A note on the nutritive value of wild oats

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
A. Barranco ◽  
D. J. Morgan ◽  
B. S. Capper ◽  
L. M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Biochemical Studies

ABSTRACTThe nutritive value of wild oats has been examined in two trials with growing rats. Feed consumption was reduced with diets containing 50 % wild oats and dry-matter digestibility was lower (76 and 73 %) with two diets containing 25 and 50 % wild oats compared with diets containing 25 and 50% barley (80·2 and 81·1 %). Live-weight gain was depressed when diets contained more than 45 % wild oats and it can be predicted that growth and feed conversion ratios of mono-gastric animals fed on diets containing high levels of wild oats are liable to be affected adversely. Biochemical studies indicated that any reduction in growth rate could not be attributed readily to specific toxic effects.

The effect of dietary concentrations of digestible energy on the performance and carcass characteristics of early-weaned pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
P. D. Mullaney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

SUMMARYFifty-four pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age were allocated at an average weight of 5·4 kg to two experiments to examine the effects of diets having digestible energy (DE) concentrations ranging from 2910 to 3940 kcal/kg.In the first experiment pig growth performance and the dry-matter digestibility of the experimental diets were measured between 3 and 8 weeks of age. The composition of the carcass at 8 weeks of age was correlated with the composition of various carcass joints.In the second experiment pig growth performance was measured over the live-weight range 5-4 to 20 kg.The findings were:1. Growth rate was linearly related to DE intake.2. The optimum DE level for maximum growth was 3640 kcal/kg.3. The efficiency of utilization of DE for growth did not vary in the first experiment but was poorest at a DE concentration of 3245 kcal/kg in the second.4. The DE content of the diet had no significant effect on carcass characteristics at 8 weeks of age in the first experiment or at 20 kg live weight in the second.5. The proportion of fat and lean in the 8-week carcass was significantly (P < 0·01) correlated with that of the shoulder joint.

scholarly journals Utilization of coconut meal based diets supplemented with lysine by broiler chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
F. A. S. Dairo ◽  
B. K. Ogunmodede
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Coconut Meal

Coconut meal (CM) was included in a broiler diet to supply 40% of the total groundnut cake protein. The diet was formulated based on the recommendations of a previous study that coconut meal protein can replace 40% of groundnut cake (GNC) in broilers diet. A control diet was formulated containing 22% GNC, the protein of which was replaced by coconut meal protein. Five diets were prepared . The control (Diet A) and 4 others that contained essentially the same proximate composition (Diets B-E) were supplemented with synthetic lysine at 0.30, 0,60, 0.90 and 1.20% dietary levels. 240 broiler chicks were alotted into 5 dietary treatment groups of 3 sub-groupa. Each sub-group contained 16 birds. The dietary lysine content from diets A-E were 1.20, 1.15, 1.45, 1.76 and 2.00% respectively and were fed to the broilers for a period of 56 days. Performance indices, average feed consumption, average body gain, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) were monitored. The dry matter, protein and ether extractretentions were all equally monitored twice at the 4th and 8th week. Haematological and enzyme assays were investigated  at 4th and 8th week. The average feed consumption and FCR were significantly increased (P<0.05) by the increasing level of lysine supplementation both at the 4th and 8th week. The body gain also decreased significantly (P<0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while the live weight was significantly (P<0.05) better in the control and 0.6% lysine supplementation at the 56th day of the study. The dry matter, nitrogen and other extract retentions significantly decreased (P<0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The total protein and albumin decreased significantly (P<0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while, creatinine and urea increased with increasing level of lysine supplementation. The serum glutamate amino transaminase and alanine amino transaminase both increased significantly (P<0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The study indicated that 0.6% lysine supplementation (of diet containing coconut meal contributing 40% protein of the major vegetable protein source) enhance the utilization of the coconut meal by broilers.

