Inter-breed relationship of maintenance efficiency to milk yield in cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
R. B. Thiessen ◽  
J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACTAs part of a multibreed cattle project for studying genetic variation between breeds, four adult females from each of five breeds of cattle were kept for up to 2 years in a non-pregnant, non-lactating state on each of four feeding levels. The breeds, which were Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Dexter, British Friesian and Jersey, provided a wide range of genetic potential for body size and milk yield. The feeding levels were arranged to make the weight of lipid in the whole body about 0·05, 0·15, 0·25 and 0·35 times body weight. After an animal had been assigned to a fixed daily intake, its body weight and condition score were monitored over a period varying from 6 to 18 months until an equilibrium body weight and body composition had been established.For standard adult body weight, Akg, and for an equilibrium body weight, Wkg, and an associated metabolizable energy intake, f/MJ, the maintenance efficiency of a breed adjusted for breed size was defined as Em = W/fA0·21. The ‘lactability’ of a breed, that is, its genetic potential lactation yield, Ykg, adjusted for breed size, was defined as Y = Y/A. The between-breed regression of Em on Y had a coefficient of -0·043 (s.e. 0·007). There was, thus, a highly significant dairy-beef gradient in the equilibrium maintenance efficiency of these non-pregnant, non-lactating adult females.An expected value for the equilibrium maintenance requirement, of a breed or individual as a function of its lactability was estimated to be:which implies that the maintenance requirement of dairy breeds is about 0·2 times greater than that of beef breeds, a result which was strongly supported by a literature survey, although mean estimates from feeding trials and fasting trials were anomalous.Combining this result for milk yield with published results on growth rate, leads to the hypothesis that the greater the maximum gross efficiency of a breed for meat or milk production, the less efficiently it maintains itself, not because of any difference in fasting metabolism, but because of a reduced efficiency of food utilization for maintenance.

scholarly journals Effect of concentrate feeding on milk yield and body-weight change of Awassi ewes and the growth of their lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A.M. Al Jassim ◽  
D.I. Aziz ◽  
K. Zorah ◽  
J.L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe response of Awassi ewes to graded amounts of supplementary concentrate diet was examined for the first 12 weeks of lactation. The growth rate of lambs and their health status were also investigated. Seventy-five ewes were divided into three equal groups and given a basal roughage diet of shredded wheat straw at a rate of 750 g dry matter (DM) per ewe per day supplemented with a concentrate diet at three amounts, 950 g (low), 1150 g (medium) and 1350 g (high) of DM per ewe per day starting at the beginning of lactation. Ewes were adapted to the diet by feeding daily at a rate of 200 g per ewe during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. The concentrate was estimated to contain 11⋅8 MJ of metabolizable energy and 182 g of crude protein per kg DM. Ewes and their offspring were housed in a partly enclosed yard. Lambs remained with their dams continuously except for the days of milk yield measurements, when they were separated from the dam for 11 or 12 h. The ewes were examined for subclinical mastitis and the incidence of scouring in lambs was recorded.Ewes given the high level of concentrate produced more (P < 0⋅05) milk but differences between medium and low groups were significant only up to week 4 of lactation. Total milk yields during the 9 weeks test period were 58⋅5, 70⋅4 and 93⋅3 kg for the low, medium and high groups, respectively. Ewes suckling twins produced more (P < 0⋅05) milk than ewes suckling singles. The rate of weight loss was lower (P < 0⋅01) for ewes given the high feeding regime; these regained their immediate post-lambing body weight by week 10. Sex of lambs and litter size had no effect on body weight loss but ewes nursing twins tended to loose more weight during the 12 weeks suckling period. Lamb growth rates were similar (P > 0⋅05) across treatments. The daily intake of concentrate by the ewes did not affect the incidence of scouring in lambs or mastitis in ewes.On both economical and biological grounds it is recommended to offer concentrate during the first 9 weeks of lactation at levels >950 g per ewe per day in order to produce an appreciable yield of milk and restore a positive energy balance early in the ewe lactation period.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage offered to young steers: Effects on growth, body composition and nutrient efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SANDERSON ◽  
M. S. DHANOA ◽  
C. THOMAS ◽  
A. B. McALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Growth and efficiencies of nitrogen and energy utilization for growth by 72 young British Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 110 kg) offered a well preserved, formic acid-treated, perennial ryegrass silage with and without supplements of fish meal were examined. Silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50, 100 or 150 g fish meal/kg silage dry matter (DM) and each diet was offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM/kg LW/day. Treatments were imposed over a period of 132 days. Body component weight gains were determined by comparative slaughter.Increasing the level of either feeding or fish meal increased rates of empty body weight gain linearly (P<0·001) and curvilinearly (P<0·05) respectively. Fish-meal supplementation increased rates of ash and crude protein gain (P<0·001) but, in comparison with the curvilinear response to increasing level of feeding (P<0·001), had small linear effects on fat gain (P>0·01). Consequently, in terms of whole body composition, animals given fish meal were leaner than animals offered silage alone. Fish-meal supplementation had no significant effect on the composition of the carcass but increased the concentration of protein in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.The increase in nitrogen intake associated with feeding fish meal resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization as level of fish meal increased. Nitrogen intake required for maintenance was estimated to be 1·054 g/kg LW0·75. In spite of marked differences in the composition of the empty body-weight gain, there was no evidence to support an effect of fish meal on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for growth (kf) which was estimated to be 0·346 on the basis of data scaled by LW0·75. ME intake required for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to be 0·536 and 0·502 MJ/kg LW0·75 for silage alone and the 150 g fish-meal level respectively.

