Ethnic Diversity, Segregation and Ethnocentric Trust in Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lea Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
African Countries ◽  
A Value ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Group

AbstractEthnic diversity is generally associated with less social capital and lower levels of trust. However, most empirical evidence for this relationship is focused on generalized trust, rather than more theoretically appropriate measures of group-based trust. This article evaluates the relationship between ethnic diversity – at the national, regional and local levels – and the degree to which coethnics are trusted more than non-coethnics, a value referred to here as the ‘coethnic trust premium’. Using public opinion data from sixteen African countries, this study finds that citizens of ethnically diverse states express, on average, more ethnocentric trust. However, within countries, regional ethnic diversity is associated with less ethnocentric trust. This same negative pattern between diversity and ethnocentric trust appears across districts and enumeration areas within Malawi. The article then shows, consistent with these patterns, that diversity is only detrimental to intergroup trust at the national level when ethnic groups are spatially segregated. These results highlight the importance of the spatial distribution of ethnic groups on intergroup relations, and question the utility of micro-level studies of interethnic interactions for understanding macro-level group dynamics.

Local Multiparty Democracy in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-116
Author(s):  
Nico Steytler
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The People ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
The Government ◽  
Winner Takes All

This chapter argues that democratic local government embeds the culture of democracy at grassroots: as the government closest to the people, it establishes a culture of responsiveness, transparency, and accountability more readily and effectively than by holding national leaders to account. Local democracy can also be used strategically when a country seeks to move from an authoritarian or military regime to democracy. Furthermore, it provides space for political inclusivity—an argument with particular relevance in ethnically diverse societies, where a winner-takes-all paradigm of competition at the national level typically results in the marginalization of geographically concentrated losers. Finally, local government allows for experimentation in different forms of inclusive politics, be they representative or participatory. However, although most African countries have adopted decentralization policies, the dividends are meagre. Local government is but feebly equipped to play a democracy-constituting role: operating in a constrained constitutional environment, central governments have generally not allowed local governments the opportunity to hold regular free and fair elections and thereby play a role in democratization. Despite these findings, there is also some evidence that on occasion local democracy has indeed played such a role and thus enhanced democratic participation.

scholarly journals Rising Ethnic Diversity in the United States Accompanies Shifts Toward an Individualistic Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062096723
Author(s):  
Alex C. Huynh ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relational Structures ◽  
Individualistic Culture ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate the relationship between ethnic diversity and the rise of individualism in the United States during the 20th and 21st centuries. Tests of the historical rates of ethnic diversity alongside individualistic relational structures (e.g., adults living alone, single-/multi-child families) from the years 1950 to 2018 reveal that societal and regional rates of ethnic diversity accompanied individualistic relational structures. These effects hold above and beyond time-series trends in each variable. Further evidence from experimental studies ( N = 707) suggests that the presence of, and contact with, ethnically diverse others contributes to greater individualistic values (e.g., the importance of uniqueness and personal achievement). Converging evidence across societal-, regional-, and individual-level analyses suggests a systematic link between ethnic diversity and individualism. We discuss the implications of these findings for sociocultural livelihood in light of the rising rates of ethnic diversity across the globe.

The Unintended Consequences of Political Mobilization on Trust

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henar Criado ◽  
Francisco Herreros ◽  
Luis Miller ◽  
Paloma Ubeda
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Trust

Conflicting theories and mixed empirical results exist on the relationship between ethnic diversity and trust. This article argues that these mixed empirical results might be driven by contextual conditions. We conjecture that political competition could strengthen ethnic saliency and, in turn, salient ethnic identities can activate or intensify in-group trust and depress trust in members of other ethnic groups. We test this conjecture using the move toward secession in Catalonia, Spain. We conduct trust experiments across ethnic lines in Catalonia before and during the secessionist process. After three years of proindependence mobilization in Catalonia, one of the ethnic groups, Spanish speakers living in Catalonia, has indeed increased its in-group trust. This result is robust after a set of individual-level variables are controlled for, but no equivalent result is found in a comparable region, the Basque Country.

scholarly journals Kecerdasan Emosional Dengan Penyesuaian Pernikahan Pada Istri yang Menikah Berbeda Suku Dengan Pasangan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 876
Author(s):  
Elvina Sihombing ◽  
Rina Rifayanti ◽  
Elda Trialisa Putri
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Program Version

