Mortality among twin and single lambs

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Purser ◽  
G. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Very High

The effects of maternal age and birth weight on survival of twin lambs has been studied in a Blackface and a Welsh Mountain flock. The time of death was also investigated for both singles and twins.Twin mortality was higher than mortality of singles, mainly due to the lower average birth weight of twins. Twin mortality declined with increasing birth weight although it showed a tendency to increase at the top of the scale. Weight for weight, mortality was similar for singles and twins. Twin mortality declined with increasing age of ewe in a very similar pattern to single mortality.Lamb mortality was heavy at birth and during the first 14 days of life with only 30% of the mortality occurring after this age. Approximately 12% of the dead lambs were stillborn. Among singles a similar proportion died as a result of difficult births, but this cause of mortality was rare in twins.Stillbirth mortality rates were very high for very small birth weights and declined with increasing weight of lamb. Difficult births, on the other hand, increased with increasing birth weight. The association of birth weight with mortality was particularly important in the first 14 days of life but thereafter its significance was less.Although mortality in lambs of younger ewes was heavier than that of older ewes, similar causes of death operated. Younger ewes, however, having lower birth weights tended to have more stillbirths but few losses due to difficult lambings.

scholarly journals Maternal age and parity associated with low birth weight infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan Afifah ◽  
Ninuk Dwi Ariningtyas ◽  
Gina Noor Djalilah ◽  
Muhammad Anas
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Infant Morbidity ◽  
Very High

Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) infants indicate infant morbidity and infant mortality rates. In Indonesia, the infant mortality rate is still very high, with 32 deaths per 1 000 live births. The purpose of this study is to prove a relationship between maternal age and parity with LBW infants.

Lamb survival in two hill flocks

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Purser ◽  
G. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lamb Survival

The effects of birth weight, maternal age and parity on survival of single lambs have been studied in a Blackface and a Welsh Mountain flock.In both flocks the maximum survival rate was found to occur among lambs with birth weights just above the mean. Mortality increased as lambs' birth weight increased or decreased from the optimum, but was especially heavy at the lower extreme of the range of birth weights.Mortality decreased with age of dam to 14·3% for lambs from 4- to 6-year-old Blackface ewes and to 9·4% for lambs of 3- to 4-year-old Welsh ewes. Ewes having their first lambs gave mortality rates twice as great as for the mature ewes in the same flocks. The lower chances of survival of first born lambs irrespective of dam's age accounts for the apparent trend of mortality with maternal age in the Blackface.Changes in mortality rates associated with variation in lamb's birth weight and with the age structure of the ewe flock were estimated. Possible means of improvement of survival rate are discussed.

Very High Birth Weight of Offspring Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Leukemia in Their Mothers; Results of a Population-Based Cohort Study.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 4677-4677
Author(s):  
Ora Paltiel ◽  
Rebecca Yanetz ◽  
Ronit Calderon ◽  
Orly Manor ◽  
Susan Harlap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Childhood Leukemia ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Multivariate Adjustment ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract High birth weight (HBW) is related to maternal diabetes, height, BMI and weight gain during pregnancy. Many previous studies have shown an association between HBW and childhood leukemia. Postulated mechanisms have included exposure to growth factors involved in somatic growth and leukemogenesis (e.g. IGF-1), common genetic mechanisms or higher cell number in larger individuals providing increased opportunity for genetic errors. It is not known to what extent the association is due to heritable factors, intra-uterine factors or both. To our knowledge, the association between offspring’s birth weight and leukemia risk in the parents has not been addressed. Methods: We utilized data from the Jerusalem Perinatal Study, a population-based research cohort including all births in West Jerusalem between 1964 and 1976. The database contains information on birth characteristics of the newborns, obstetric complications and birth outcomes as well as demographic data on the parents. After excluding the parents of twins and offspring with congenital malformations, we linked 39,336 mothers and 38,031 fathers of live-born infants through their unique identification numbers to the Israel Cancer Registry. We examined the association between leukemia and the average birth weight of all offspring of the same mother or father, as a categorical and continuous variable, as well as the effect of having at least one offspring weighing ≥4500 gm. Fewer than 2% of parents had offspring weighing 4500 gm or more. Results: Leukemias developed in 57 mothers and 132 fathers. Controlling for maternal age, having at least 1 child weighing ≥4500 gm at birth was associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of leukemia (hazard ratio -HR 3.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–10.91, p=0.04), compared to having no children at the extremes of birth weight. This result was unchanged after multivariate adjustment. Furthermore having an average birth weight among all offspring of ≥4500 gm increased the risk of leukemia in mothers more than 8 fold (HR 8.3, 95% CI: 2.5–27.7, p=0.0006), after controlling for maternal age and diabetes, compared to an average birth weight of 2500–3999 gm. This result was strengthened after further multivariate adjustment for family size and socioeconomic status (HR 8.99, 95%CI: 2.8–29.27, p=0.001). In a subgroup for which these data were available (∼13,000 mothers), results were unchanged after adjusting for maternal height. Birth weight assessed as a continuous variable was not related to mother’s leukemia. Specific subgroups of leukemia in the mother which were associated with HBW were CLL (HR 11.04, p=0.002) and CML (7.84, p=0.05) but these analyses were severely limited by small numbers. There was no association between HBW and father’s risk of leukemia. Conclusions: HBW is associated with leukemia not only in infants and children, but appears to confer an increased risk among their mothers. Whether this is due to a common exposure (eg pelvic irradiation), shared genes, or epigenetic phenomena bears exploring, after confirmation of these results in other cohorts.