Growth of lambs offered fixed amounts of roughage and concentrate either simultaneously or sequentially

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Mixture Treatment ◽  
Expected Values

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out in Scotland 1984 to study the efficiency of energy utilization by Suffolk × Blackface lambs. In the first experiment, a digestibility trial, the lambs were fed three diets: roughage (R) consisting of chopped dried grass; concentrate (C) containing 700 g whole barley, 225 g ground barley and 75 g fishmeal/kg dry matter (DM); and a mixed diet (M) containing 500 g of roughage and 500 g of concentrate/kg DM. The DM and organic matter digestibility coefficients of diet M were lower than the ‘expected’ values calculated by summation of the separately determined digestibility coefficients of the component feeds. Similarly, the metabolizable energy (ME) value was 4·0% lower than expected.In the second experiment, 40 lambs ofc. 20 kg live weight (LW) were offered 50 kg roughage DM (ME 9·74 MJ/kg DM) and 50 kg concentrate DM (ME 12·21 MJ/kg DM) either as a mixture (treatment M) or sequentially (treatment S). Lambs on treatment S took 33 days longer to consume their allocation of food than those on treatment M, but achieved a similar final empty body weight and empty body composition. This contrasts with results predicted by a feeding standards model for lambs of a similar LW offered diets of the same ME content. The longer feeding period, and hence greater overall maintenance requirement, of lambs on treatment S was partly offset by associated effects causing a reduction in the total ME available to lambs on treatment M, and partly to improved efficiency of energy utilization for gain and/or a lower daily maintenance requirement of lambs on treatment S. Allowing for associated effects and the adoption of a variable maintenance requirement in current feeding standards would result in a more accurate prediction of animal performance.

Energy requirements for maintenance and growth of captive harbour seals, Phoca vitulina

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hedlund Markussen ◽  
Morten Ryg ◽  
Nils Are Øritsland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Phoca Vitulina ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Harbour Seals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Four captive harbour seals were fed with herring both at restricted and at ad libitum levels during 1985 to 1988. The maintenance requirement, calculated from the x-intercept of the regression, was 194 ± 71 kcal∙kg body weight−0.75∙day−1. Assuming that metabolizable energy is 82.8% of gross energy, the maintenance requirement is 161 kcal∙kg body weight−0.75∙day−1. There was no significant difference in maintenance requirement between individuals or between age classes, and neither was there any significant difference between seasons. The gross energy requirement of growth was 909 kcal/100 g.