The nutritive value of cooked potato in liquid and creep diets for early-weaned calves

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
Alison M. Armishaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Potato Flour ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Potato Flake ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARY1. In three experiments, 112 7-day-old British Friesian male calves were used in performance and digestibility trials to evaluate dried cooked potato in liquid and creep diets.2. A 15% depression in growth rate for each 10% inclusion of cooked potato flour in liquid diets was recorded from 4 to 21 days and the faeces of potato-fed calves also tended to be less solid. Over the whole feeding period, liquid diets containing up to 20% potato did not significantly depress performance to weaning at 35 days.3. Only when a liquid diet containing potato starch was introduced prior to 4 weeks of age was daily live-weight gain markedly depressed.4. Incorporating potato starch in milk diets did not influence creep intake.5. Calves offered a creep diet containing 40% cooked potato flake ate less, but grew faster than calves given a diet containing 40% flakedmaize. At constant intakes of creep, daily gains were 14 to 18% greater on the diet containing potato flake.6. The apparent digestibility of gross energy and nitrogen was 0·67 and 0·66 for the flaked maize creep and 0·71 and 0·69 for the potato creep. Digestible energy and digestible nitrogen values were 12·7 MJ and 18·2 g/kg dry matter for the maize diet and 13·0 MJ and 19·0 g/kg dry matter for the flaked potato diet.7. The incidence of bloat was higher for calves fed on potato than for those fed on maize.

scholarly journals Nutrient intake, digestibility and growth rate of rabbits fed varying levels of cassava leaf meal

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
T. A. Adegbola ◽  
J. C. Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Feed Cost

Forty young rabbits were fed on five diets varying in cassava leaf meal (CLM) levels from 0% to 60%. Dry matter and nutrient intake and digestibility, weight gain and economics of CLM inclusion were determined. The DMI (g/d) ranged from 44.24 (60% CLM) to 66.85 (15% CLM); daily live weight gain (LWG, g/d) from 8.43 (60% CLM) to 21.36 (15% CLM); feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 3.13 (15% CLM) 10 5.27 (45% CLM). Differences between treatments in these production criteria were significant (P<0.01). Water consumption (l/kg) increased with inc levels of CLM inclusion (P<0.05). The digestibility of dry matter (DMD) and other nutrients decreased with increasing level of CLM inclusion (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed that diet 1 (0% CLM) was the least economical. Feed cost (N/kg gain) was similar for diets 2 to 5 (P>0.05). It may be concluded that CLM included at between 15 to 30% of the diet is adequate for growing rabbits. 

Utilization of proteins from milk and raw or acid-treated Toprina yeast by newly born ruminant lambs and growing rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-389
Author(s):  
H. S. Soliman ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
N. T. Davies ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Yeast Protein ◽  
Growing Rats

SUMMARYFour experiments were carried out to study the possibility of replacing milk proteins for lambs with Toprina yeast (G) grown on hydrocarbons. In Expt 1 the effect of replacing all the milk protein with Toprina was studied in the presence of milk fat or a mixture of lard and coconut fat. In Expt 2 the maximum level of Toprina yeast that could be used was studied. In Expt 3 the effect of treatment of the yeast with acid on the digestion of Toprina proteins in the small intestine of pre-ruminant lambs (fitted with re-entrant cannulae in the terminal ileum) was examined. In Expt 4 the effect of the supplementation of acid-treated yeasts with tryptophane and methionine was studied using growing rats.The results of Expt 1 showed that lambs given milk diets grew faster (145 v. 80g/day) and converted feed more efficiently than those given Toprina yeast. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen of skim milk was higher (93%) than that of Toprina yeast (84%). The poorest results were obtained from lambs given lard and coconut as the source of fat and Toprina yeast as the source of protein. In Expt 2 it was found that progressively replacing the casein protein by yeast protein (0, 33, 67 and 100%) resulted in a linear reduction in daily live-weight gain, feed conversion and nutrient digestibility, but at 33% replacement of milk protein any effect on lamb performance appeared to be small. In Expt 3 the flow rates of dry matter, nitrogen and its fractions (soluble and insoluble in water) and fats were highest with the raw yeast, intermediate with acid-treated yeasts and lowest with skim milk. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen up to the ileal cannula was 67, 77 and 88% for raw yeast, acid-treated yeast and skim milk respectively.In Expt 4, raw yeast supplemented with methionine was found to be as good a protein source as casein for growing rats. The supplementation of acid-treated yeasts with tryptophane did not improve rat performance, but supplementation with methionine increased growth rate and improved efficiency of feed and protein utilization. Acid hydrolysis of yeast also improved its nutritive value, but the full improvement was only obtained when the diet was supplemented with methionine.It is concluded that yeast protein can provide only about one third of the protein in milk replacers for lambs; prehydrolysis of the yeast may help to increase this proportion without reduction in animal performance.

