals—hinge less on that agreement's legalization and more on the trade opportunities that REO members faced when the institution was formed.

Part IV Activities of Organizations, Ch.18 Economic Relations and Integration

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schimmelfennig Frank
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Regional Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Theoretical Part ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Institutional Variation

This chapter deals with issues of regional economic integration in a comparative perspective. It is divided into two parts: a conceptual and a theoretical part. The conceptual part starts with a definition and typology of economic integration. It then presents features of institutional design that capture the institutional variation and development of regional economic integration. This conceptual apparatus has been used recently to map regional economic organizations and describe their variation and development. The theoretical part begins with economic theories of integration, which have, however, little to say about the political process of integration and the role and effects of institutions and organizations. It then moves on to political theories of economic integration, which have mainly been developed in the context of European integration: intergovernmentalism, supranationalism, and constructivism.

Economic diplomacy instruments in the field of foreign economic activity of Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Aleksandrovich Naryshkin
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Unique Mechanism

Russia has a developed system of various institutions aimed to provide economic interests abroad. Intergovernmental Commissions on Trade, Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation covering bilateral level of cooperation. They provide a regular platform for dialogue with 104 countries. The actual issues concerning investment and trade cooperation are discussed in this bilateral level. International economic organizations providing the opportunity to work on multilateral level. There are organizations where our country is a member state (for example United Nations, World Trade Organization, etc.) and organizations where Russia acts as observer or as a participant of individual negotiation tracks and working groups (for example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development — OECD). Activities within the framework of the World Trade Organization have a priority character for Russian economic diplomacy. The WTO is the largest international organization that sets itself the task of creating proper conditions for international trade. It is also a unique mechanism for the settlement of various trade and economic disputes. WTO is aimed to flow trade smoothly and provide countries with a constructive and fair outlet for dealing with disputes over trade issue. This article considers two institutions named above from the point of view of Russian economic diplomacy and its foreign economic activity.

Linkage Between Regional Accessibillity, Economic Development, and Logistic Infrastructure

2018 ◽  
pp. 719-744
Author(s):  
Ana Vulevic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Regional Economic Development ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economic

This chapter reviews regional accessibility and relationship between regional accessibility, the logistic infrastructure and regional economic development. The purpose of this chapter is to emphasize the complexity and causality of this relationship. Transport infrastructure is an important policy instrument to promote regional economic development. In addition, development of logistics is a very important part of the transport policy, while accessibility is an important determinant of the attractiveness of regions for logistics activities. Accessibility indicators measure the benefits households and firms in a region enjoy from the existence and use of the transport infrastructure. Economic development may determine transportation needs and lead to infrastructure improvements and accessibility. The theoretically is defined and empirical evidence that transport accessibility suggests that there is a link between the accessibility of the region and its competitiveness and, therefore, regional economic growth.

Integrating Theories of Working Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 389-430
Author(s):  
Robert H. Logie ◽  
Clément Belletier ◽  
Jason M. Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Levels Of Explanation ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Multiple Component ◽  
Different Levels

Multiple theories of working memory are described in the chapters of this book and often these theories are viewed as being mutually incompatible, yet each is associated with a supporting body of empirical evidence. This chapter argues that many of these differences reflect different research questions, different levels of explanation, and differences in how participants perform their assigned tasks in different laboratories, rather than fundamental theoretical adversity. It describes a version of a multiple component working memory in which a range of specialized cognitive functions (or mental tools) act in concert, giving the impression, at a different level of explanation, of a unified cognitive system. The chapter argues that more rapid and more substantial scientific progress on the understanding of the concept of working memory would be achieved through identifying the levels of explanation explored within each theoretical framework, and attempting to integrate theoretical frameworks rather than perpetuating debate with no clear resolution in sight.

Material Expressions of Religious Culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hickey-Moody ◽  
Marissa Willcox
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Community Perspectives

Materiality communicates complex information, often about the perspectives of people whose voices are silenced, or left off historical records. Material cultures provide indirect archives of such social histories, values and feelings. Examining the expressive qualities of material culture, we draw on data from the trans-national research project ‘Interfaith Childhoods’. This project generates and documents community perspectives on faith, identity and belonging. In response to our data generated through arts workshops with children and focus group discussions with parents, we develop a theoretical framework which observes how the materiality of religion can shape the ways young people and their parents build relationships with those from different religions. Here, we theorise how our empirical evidence makes a case for thinking through visual and material cultures of religion.

International E-Customs Standardization from the Perspective of a Global Company

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Stefan Henningsson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Administrative Burden ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Global Company ◽  
And Control

This paper addresses international e-Customs standardization from the perspective of a global dairy company who faces the result of the standardization efforts. International trade stands in front of a paradox of increasing security and control in order to meet threats from terrorist, diseases and other risks while at the same time lower the administrative burden for traders in order to stay competitive. To solve this seemingly impossible equation national customs and regional economic organizations are seeking to establish a standardized solution for digital reporting of customs data. However, standardization has proven hard to achieve in the socio-technical e-Customs solution. The author identifies and describes what has to be harmonized in order for a global company should perceive e-Customs as standardized. In doing so the author contributes towards an improved understanding of the challenges associated with using a standardization mechanism for harmonizing socio-technical information systems.

A WTO Ruling Matters: Citizens’ Support for the Government’s Compliance with Trade Agreements

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wto Agreements

AbstractAn international court’s ruling is expected to influence public opinion because of the perception of its legality and the subsequent costs of noncompliance. However, there has been little direct empirical evidence to support this claim. To close this lacuna, I conducted a survey experiment to examine the power of a court’s ruling in the context of a trade dispute. The experiment shows that citizens become less supportive of their government’s noncompliance with GATT/WTO agreements when the World Trade Organization issues an adverse ruling, compared to when their government is verbally accused of a violation of the same agreements by a foreign country. However, the experiment also finds that the impact of a ruling is conditional upon the level of compliance of the winner of the dispute.

Towering Invisibilities: A Cultural-Theoretical Reading of the Eiffel Tower and the One World Trade Center

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-416
Author(s):  
Henriette Steiner ◽  
Kristin Veel
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Trade Center ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Roland Barthes ◽  
Trade Center ◽  
The One ◽  
The Invisible

This article explores forms of visuality in architecture in which symbolic and functional values interlink by considering two visually striking and deeply symbolic landmarks that tower over their respective cities at the same time as their impact is related to the invisible wireless communication they facilitate. It contrasts cultural-theoretical responses to the Eiffel Tower (1889) with readings of the One World Trade Center (2014). In this way, we contour a theoretical framework to grasp the compounded forms of signification these towers embody and address the latent and invisible signification at work by turning to the work of the French philosophers Roland Barthes (1915-1980) and Jean-Francois Lyotard (1924-1998).

Jurisdictional Pluralism

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-160
Author(s):  
Paul Schiff Berman
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Overlapping Communities ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Inherent Feature ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter offers a theoretical framework for the reconceptualization of jurisdiction, one which recognizes the extent to which contemporary social conditions—which are increasingly experienced across different jurisdictions—and changes in regulatory authority are visibly supplanting the exclusive notion of jurisdiction favoured by classical international law, with its preoccupation with sovereignty and territory. Viewing the concept of jurisdiction through the lens of legal pluralism opens up a wide range of inquiries that tend to be ignored or suppressed in most legal discussions of jurisdiction. Indeed, jurisdictional pluralism is both a descriptive reality, a theoretical framework, and a potentially productive institutional design choice. The chapter then argues that jurisdictional contestation is an inherent feature of living in a world with multiple overlapping communities.

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