The influence of wilting and season of silage harvest and the fat and protein concentration of the supplement on milk production and food utilization by lactating cattle

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Peoples ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Utilization Data

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the influence of pre-wilting and season of harvesting of silage on milk production and food utilization by dairy cattle and also the response to protein and fat concentration of the supplement given with silage. Twenty-four lactating British Friesian cows were used i n a four-period, partially balanced, change-over design experiment to evaluate 12 treatments consisting of three silage types (spring harvest unwilted (lUnW), autumn harvest unwilted (3UnW) and autumn harvest wilted (3W), each offered in addition to supplements containing both two crude protein levels (160 and 210 g/kg fresh weight) and two levels of inclusion of a fat supplement (0 and 100 g/kg fresh weight) in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All supplements were offered at the same rate of 6·8 kg/day. Total diet digestibility and food utilization studies were carried out on all animals at the end of the third and fourth experimental periods.The wilted silage (3W) had a higher digestibility than the unwilted (3UnW) material and animals offered 3W silage consumed proportionately 0·18 more silage DM and produced 1·6 MJ/day more milk energy output than those offered 3UnW. The total ration digesibility and food utilization data showed the animals given the 3W silage consumed 13·5 MJ more metabolizable energy (ME) per day than those offered the 3UnW silage and were less efficient at converting the ME available for production into milk energy output than those given the 3UnW silage (efficiencies were 0·58 and 0·53 for 3UnW and 3W silages respectively).There were no differences between the digestibilities of the spring (lUnW) and autumn (3UnW) silages with the concentrations of digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DM) being 650 and 648 g/kg respectively. However, animals offered lUnW silage consumed proportionately 0·12 more DM and produced 1·05 kg/day more fat-corrected milk than those given 3UnW silage. The food utilization data indicated that this milk production difference could be accounted for by the higher ME intake on lUnW and that the efficiencies of conversion of ME available for production to milk energy output were similar with both seasons of harvests (efficiencies were 0·57 and 0·58 for lUnW and 3UnW respectively).Increasing the crude protein concentration of the supplement from 160 to 210 g/kg increased silage DM intake, milk yield and milk energy output by 0·2 kg, 0·66 kg and 1·9 MJ/day respectively with the response being greatest with lUnW and least with 3UnW silage. Increasing the fat concentration of the supplement depressed silage DM intake but increased milk yield by 0·53 kg/day.The effects of the treatments on total diet digestibility, energy and nitrogen utilization, and the volatile fatty acid concentrations of rumen fluid are also given.

The utilization of wilted and unwilted silages by lactating cows and the influence of changes in the protein and energy concentration of the supplement offered

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
A. C. Peoples
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Total Diet

