scholarly journals Effect of intragastric acid stability of fat emulsions on gastric emptying, plasma lipid profile and postprandial satiety

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Marciani ◽  
Richard Faulks ◽  
Martin S. J. Wickham ◽  
Debbie Bush ◽  
Barbara Pick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Fat Emulsion ◽  
Acid Stability ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Fat Emulsions ◽  
Intragastric Acid ◽  
Acid Stable

Fat is often included in common foods as an emulsion of dispersed oil droplets to enhance the organoleptic quality and stability. The intragastric acid stability of emulsified fat may impact on gastric emptying, satiety and plasma lipid absorption. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether, compared with an acid-unstable emulsion, an acid-stable fat emulsion would empty from the stomach more slowly, cause more rapid plasma lipid absorption and cause greater satiety. Eleven healthy male volunteers received on two separate occasions 500 ml of 15 % (w/w) [13C]palmitate-enriched olive oil-in-water emulsion meals which were either stable or unstable in the acid gastric environment. MRI was used to measure gastric emptying and the intragastric oil fraction of the meals. Blood sampling was used to measure plasma lipids and visual analogue scales were used to assess satiety. The acid-unstable fat emulsion broke and rapidly layered in the stomach. Gastric emptying of meal volume was slower for the acid-stable fat emulsion (P < 0·0001; two-way ANOVA). The rate of energy delivery of fat from the stomach to the duodenum was not different up to t = 110 min. The acid-stable emulsion induced increased fullness (P < 0·05), decreased hunger (P < 0·0002), decreased appetite (P < 0·0001) and increased the concentration of palmitic acid tracer in the chylomicron fraction (P < 0·04). This shows that it is possible to delay gastric emptying and increase satiety by stabilising the intragastric distribution of fat emulsions against the gastric acid environment. This could have implications for the design of novel foods.

scholarly journals Enhancement of intragastric acid stability of a fat emulsion meal delays gastric emptying and increases cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. G1607-G1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Marciani ◽  
Martin Wickham ◽  
Gulzar Singh ◽  
Debbie Bush ◽  
Barbara Pick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Fat Emulsion ◽  
Acid Stability ◽  
Gallbladder Contraction ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Gastric Lumen ◽  
Intragastric Acid ◽  
Acid Stable ◽  
Cck Release

Preprocessed fatty foods often contain calories added as a fat emulsion stabilized by emulsifiers. Emulsion stability in the acidic gastric environment can readily be manipulated by altering emulsifier chemistry. We tested the hypothesis that it would be possible to control gastric emptying, CCK release, and satiety by varying intragastric fat emulsion stability. Nine healthy volunteers received a test meal on two occasions, comprising a 500-ml 15% oil emulsion with 2.5% of one of two emulsifiers that produced emulsions that were either stable ( meal A) or unstable ( meal B) in the acid gastric environment. Gastric emptying and gallbladder volume changes were assessed by MRI. CCK plasma levels were measured and satiety scores were recorded. Meal B layered rapidly owing to fat emulsion breakdown. The gastric half-emptying time of the aqueous phase was faster for meal B (72 ± 13 min) than for meal A (171 ± 35 min, P < 0.008). Meal A released more CCK than meal B (integrated areas, respectively 1,095 ± 244 and 531 ± 111 pmol·min·l−1, P < 0.02), induced a greater gallbladder contraction ( P < 0.02), and decreased postprandial appetite ( P < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed in fullness and hunger. We conclude that acid-stable emulsions delayed gastric emptying and increased postprandial CCK levels and gallbladder contraction, whereas acid-instability led to rapid layering of fat in the gastric lumen with accelerated gastric emptying, lower CCK levels, and reduced gallbladder contraction. Manipulation of the acid stability of fat emulsion added to preprocessed foods could maximize satiety signaling and, in turn, help to reduce overconsumption of calories.