The early weaning of pigs VII. The effect of level and source of protein in the diet of pigs weaned at 10 lb. live weight on subsequent performance and carcass quality

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
And Performance

1. Dry-meal diets based on whitefish meal or soyabean oil meal, balanced in respect of minerals, and containing 28, 23 or 18% crude protein were given to pigs from 10 to 25 lb., and similar diets containing 18% crude protein were given from 25 to 40 lb. From 40 to 100 lb. and from 100 lb. to bacon weight all pigs were given the same diets with 16% crude protein and 14% crude protein, respectively.2. From 10 to 25 lb. live weight the results showed that:(a) With diets based on whitefish meal there was an improvement in growth rate of 11% (P < 0·05) and an improvement in feed conversion efficiency of 14% (P < 0·001) when the level of crude protein was increased from 18% to 23%. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were not improved further by increasing the level of crude protein from 23 to 28%.(b) With diets based on soyabean oil meal, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate were not improved by increasing the protein in the diet from 18 to 23%, and performance was similar to that on the 18% protein diet based on whitefish meal. Pigs fed on the soyabean diet containing 28% protein were unthrifty and grew very slowly; some showed gastric ulceration.(c) Consumption of the diets containing 18% crude protein was 8% higher (P < 0·05) than consumption of the other diets.(d) Apparent digestibility of the dry matter of the diets, as measured by the chromic oxide marker method, rose as the pigs grew older, and apparent digestibility of the dry matter and crude protein of the diets based on soyabean oil meal was consistently lower than when whitefish meal was the main supplementary source of protein.

scholarly journals Response of young Bali bulls given Gliricidia and Cassava leaves in rations as a substitute for grass in Bangka Belitung

2021 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 05009
Author(s):  
Zikril Hidayat ◽  
Nuraini ◽  
Rubiyo ◽  
Mariyono
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cassava Leaves

Gliricidia (Gamal) is a high protein forage source. Gamal contains 24-25% crude protein. In Bangka Belitung Islands, Gamal is deliberately cultivated as a climbing pole and shade for pepper plants. Usually, Gamal shoots are trimmed once every three months, the leaves can be used as feed. Apart from Gamal, Cassava leaves are also a nutritious feed ingredient. Cassava leaves contain 23.04% crude protein, 24.86% dry matter, and 64.87% dry matter digestibility. This study aims to determine feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of young Bali bulls into small farmers. This research was conducted in Simpang Perlang Village, Central Bangka Regency from June to October 2016. The sample used was 24 young Bali bulls aged 1-3 years with an average live weight of 186.3 kg, which were grouped into 4 (four) feed treatments and 2 (two) age groups, namely 1-2 years and 2-3 years, where each was given 3 (three) replications. Data was analyzed using a completely randomized design and the DMRT test. The results showed that the feed factor and age factor significantly (P < 0.05) had an effect on feed consumption, body weight gain, and FCR.