ABSTRACTTwenty-four lactating British Friesian cows were used in a four-period partially balanced change-over design experiment to evaluate eight treatments consisting of two silage types (wilted and unwilted), each offered in addition to supplements containing both two crude protein (CP) levels (160 and 210 g/kg fresh weight) and two energy levels (10·8 and 12·9 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg fresh weight) obtained by including 100 g spray-dried tallow per kg, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. All supplements were offered at ttie same rate of 6·8 kg/day and total diet digestibility and food utilization studies were carried out on all animals at the end of the final period of the experiment. A separate two-period change-over design expeximent, using two lactating cows fitted with rumen cannulae, was undertaken to determine the influence of the two silages on volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions in the rumen and to measure the rates of disappearance of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen in the silages and supplements from the rumen.There were no significant interactions between silage and supplement type in terms of animal performance. Animals offered unwilted silage consumed proportionately 003 less DM but produced 0·03 more milk than those offered wilted silage. Although total diet digestibility was not influenced by silage type because of the higher gross energy concentration of the unwilted silage the ME intake with this diet was higher than with the diet based on wilted silage and the ratios of milk energy output to ME available for production (0·54) were similar with both silages. Silage type had no effect on the rumen VFA proportions but influenced the jates of disappearance of DM and nitrogen from the rumen.Increasing the CP concentratioryof the supplement had no effect on the intake of silage DM but resulted in a significant incrase in milk yield (0·55 kg/day) but due to a reduction in milk fat concentration there was np etfect on yield of either fat-corrected milk or milk energy. The use of the higher energy supplement depressed the intake of silage DM by 0·46 kg/day but resulted in an increase in milk yield of 0·74 kg/day. Neither CP nor energy concentration of the supplement had any effect on DM or energy digestibility of the total diet but there were considerable differences between supplements in the patterns of nitrogen and DM disappearance from the rumen.

The effects of concentrate energy source on milk composition of lactating dairy cattle offered grass silage

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
T.W.J. Keady ◽  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
D.A. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Concentrate Energy ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Concentrate Energy Source

AbstractTwo partially balanced change-over design experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on milk yield and composition of lactating diary cows offered a diverse range of grass silages. A total of nine silages differing in fermentation digestibility and intake characteristics were produced in experiments 1 and 2. Silage dry matter (DM) concentration ranged from 170 to 473 g/kg, ammonia nitrogen ranged from 58 to 356 g/kg nitrogen, digestible organic matter in the DM ranged from 551 to 724 g/kg and silage DM intake potential ranged from 57 to 103.8 g/kg w0.75 respectively. In experiment 1, 5 concentrates were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible undegradable protein (DUP) while three concentrates were formulated in experiment 2 to contain similar concentrations of CP, ME and DUP. The concentrates were prepared using barley, wheat, sugar beet pulp and citrus pulp as energy sources and formulated to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. Starch concentrations ranged from 50 to 384 g/kg DM and 22 to 273 g/kg DM in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. There were no concentrate energy source by silage type interactions for silage intake, milk yield and composition. It is concluded that increasing starch intake resulted in positive and negative linear relationships for milk protein (P<0.001, R2 = 0.96) and fat (P<0.001, R2 = 0.85) concentrations respectively. Concentrate energy source had no effect on silage DM intake or milk yield.

A comparative evaluation of functions for the analysis of growth in male broilers

2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. DARMANI KUHI ◽  
E. KEBREAB ◽  
S. LOPEZ ◽  
J. FRANCE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
The Relationship

Data from six studies with male broilers fed diets covering a wide range of energy and protein were used in the current two analyses. In the first analysis, five models, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, were evaluated for their ability to determine metabolizable energy intake at maintenance and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy intake for producing gain. In addition to the straight line, two types of functional form were used. They were forms describing (i) diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola) and (ii) sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection (Gompertz and logistic). These models determined metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance to be in the range 437–573 kJ/kg of body weight/day depending on the model. The values determined for average net energy requirement for body weight gain varied from 7·9 to 11·2 kJ/g of body weight. These values show good agreement with previous studies. In the second analysis, three types of function were assessed as candidates for describing the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake. The functions used were: (a) monomolecular (diminishing returns behaviour), (b) Gompertz (smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection) and (c) Lopez, France and Richards (diminishing returns and sigmoidal behaviour with a variable point of inflection). The results of this analysis demonstrated that equations capable of mimicking the law of diminishing returns describe accurately the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake in broilers.

