The optimum level of protein in the supplement for dairy cows with access to grass silage

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
C. H. McMurray
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Grass Silage

ABSTRACTGrass silage with a dry-matter content of 19·4% and containing 16·7% crude protein was offered ad libitum to 42 first lactation British Friesian cows during the first 75 days post-calving. In addition the animals received supplementary concentrates containing either 10·3, 13·6, 17·3, 21·1, 25·2 or 30·3% crude protein on a fresh weight basis, with extracted soya bean meal being used as the main protein source. All concentrates were offered at an equal level of 8·0 kg per day. The relationship between milk yield and protein content of the supplement was curvilinear and was described by the following equation:Y= 8·95+ 1·0×–0·0205×where Y = milk yield per day in kg, and × = percentage protein in the supplement. This equation indicated that maximum milk yield was obtained with a concentrate containing 24·4 % protein on a fresh weight basis. The protein content of the milk was also curvilinearly affected by the level of protein in the supplement, and it was calculated that maximum milk protein (nitrogen × 6·38) would be obtained with a supplement containing 23·9% protein. Plasma blood urea levels increased linearly with increasing protein intake. The effects on live-weight change and blood components were also recorded.

Distribution of amylase and chymotrypsin in four regions of the rat pancreas

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 884-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien R. Beaudoin ◽  
Pierre St-Jean ◽  
Ginette Girard
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Acinar Cell ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Rat Pancreas

Recent observations have confirmed the existence of more than one pool of secretory proteins in the rat pancreatic tissue. To determine if these different pools could be located in the different regions of the rat pancreas, the amylase and chymotrypsin contents have been measured in the biliary, duodenal, gastric, and splenic regions. On a tissue DNA content, protein content, or a fresh weight basis, the proportions of these two enzymes are comparable in the four regions. It is therefore postulated that heterogeneity of enzyme composition exists either within these regions or within the acinar cell itself.

DIGESTION OF CORN AND ALFALFA SILAGES IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE OF SHEEP PREPARED WITH TWO RE-ENTRANT CANNULAS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Four wethers, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were used to study digestion of corn and alfalfa silages. The four silages fed were (1) corn silage (2) corn silage with 0.6% urea (fresh weight basis) added at the time of ensiling (3) direct-cut alfalfa silage treated with formic acid (5 g/kg fresh alfalfa) and (4) wilted alfalfa silage. Urea additions to corn silage increased crude protein from 8.1 to 13.2% which resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in microbial yield from 1.99 to 3.23 g N/100 g organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. The apparent digestion of OM in the stomach was lower (P < 0.05) with formic-acid-treated alfalfa silage (48.6%) compared to the wilted alfalfa silage (56.1%), but this difference had disappeared at the ileum. The preservation of alfalfa silage with formic acid compared to wilting resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) flow from the stomach and digestion within the small intestine of non-ammonia nitrogen. This effect of formic acid on non-ammonia dynamics was unrelated to microbial yield.

The effect of protein content of the supplement on the response to level of supplementation with dairy cattle offered grass silage ad libitum

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels

Previous studies at this Institute have shown that there is an interaction between level of supplementary feeding and protein content in the supplement. For example, a given milk yield can be obtained by offering supplements of high crude protein content at much lower levels than would be required with conventional supplements. Furthermore, this approach enables a greater reliance on the forage component of the diet, particularly where high quality grass silage is available. The objective of the present large scale study was to determine milk production responses to supplements of differing protein content, given with high quality grass silage, and to examine effects on ration digestibility.The experiment was carried out over a two year period, with a total of 168 autumn-calving British Friesian dairy cows. Supplements containing either 100, 220, 340 or 460 g crude protein (CP)/kg fresh weight were offered from day 14 of lactation. Each supplement was offered at four levels, with 9 animals per treatment.