scholarly journals Trend analysis of mortality rates and causes of death in children under 5 years old in Beijing, China from 1992 to 2015 and forecast of mortality into the future: an entire population-based epidemiological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e015941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Cao ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yichen Li ◽  
Dongyang Li ◽  
Jin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Beijing China

ObjectivesTo analyse trends in mortality and causes of death among children aged under 5 years in Beijing, China between 1992 and 2015 and to forecast under-5 mortality rates (U5MRs) for the period 2016–2020.MethodsAn entire population-based epidemiological study was conducted. Data collection was based on the Child Death Reporting Card of the Beijing Under-5 Mortality Rate Surveillance Network. Trends in mortality and leading causes of death were analysed using the χ2test and SPSS 19.0 software. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was fitted to forecast U5MRs between 2016 and 2020 using the EViews 8.0 software.ResultsMortality in neonates, infants and children aged under 5 years decreased by 84.06%, 80.04% and 80.17% from 1992 to 2015, respectively. However, the U5MR increased by 7.20% from 2013 to 2015. Birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, preterm/low birth weight and other congenital abnormalities comprised the top five causes of death. The greatest, most rapid reduction was that of pneumonia by 92.26%, with an annual average rate of reduction of 10.53%. The distribution of causes of death differed among children of different ages. Accidental asphyxia and sepsis were among the top five causes of death in children aged 28 days to 1 year and accident was among the top five causes in children aged 1–4 years. The U5MRs in Beijing are projected to be 2.88‰, 2.87‰, 2.90‰, 2.97‰ and 3.09‰ for the period 2016–2020, based on the predictive model.ConclusionBeijing has made considerable progress in reducing U5MRs from 1992 to 2015. However, U5MRs could show a slight upward trend from 2016 to 2020. Future considerations for child healthcare include the management of birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, preterm/low birth weight and other congenital abnormalities. Specific preventative measures should be implemented for children of various age groups.

scholarly journals Deadly injuries through recoilless anti-tank weapons while military shooting practice—two case studies from Germany and Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 2199-2204
Author(s):  
Katharina Jellinghaus ◽  
Charlotte Scherer ◽  
Edouard Stauffer ◽  
Petra Urban ◽  
Michael Bohnert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Jet ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
First Case ◽  
Wound Morphology ◽  
Very High ◽  
Case Versus

Abstract In this casuistry, two accidents from Germany and Switzerland are presented that happened during the shot of recoilless anti-tank weapons. In both cases, the injuries led to the death of two soldiers: A 22-year-old soldier in Germany was struck by the counter mass of a so-called Davis gun which had been fired by a comrade during a firing exercise; he died from his severe injuries, especially in the abdominal part of the body. As a peculiarity of the wound morphology, it was found to be a thick-layered, metallic, gray material in the wound cavity, which corresponded to the material of the counter mass that was ejected opposite to the shooting direction. The other case took place in Switzerland, where a 24-year-old soldier was seriously injured during an exercise with portable anti-tank rockets. At the time the shot was fired, he stood behind the launcher and was hit by the propulsion jet of the rocket motor. He died as well from his severe injuries, which were located at the chest done by the gas jet and by the very high pressure. In both cases, two different causes of death were present: massive blunt violence in the first case versus a jet of hot gases of very high speed and temperature in the second case.

scholarly journals Trends in Infant mortality rate and mortality for neonates born at less than 32 weeks and with very low birth weight

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Mauricio Barría-Pailaquilén ◽  
Yessy Mendoza-Maldonado ◽  
Yohana Urrutia-Toro ◽  
Cristian Castro-Mora ◽  
Gema Santander-Manríquez
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Year 2000