Fat deposition in Hereford and Friesian steers: 3. Growth efficiency and fat mobilization

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Truscott ◽  
J. D. Wood ◽  
N. G. Gregory ◽  
I. C. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Fat Mobilization

SUMMARYFood utilization in relation to growth of body components, and fat mobilization and its hormonal control in vivo, were examined in 15 Hereford and 15 Friesian steers which were slaughtered at 20 months of age. Changes in body composition between 6 and 20 months were calculated from the body composition of these animals and from an additional four and two steers from each breed slaughtered at 6 and 13 months of age, respectively.The Friesians consumed more food overall (14%) and grew more rapidly (14%), but their intake in relation to metabolic body weight was not different from that of the Herefords. Although the Friesians deposited more protein in relation to lipid there was no breed difference in food conversion ratio, and maintenance requirement relative to empty-body weight0·75 was estimated to be 7% greater in the Friesians than the Herefords. Friesians therefore had a lower efficiency of conversion of food energy to body energy. It is speculated that the higher maintenance requirement of the Friesians was due to a faster rate of protein deposition and a higher proportion of visceral organs with an associated higher rate of protein turnover.Changes in plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, growth hormone (GH), adrenaline and noradrenaline were examined in response to fasting at 12 and 20 months of age. Inaddition plasma concentrations of glucose, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured at 20 months of age.At both ages, FFA concentration increased almost linearly with duration of fasting and was not different between breeds. It was therefore unrelated to fat partitioning and a poor index of breed differences in metabolic and body type. Within breeds, the rate at which FFA concentration increased during fasting was correlated with estimated maintenance requirement (r = 0·53). This suggests a different relationship between FFA utilization and maintenance requirement in the two breeds.During fasting at 12 months of age, Friesians had higher concentrations of plasma GH and noradrenaline. At 20 months of age they had higher concentiations of glucose, insulin and catecholamines. There was no obvious hormonal explanation for the observed differences in body composition or growth efficiency. Correlations between indices of fat partitioning and maintenance requirement were low, suggesting no direct link between the two traits.

scholarly journals Oscillating and static dietary crude protein supply: II. Energy and protein requirements of young Nellore bulls

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1216-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Clara B Menezes ◽  
Sebastião C V. Filho ◽  
Pauliane Pucetti ◽  
Marcos V C. Pacheco ◽  
Letícia A Godoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Protein Supply

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate whole body chemical composition and energy and protein nutrient requirements for maintenance and gain of Nellore bulls. Fifty young bulls, with an average age of 7 ± 1 mo and initial body weight (BW) of 260.0 ± 8.1 kg, were used in this experiment. Four bulls were used as baseline reference animals and were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment. Four bulls were fed at maintenance (12 g dry matter [DM]/kg of BW), whereas 42 bulls were divided into six groups (n = 7/group) and were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments 105 (low [LO]), 125 (medium [MD]), or 145 (high [HI]) g crude protein (CP)/kg DM, LO to HI (LH), LO to MD (LM), or MD to HI (MH) oscillating CP at a 48-h interval for 140 d. At the end of the experiment, bulls were slaughtered and samples of the whole body were collected. All samples were lyophilized, ground, and composed as percentage of component of empty body weight (EBW) from each bull. A power model was used to estimate carcass, non-carcass components, and gastrointestinal content of the shrunk body weight (SBW), and CP and water present in the empty body, whereas an exponential model was used to estimate adipose tissue and ether extract (EE) present in the EBW. Nonlinear regression equations were developed to predict heat production from metabolizable energy (ME) intake and retained energy (RE). The net energy requirements for maintenance and ME for maintenance were 77 and 122.75 kcal/EBW0.75/d, respectively. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance was 62.7%. The equation obtained for net energy for gain (NEg) was: NEg (Mcal/EBW0.75/d) = 0.0535 × EBW0.75 × EBG0.7131, where EBG is the empty body gain, and the efficiency was 24.25%. Net protein requirement for growth (NPg) was: NPg (g/d) = 227.372 × EBG – 19.479 × RE. There was a linear increase for carcass, CP, and water present in the EBW as the animal grew. The EE deposition exponentially increased as EBW increased.

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