Cardioprotective Effects of Diet with Different Grains on Lipid Profiles and Antioxidative System in Obesity-Induced Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kim ◽  
H. Shin ◽  
S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Male Rats

In the present study, the nutritional quality of four grains including adlay (AD), buckwheat (BW), glutinous barley (GB), and white rice (WR) were evaluated in terms of plasma lipid parameters, gut transit time, and thickness of the aortic wall in rats. The rats were then raised for 4 weeks on the high-fat diet based on the American Institute of Nutrition-93 (AIN-93 G) diets containing 1 % cholesterol and 20 % dietary lipids. Forty male rats were divided into 4 groups and raised for 4 weeks with a diet containing one of the following grains: WR, AD, BW, or WB. The level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in liver was shown to be higher in rats by the order of those fed WR, AD, GB, and BW. This indicates that other grains decreased oxidative stress in vivo more than WR. The superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase levels in the AD, BW, and GB groups were significantly higher than those in the WR group (p < 0.05). Plasma lipid profiles differed significantly according to grain combination, and decreased aortic wall thickness was consistent with the finding of decreased plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.05) and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) in rats fed AD, BW, and GB (p < 0.001). The antioxidant and hypolipidemic capacities of grains are quite high, especially those of adlay, buckwheat, and glutinous barley. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the whole grains had a cardioprotective effect. This effect was related to several mechanisms that corresponded to lowering plasma lipids, decreasing TBARS, and increasing antioxidant activities.

scholarly journals Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lipids and Their Relationship with Plasma Lipids in Healthy Humans

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Kosuke Saito ◽  
Kotaro Hattori ◽  
Shinsuke Hidese ◽  
Daimei Sasayama ◽  
Tomoko Miyakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Lipid Profiling ◽  
Healthy Humans

Lipidomics provides an overview of lipid profiles in biological systems. Although blood is commonly used for lipid profiling, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is more suitable for exploring lipid homeostasis in brain diseases. However, whether an individual’s background affects the CSF lipid profile remains unclear, and the association between CSF and plasma lipid profiles in heathy individuals has not yet been defined. Herein, lipidomics approaches were employed to analyze CSF and plasma samples obtained from 114 healthy Japanese subjects. Results showed that the global lipid profiles differed significantly between CSF and plasma, with only 13 of 114 lipids found to be significantly correlated between the two matrices. Additionally, the CSF total protein content was the primary factor associated with CSF lipids. In the CSF, the levels of major lipids, namely, phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, and cholesterolesters, correlated with CSF total protein levels. These findings indicate that CSF lipidomics can be applied to explore changes in lipid homeostasis in patients with brain diseases.

scholarly journals Effect of Mixed Nuts on Body Weight and Composition, and Gut Microbiome (P08-054-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih Lung Woo ◽  
Dina Ben-Nissan ◽  
Zahra Ezzat-Zadeh ◽  
Jieping Yang ◽  
Lijun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Tree Nuts

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to assess the effects of mixed nut consumption on body weight and composition, and gut microbiome in obese individuals. Primary outcome was change in body weight and composition. Secondary outcomes include gut microbiome composition, inflammatory markers, and plasma lipids. Methods The reported results are from an interim analysis (n = 50) of a randomized, placebo controlled, parallel study. Total enrollment target is 154 overweight/obese subjects (BMI 27–35 kg/m2). Participants were randomly assigned to consume either 1.5oz mixed tree nuts or pretzels with equal calorie content daily for 24 weeks. The study included a 12-week weight loss phase (500 kcal per day less than total daily energy expenditure), followed by a 12-week weight maintenance phase. Body composition, fasting blood, and stool samples were collected at baseline, week 12 and 24. Body composition, and vitals were analyzed, whereas plasma lipid profile, fecal microbiome, and microbiome metabolites analysis is still pending. Results At week 12, subjects from both the pretzel (n = 15, 10 dropouts; P = 0.009) and nut group (n = 22, 3 dropouts; P = 0.038) lost significant amount of weight. The trend of weight changes did not differ between groups (P = 0.530). Subjects from both groups were able to sustain weight loss through 24 weeks (pretzel: 81.43 ± 3.85 kg at baseline vs. 79.43 ± 4.08 kg at week 24, P = 0.028; nut: 84.26 ± 3.78 kg at baseline vs. 82.38 ± 3.72 kg at week 24, P = 0.026). At week 12, fat mass in both groups was significantly decreased (pretzel: P = 0.002; nut: P = 0.012). The trend of fat changes did not differ between groups (P = 0.547). Subjects from both groups were able to sustain fat loss through 24 weeks (pretzel: 30.84 ± 1.75 kg at baseline vs. 29.25 ± 2.12 kg at week 24, P = 0.024; nut: 31.51 ± 1.56 kg vs 30.21 ± 1.81 kg at week 24, P = 0.04). Muscle mass, and blood pressure were not significantly different between both groups. Conclusions Our data suggested that tree nuts could be consumed as part of a healthy weight loss meal plan without concern of causing weight gain. Further analysis of the remaining samples is needed to confirm results. Due to higher dropouts in the pretzel group, future intention-to-treat analysis is also needed to eliminate bias. Funding Sources This study is supported by the International Tree Nut Council.