The aim of the study was to assess the trend of the infant mortality rate between 1990-2004 and the neonatal mortality between 2000-2005 in infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestational age or with very low birth-weight. Based on secondary data, infant mortality rate and by its component for Valdivia city were compared with national indicators. Mortality at <32 weeks and <1500g was calculated, establishing causes of death and evaluating its relation with specific interventions, such as the use of surfactant and antenatal corticoids. Since the year 2000, infant mortality rates have stopped their decrease in comparison to the preceding decade and the gap between national and local rates before 2000 was drastically reduced. Mortality at <32 weeks and <1500g varied between 88‰ and 200‰ of liveborns, emphasizing respiratory distress as the main cause of death. The use of corticoids and surfactant was in line with reductions in mortality rates.

scholarly journals The Correlation Of Mid-Upper Arm Circumference With Birth Weight Based In Puskesmas Kecamatan Cipondoh Tangerang January-December 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
Dwi Mursita Sari ◽  
Sugeng Wiyono
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Maternal Height ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Risk Parity ◽  
Not At Risk

Birth weight is a predictor for the infant's ability to survive, grow, and evolve, even as a predictor of health status in the next life cycle. In 2012, in the city of Tangerang number of low birth weight increased from 436 cases to 647 cases. This research was conducted in Puskesmas Kecamatan Cipondoh on January 24, June 20 and 23 June 2014. The design of this research used a retrospective design with a sample of 140 people. Average birth weight 2867.14 ± 373.674 gram, the size of the mother MUAC 25.46 ± 3.333 cm, weight gain during pregnancy of 9.67 ± 3.483 kg, maternal height 153.9 ± 5.894 cm, and maternal age 28,28 ± 6.226 years. Pregnant mother who have a risk parity of 42 people (30%) and 98 people are not at risk (70%), pregnant women who have completed primary school education 20 (14.3%), graduated SMP/MTS 42 people (30%), graduated SMA/MA 70 people (50%), and graduated from PT 8 people (5.7%), pregnant women who worked 20 persons (14.3%) and didn’t work 120 people (85.7%). Based on statistical tests, there is a relationship between birth weight based MUAC mother, mother body weight gain, and maternal height. However, there was no relationship with maternal age and there was no difference in birth weight by maternal parity. Pregnant women should consume nutritious foods in accordance with their needs well before and during pregnancy.

Demographic Characteristics of Multiple Births in Hungary

1971 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Czeizel ◽  
George Acsádi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Demographic Survey ◽  
Male Preponderance ◽  
Over 40 Years

SummaryIn Hungary the frequency of multiple births has been decreasing. In 1920 the rate of multiple births was 23-5‰; by 1968 this rate decreased to 18.2‰, i.e., only 77% of the 1920 data. The male preponderance in twin births is lower than in single births, and in triplets actually a female excess can be observed. Furthermore, it can be observed that there are more boys than girls among the first-born of multiple births. The average birth weight of liveborn and stillborn twins, and of liveborn triplets is 2101 g, 1458 g, and 1723 g respectively. The ratio of MZ to DZ twins is about 30:70 in 1968. The frequency of DZ twin births increases with maternal age (the peak is now over 40 years) and birth order. According to the 1959, i960, and 1968 figures, both DZ and MZ twin births were significantly more frequent in mothers aged 16 or less than in mothers aged 17-19 years.This demographic survey belonged to preparatory works connected with the setting up of the Budapest Twin Register which came into force on January 1st, 1970.

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Mechanism for Effectiveness of Plasmapheresis

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Kelton ◽  
P. B. Neame ◽  
I. Walker ◽  
A. G. Turpie ◽  
J. McBride ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Antiplatelet Antibody ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Normal Platelet ◽  
Very High

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but serious illness of unknown etiology. Treatment by plasmapheresis has been reported to be effective but the mechanism for benefit is unknown. We have investigated the effect of plasmapheresis in 2 patients with TTP by quantitating platelet associated IgG (PAIgG) levels prior to and following plasmapheresis. Both patients had very high levels of PAIgG at presentation (90 and A8 fg IgG/platelet respectively, normal 0-5). in both, the PAIgG levels progressively fell to within the normal range and the platelet count rose following plasmapheresis. One patient remained in remission with normal platelet counts and PAIgG levels. The other relapsed after plasmapheresis and the PAIgG level rose prior to the fall in platelet count. Plasmapheresis was repeated and resulted in normalization of both the platelet count and PAIgG level. It is suggested that plasmapheresis removes antiplatelet antibody or immune complexes which may be of etiological importance in this illness.

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