The nutritive value of separated milk for pigs: II. The effects of different amounts on performance to 90 kg live weight

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Chamberlain ◽  
B. C. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Milk Solids

SUMMARYEach of seven diets containing different proportions of separated milk and barley meal, supplemented with minerals and vitamins, was given to five groups of four pigs. The ratios of barley to milk solids were such that the crude protein of the dry matter given to pigs of 20 to 40 kg live weight ranged from approximately 15 to 21%. Within each treatment, the proportion of milk was gradually adjusted so that the crude protein level was reduced by 3% over the live-weight range 40 to 91 kg. Daily energy allowances of all pigs were governed by the same scale.The total dry matter consumed by the pigs had mean total lysine levels of from 0·52 to 1·18% (approximately 0·1% lysine between successive treatments).Pigs on the lowest level of milk grew more slowly and had poorer feed conversion than other animals.Percentage dissectable lean in the trimmed side was highly correlated with lysine level. Within the range studied, each 0·1% increase in lysine increased lean by 0·69% and caused decreases in fat thickness. The performance of the milk-fed pigs was compared to controls given a standard all-meal diet.Nitrogen metabolism trials were carried out on the milk diets. Beneficial responses in terms of nitrogen retention were found up to the highest level of milk given to pigs between 16 and 90 kg live weight.

The nutritive value of separated milk for pigs. I. A comparison of two diets containing separated milk with a standard all-meal diet

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Chamberlain ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

One hundred and forty-four Large White weaner pigs were used in each of two experiments to investigate the nutritive value of liquid separated milk. Two experimental diets, one based on separated milk and barley meal, the other on separated milk, soya bean meal and barley meal were compared with control meals of the type used in the Pig Industry Development Authority's progeny testing stations. The amounts of milk in the experimental diets were adjusted so that the lysine concentrations in the dietary dry matter were similar to those of the control meals. All diets were given according to a restricted scale relating daily dry matter allowance to live weight, to a scale relating digestible energy allowance to live weight and to ‘appetite’. In the first experiment, pigs were slaughtered at 200 lb live weight, in the second at 260 lb live weight.Pigs given the separated milk and barley meal diet performed similarly to those given the control meals; those given the separated milk, soya bean meal and barley meal diet had better feed conversion efficiencies than control pigs, particularly over the range 200 to 260 lb live weight. Pigs given diets containing milk had higher killing-out percentages and shorter carcasses than those given the control meals. Diet had no statistically significant effect on the percentages of fat and lean in the sides.The effects of plane of nutrition were demonstrated by the faster rate of gain and poorer carcass quality of pigs fed to ‘appetite’.It was concluded that the nutritive value of separated milk is explained by its high energy and lysine content. There was no evidence of any unknown beneficial factor in it.

Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Feed Conversion

1. The effects of adding increasing supplements of urea to mainly barley diets for early-weaned lambs were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment the passage of nutrients along the alimentary tract was studied by taking samples of abomasal, ileal and rectal contents and using a marker technique. In the second experiment, feed consumption and rate of gain were recorded over the growth period up to 40 kg live weight, and nitrogen balances were carried out. In the second experiment a barley-fish meal diet was also included.2. The fermentation of organic matter in the rumen increased with the amount of urea in the diet and levelled off when the diet contained about 12% crude protein.3. Urea supplementation had significant effects in increasing N retention and rate of live-weight gain and in decreasing feed conversion ratio, but supplementation beyond about 12% crude protein in dry matter had no further effect on these measurements. In each instance results with the barley–fish meal diet were better than the results with any of the barley-urea diets.4. From the concentrations of diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) in abomasal fluid it was estimated that microbial protein was produced in the rumen at a rate of 15.6% g/100 g organic matter fermented. This ratio did not appear to alter significantly with urea supplementation, but the comparison depends on the assumption that the concentration of DAPA in the bacterial protein did not itself change with urea supplementation.5. Using results from both experiments, it was calculated that the retained N on the urea-supplemented barley diets was approximately 47% of the amount of protein N absorbed in the small intestine.6. It is suggested that barley diets for early-weaned lambs can with advantage be supplemented with non-protein N to increase the crude protein in the dry matter up to about 12%. When barley diets are given with a protein supplement the addition of non-protein N is unlikely to be beneficial unless the protein supplement is given in such a way that it is not subject to degradation to yield ammonia in the rumen.

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