scholarly journals Myricetin Increases Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorαProtein Expression and Decreases Plasma Lipids and Adiposity in Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia Ju Chang ◽  
Thing-Fong Tzeng ◽  
Shorong-Shii Liou ◽  
Yuan-Shiun Chang ◽  
I-Min Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Sterol Regulatory Element ◽  
Lowered Body

The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity and antihyperlipidaemic effects of myricetin. Myricetin exhibited a significant concentration-dependent decrease in the intracellular accumulation of triglyceride in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats were dosed orally with myricetin or fenofibrate, once daily for eight weeks. Myricetin (300 mg kg−1per day) displayed similar characteristics to fenofibrate (100 mg kg−1per day) in reducing lowered body weight (BW) gain, visceral fat-pad weights and plasma lipid levels of HFD-fed rats. Myricetin also reduced the hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents, as well as lowered hepatic lipid droplets accumulation and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed rats. Myricetin and fenofibrate reversed the HFD-induced down-regulation of the hepatic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)α. HFD-induced decreases of the hepatic protein level of acyl-CoA oxidase and cytochrome P450 isoform 4A1 were up-regulated by myricetin and fenofibrate. The elevated expressions of hepatic sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) of HFD-fed rats were lowered by myricetin and fenofibrate. These results suggest that myricetin suppressed BW gain and body fat accumulation by increasing the fatty acid oxidation, which was likely mediated via up-regulation of PPARαand down-regulation of SREBP expressions in the liver of HFD-fed rats.

scholarly journals Systematic assessment of lipid profiles for the discovery of tissue contributors to the circulating lipid pool in cold exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghav Jain ◽  
Gina Wade ◽  
Irene Ong ◽  
Bhagirath Chaurasia ◽  
Judith Simcox
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Lipid Pool ◽  
Brown Adipose

Plasma lipid levels are altered in chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as acute stresses such as fasting and cold exposure. Advances in mass spectrometry based lipidomics have uncovered the complexity of the plasma lipidome which includes over 500 lipids that serve functional roles including energy substrate and signaling molecule. The plasma lipid pool is maintained through regulation of tissue production, secretion, and uptake. A major challenge is establishing the tissues of origin and uptake for various plasma lipids, which is necessary to determine the lipid function. Using cold exposure as an acute stress, we performed global lipidomics on the plasma and nine tissues that may contribute to the circulating pool. We found that numerous species of plasma acylcarnitines (ACars) and ceramides were significantly changed with cold exposure. Through computational assessment, we identified the liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as major contributors and consumers of circulating ACars, in agreement with our previous work. We further identified the kidney and intestine as novel contributors to the circulating ACar pool and validated these findings with gene expression analysis. Regression analysis also identified that the BAT and kidney as regulators of the plasma ceramide pool. These studies provide an adaptable computational tool to assess tissue contribution to the plasma lipid pool. Our findings have implications in understanding the function of plasma ACars and ceramides, which are elevated in metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals White opaque substance visualized by magnifying narrow-band imaging is associated with intragastric acid conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (07) ◽  
pp. E830-E837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Togo ◽  
Tetsuya Ueo ◽  
Kenshi Yao ◽  
Kurato Wada ◽  
Hideho Honda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Narrow Band Imaging ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strong Acidity ◽  
Intragastric Acid ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background and study aims The presence of white opaque substance (WOS) is an endoscopic marker of intestinal metaplasia. Considering that the nature of WOS is absorbed lipid droplets, lipase plays an important role in the lipid absorption process and is inactivated at strong acidity. WOS may only be present in a hypochlorhydria state following Helicobacter pylori infection, and, thus, may not be highly sensitive marker, especially in H. pylori-eradicated patients. We investigated the relationship between WOS and gastric acid conditions. Patients and methods A total of 501 patients were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of WOS at 2 regions of interest using magnifying narrow-band imaging. The pH level of collected gastric juice was also measured. Study end points were (1) prevalence of WOS and its relationship with gastric juice pH in 3 groups: H. pylori-uninfected, H. pylori-infected, and H. pylori-eradicated; (2) the relationship between prevalence of WOS and gastric juice pH before and after proton pump inhibitor (PPI) administration in 29 H. pylori-eradicated cases. Results Prevalence of WOS was 0 % (0 /206), 28.4 % (31/109), and 3.2 % (6/186) in the H. pylori-uninfected, H. pylori-infected, and H. pylori-eradicated groups, respectively. Mean gastric juice pH was significantly higher in WOS-positive cases than in WOS-negative cases in the H. pylori-infected and H. pylori-eradicated groups (P < 0.0001). Mean gastric juice pH increased from 1.1 to 6.9 after PPI administration and WOS prevalence increased from 0 % (0/29) to 45 % (13/29) of cases. Conclusion The prevalence of WOS is closely associated with the neutralization of intragastric pH.