The effect of concentrate-to-forage ratio on the milk-yield response to supplementary protein

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Four Levels

AbstractTwenty-four British Friesian dairy cattle in their first lactation were used in a change-over design experiment with four periods, each of 4 weeks duration. The aim of the experiment was to examine the effects of varying both concentrate crude-protein concentration and the proportions of concentrates and grass silage in the diet on milk yield and composition. Twelve treatments were examined in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. Concentrates containing four levels of crude protein (CP), ranging from 120 to 206 g/kg fresh weight were offered in diets containing either 400, 500 or 600 g concentrates per kg dry-matter (DM) intake. The grass silage offered as the basal forage had a DM concentration of 214 g/kg and a digestible organic matter concentration of 682 g/kg DM.Milk yields (kg/day) for cows offered diets containing 400, 500 and 600 g concentrates per kg DM were 17·2, 18·1 and 18·3 respectively; and 17·4, 17·6, 18·0 and 18·4 for cows offered diets with concentrates containing 120, 147, 176 and 206 g CP per kg fresh weight respectively (pooled s.e. 0·13). Increasing either the proportion of concentrates in the diet or the CP concentration of the concentrates did not significantly affect milk fat concentration, but did increase milk protein concentration.There was a trend towards a greater milk-yield response to protein supplementation with low- rather than high-concentrate diets, although it appears that this trend may only be apparent in situations where total food intake is restricted.

The Effect of Protein Content of the Supplement on Milk Production of Dairy Cattle offered Low and High Digestibility Grass Silage Ad Libitum

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 40-40
Author(s):  
C S Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum

Previous studies at this Institute have shown a marked interaction between level of supplementary feeding and protein content in the supplement with dairy cows offered high quality grass silage-based diets. For example, a given milk yield or yield of milk constituents can be obtained by offering supplements of high crude protein (CP) content, eg 340 g CP/kg fresh weight, at much lower levels than would be required with conventional supplements with a CP content of 180 g/kg fresh weight. The aim of the present study was to quantify if. the interrelationships established with high digestibility silages also applied with lower digestibility silage.The experiment was carried out with 60 autumn-calving British Friesian dairy cows. Twenty eight animals were offered early cut silage (E), harvested between 17-19 May, with the remaining thirty two animals offered late cut silage (L) harvested between 2-12 June. Both E and L silages were produced from the same swards and in both cases grass was direct harvested and treated with an inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum, at the rate of 3.0 litres/t fresh herbage.

scholarly journals Nutritive Constituents of Onion Grown from Sets as Affected by Water Supply

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1543-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Ombódi ◽  
Noémi Koczka ◽  
Andrea Lugasi ◽  
Hussein Gehad Daood ◽  
Mária Berki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Bulb Yield

A 3-year experiment was conducted in central Hungary comparing the effect of an irrigation treatment on content and yield of dry matter, storage carbohydrates, vitamin C, total flavonols, and total polyphenols of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown from sets. Rain-fed plots were set as controls. Conditions during the first 40 days of the growing season had a decisive effect on yield and bulb size; warmer and dryer weather during this period resulted in lower yield. Colder and wetter weather conditions resulted in higher bulb yield, but also decreased accumulation of secondary metabolites. Dry matter content values ranged between 12% and 14% and were not influenced by the water supply. Storage carbohydrate-to-dry matter ratio was not changed by the water supply. Total flavonol contents (sum of the concentrations of nine individual flavonols) varied between 430 and 753 mg·kg−1 on a fresh weight basis. Total polyphenol values ranged between 607 and 1029 mg·kg−1 on a fresh weight basis. A statistically significant correlation was found between flavonol content and polyphenol content for the rain-fed treatment, but this was not the case for the irrigation treatment. Irrigation significantly increased total flavonol and total polyphenol concentrations during the dry years. Irrigation significantly increased the bulb yield by 33% to 160%, depending on the year. Consequently, by applying irrigation, yields of nutritive compounds became 1.5 to two times higher.

Yield Performance of Calocybe indica on Different Agricultural Subatrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Pinkal Patel ◽  
Ratna Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Calocybe Indica

The Milky mushroom, Calocybe Indica was cultivated on different agricultural substrate, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane trace and mango dry leaves. The spawning was done by sterilization of all the four substrate. The bags were kept in mushroom growing room with the maintenance of temperature and humidity 30̊ c-35̊ c and 70-80 % respectively. The minimum days requires for completion of spawn run (18.4 days), primordial formation (25.2 days) and days for first harvest (32.4 days) was first observed on cultivation with Paddy straw.  The maximum yield on fresh weight basis and biological efficiency (134.86 %) was also found to be as the same treatment with the Paddy straw as a substrate. The biological efficiency of wheat straw was at par with Sugarcane trace as substrate which was 85.07 % and 85.02 % respectively.

Nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca. II. Diurnal changes of free amino acids, amides, and guanidino compounds in roots, buds, and leaves during the onset of dormancy of white spruce saplings

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Guanidino Compounds

In late August during the onset of dormancy in spruce, seasonal levels of soluble nitrogen, rich in arginine, were high. On a fresh weight basis, diurnal levels of total soluble nitrogen and most component amino acids in roots, buds, and leaves showed maxima, one at sunrise and another in the afternoon or near sunset.Arginine and glutamine in the different plant parts contributed 44 to 83% to the alcohol-soluble nitrogen. In buds and leaves, percentage of arginine remained high and decreased slightly at midday, whereas in roots a continual drop occurred. In all organs examined, changes in glutamine reflected the double maxima of total soluble nitrogen and were greatest in roots.On a fresh weight basis, most amino acids accumulated at sunrise and near sunset; however a few especially in leaves, increased at midday, e.g. glutamic and aspartic acid, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serine.Comparison of levels of free guanidino compounds in different organs showed remarkable out-of-phase patterns. Levels of these compounds are known from 14C-arginine studies to be closely related to the metabolism of arginine.

A comparison of preharvest and postharvest ethylene production and respiration rates of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) fruit during development

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Suzy Y Rogiers ◽  
N Richard Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Maturity Class

Changes in respiration and ethylene production rates of nine maturity classes of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt.) fruit after harvest were compared with those of fruit maturing and ripening on the plant. During ripening on the plant, ethylene production increased on a whole-fruit and fresh-weight basis, while respiration increased substantially on a whole-fruit basis but remained constant on a fresh-weight basis. Fruit harvested at the greenish yellow to pink stages (maturity classes four and five, respectively) increased their ethylene production until 15-20 h after harvest, and this was coincident with ripening to maturity class seven and thus a color change to red. Ethylene production then declined over the next 15 h. Respiration rates of harvested immature, mature, and ripe fruits declined over 5 days, except for a relatively brief 8-12% rise starting 15-20 h after harvest. This brief increase in respiration was characteristic of fruit of all maturity classes, likely reflecting a wound response associated with harvest rather than a ripening-induced change in metabolism. Continuous treatment of attached or detached fruit with propylene or ethylene in an open airflow system did not induce an increase in respiration earlier, relative to control fruit. The respiratory response of saskatoon fruit during postharvest ripening was thus very different from that of fruit that ripened on the plant. Thus, the increase in respiration associated with ripening could only be demonstrated on a whole-fruit basis if fruit remained on the plant. Preharvest and postharvest changes in ethylene production during ripening also differed but were both consistent with climacteric ripening.Key words: Amelanchier alnifolia, ethylene, ripening, saskatoon fruit.

scholarly journals Macro and Micro Elemental Analysis of Anethum Sowa L. (Dill) Stem By X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moshfekus Saleh-e-in ◽  
Abida Sultana ◽  
M Abul Hossain ◽  
Mainul Ahsan ◽  
Sudhangshu Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Micro Elements ◽  
Anethum Sowa ◽  
Proximate Analyses

Anethum sowa L. (Dill) stem portions were analyzed for its macro and micro elemental concentration by XRF spectrometry collected from different places of Bangladesh. The plants were collected when those were 35 cm in height i.e. within 40-45 days of sowing. Results of proximate analyses showed that the stem parts contained highest level of moisture (93.67), ash (1.62) and dry matter (30.77%) on fresh weight basis (g/100g). The highest level of mineral contents were Ca(478.50±6.22), K(336.65±3.26), Cl(153.92±3.26), Na(114.86±1.38), S(96.65±1.76), Mg(63.96±1.15), P(49.41±0.74), Al(41.75±0.71), Fe(34.57±1.33), Si(31.03±0.18), Ni (11.98±0.22) and Ti (3.75±0.28) in mg/100g on fresh weight basis. Cu, Sr, Rb, Zn, Ba and Zr were present in small amount and Y, Cu and Mn were present in trace amount. However, the toxic elements like Co, Pb, As and Hg were not found in the present study. Presence of higher amounts of mineral contents in the stem parts could potentially be consumed as supplement as human diets or livestock feed as well as pharmaceutical preparation. Key words: Anethum sowa L., XRF spectrometry, Dill, Condiment, Macro and micro elements, Elemental composition.     doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2238   Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 483-494, 2008

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document