Abstract P555: Plasma Lipids And The Risk For Stroke In The Reasons For Geographic And Racial Differences In Stroke Study (regards).

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Zakai ◽  
Jessica Minnier ◽  
Monika M Safford ◽  
Lisandro Colantonio ◽  
Marguerite M Irvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Stroke Incidence

Introduction: Whether plasma lipid levels are associated with stroke risk remains controversial, with even less data for American blacks versus whites. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that abnormal lipid levels are not associated with stroke incidence in either blacks or whites. Methods: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study recruited 30,283 black and white individuals aged 45+ from the contiguous U.S. between 2003 to 2007, participants with a history of stroke at baseline were excluded. Participants were followed until 2018 for stroke events following the WHO definition and confirmed by review of medical records. The association of lipid measures with stroke were assessed using Cox regression models adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors and an age-x-race interaction term. Results: With 27,714 participants (mean age 64.85± 9.43, 59.5% white and 55.4% female), over a median of 11 years of follow up, 1,415 stroke events occurred, of which 599 among blacks. After adjusting for traditional stroke risk factors, there were modest associations between higher total cholesterol and higher LDL, but not higher triglycerides, with stroke risk. There was no evidence of a race interaction. Overall, HDL levels were not associated with stroke risk. However, when stratified by race, whites had a reduced risk of stroke with higher HDL-C, whereas no association was seen among blacks (p-interaction 0.09). Conclusion: In REGARDs, there was a modest association of cholesterol measures with stroke risk. The association for HDL with stroke may be influenced by race, with a less strong association among blacks than among whites.

Effects of salmon gonadotrophin (SG-G100) on plasma lipids in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray D. Wiegand ◽  
R. E. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Ovarian Size ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Sexually Mature

Female goldfish were held under conditions of 12 °C and a 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod during three phases of the sexual cycle. A pretreatment blood sample was taken after 2 weeks of acclimation. Comparison of pretreatment levels of plasma lipids from the three experiments revealed that the concentration of triglycerides (TG) increased and total cholesterol (TC) decreased with increasing ovarian size. Plasma lipid phosphorus (LP) levels were slightly higher in sexually mature fish than in sexually regressed fish. Two weeks after the pretreatment blood sample, the fish were injected intraperitoneally with salmon gonadotrophin (SG-G100) or control solution for 3 days, after which a posttreatment blood sample was taken. In sexually maturing fish injection of SG-G100 caused increased plasma TG levels (compared with pretreatment) in fish with small ovaries, changing to decreased levels in fish with larger ovaries. A similar effect was also seen in maturing fish with plasma TC; these effects were abolished by castration or by keeping fish at 21 °C. SG-G100 had little effect on plasma LP. The results suggest that gonadotrophin causes a net mobilization of lipid in fish with small ovaries (presumably via sex steroids) and accelerated ovarian uptake of lipid in fish with larger ovaries.

scholarly journals Effects of saponins on bile acids and plasma lipids in the rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Oakenfull ◽  
Dorothy E. Fenwick ◽  
R. L. Hood ◽  
D. L. Topping ◽  
R. L. Illman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
High Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Neutral Sterols ◽  
Low Cholesterol ◽  
Bile Acid Secretion

1. The effects of feeding isolated saponins on plasma lipid concentrations and on concentrations of biliary and faecal bile acids and neutral sterols were studied in the rat.2. The animals were given one of four diets, i.e. a standard low-cholesterol synthetic diet, the diet+10 g saponins/kg, the diet+10 g cholesterol/kg, the diet+10 g cholesterol+10 g saponins/kg.3. Saponins partially reversed the hypercholesterolaemia caused by the high-cholesterol diet and increased both the rate of bile acid secretion and the faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols. The proportionate contribution of the primary bile acids (particularly chenodeoxycholic) to faecal excretion was also increased by saponins.4. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that saponins act by inducing the adsorption of bile acids by dietary fibre.

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