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kecerdasan emosional dengan penyesuaian pernikahan pada istri yang menikah berbeda suku dengan pasangan. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 100 orang istri yang menikah berbeda suku di Kota Samarinda yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini skala penyesuaian pernikahan dan kecerdasan emosional. Kedua skala tersebut disusun dengan skala model likert dan diuji menggunakan analisis kolerasi person product moment dengan bantuan program komputer SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Science) versi 23.0 for windows. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan nilai sebesar Rhitung=0.512, Rtabel= 0.197 dan P=0.000, nilai 0.512 merupakan nilai r hitung > r tabel, dimana angka ini menunjukkan kolerasi atau hubungan yang cukup kuat antara kecerdasan emosional dengan penyesuaian pernikahan pada istri yang menikah berbeda suku dengan pasangan di Kota Samarinda. Hubungan yang terjadi antara kecerdasan emosional dengan penyesuaian pernikahan adalah hubungan yang positif.This study aims to determine the relatioship between emotional intelligance and mariage adjusment in wives who are married to diffrent ethnic groups with their partners. The subjects of this study were 100 married wives of different ethnic groups in Samarinda City who were selected using purposive sampling technique. The measuring instrument used in this study is the marriage adjustment scale and emotional intelligence. The two scales were complied with the likert model scale and tested using person product moment correlation analysis with the help of the SPSS (Statistical Packges for Social Scieice) computer program version 23.0 for Windows. The results of this study indicate a value of Rcount= 0.512, Rtable= 0.197 and P= 0.000, the value of 0.512 is the value of r count > r table, where this number shows a fairly strong correlation or relationship between emotional intelligence and marriage adjustment in wives who are married differently tribes with partners in Samarinda City. The relationship between emotional intelligence and marital adjustment is a positive relationship.

scholarly journals Rising ethnic diversity in the United States accompanies shifts toward an individualistic culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Huynh ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relational Structures ◽  
Individualistic Culture ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate the relationship between ethnic diversity and the rise of individualism in the United States during the 20th-21st centuries. Tests of the historical rates of ethnic diversity alongside individualistic relational structures (e.g., adults living alone, single/multi-child families) from the years 1950-2018 reveal that societal and regional rates of ethnic diversity accompanied individualistic relational structures. These effects hold above and beyond time series trends in each variable. Further evidence from experimental studies (N = 707) suggest that the presence of, and contact with, ethnically diverse others contributes to greater individualistic values (e.g., the importance of uniqueness and personal achievement). Converging evidence across societal, regional, and individual-level analyses suggests a systematic link between ethnic diversity and individualism. We discuss the implications of these findings for socio-cultural livelihood in light of the rising rates of ethnic diversity across the globe.

scholarly journals Disciplining the Multicultural Community: Ethnic Diversity and the Governance of Anti-Social Behaviour

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Prior
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Local Community ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Multicultural Community ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Views And Perceptions ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between the characterisation of and response to anti-social behaviour issues in areas of high ethnic diversity and emerging ‘post-multicultural’ policies of integration, cohesion and citizenship. It draws on a small study of the views and perceptions of members of local community safety and anti-social behaviour teams in three areas of England with very ethnically diverse populations. The analysis distinguishes between responses to ASB issues within ‘settled’ minority communities, among young people from those communities and within the ‘new’ immigrant communities. While these responses vary, the article argues that each can be seen as supporting national policy goals of community cohesion and responsible citizenship based on the assertion of ‘shared values’.

scholarly journals HOW DIFFERENT HOMOPHILY PREFERENCES MITIGATE AND SPUR ETHNIC AND VALUE SEGREGATION: SCHELLING’S MODEL EXTENDED

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (06n07) ◽  
pp. 1850026
Author(s):  
ROCCO PAOLILLO ◽  
JAN LORENZ
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Regular Grid ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Spatial Constraints ◽  
Mutual Adaptation

In Schelling’s segregation model, agents of two ethnic groups reside in a regular grid and aim to live in a neighborhood that matches the minimum desired fraction of members of the same ethnicity. The model shows that observed segregation can emerge from people interacting under spatial constraints following homophily preferences. Even mild preferences can generate high degrees of segregation at the macro level. In modern, ethnically diverse societies, people might not define similarity based on ethnicity. Instead, shared tolerance towards ethnic diversity might play a more significant role, impacting segregation and integration in societies. With this consideration, we extend Schelling’s model by dividing the population of agents into value-oriented and ethnicity-oriented agents. Using parameter sweeping, we explore the consequences that the mutual adaptation of these two types of agents has on ethnic segregation, value segregation, and population density in the neighborhood. We examine for equally sized ethnic groups and for majority–minority conditions. The introduction of value-oriented agents reduces total ethnic segregation compared to Schelling’s original model, but the new value segregation appears to be more pronounced than ethnic segregation. Due to spillover effects, stronger ethnic homophily preferences lead not only to greater ethnic segregation, but also to more value segregation. Stronger value-orientation of the tolerant agents similarly leads to increased ethnic segregation of the ethnicity-oriented agents. Also, value-oriented agents tend to live in neighborhoods with more agents than ethnicity-oriented agents. In majority–minority settings, such effects appear to be more drastic for the minority than the majority ethnicity.

scholarly journals Maintaining ethnic dominance: Diversity, power, and violent repression

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Lykke Rørbæk ◽  
Allan Toft Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Republic Of Guinea ◽  
Ethnic Affiliation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Republic

While ethnically diverse countries are generally believed to be more violent than homogenous ones, previous research has been unable to establish a clear connection between ethnic diversity and violent repression. We argue that political authorities’ tendency to violently repress their citizens cannot be explained by the ethnic composition of society per se but by the power distribution between ethnic groups. In a global sample of countries for the period 1977–2010, we find statistical evidence that the level of violent repression increases with the share of the population excluded from state power on the basis of ethnic affiliation. We combine this with a case study of the Republic of Guinea and conclude that political authorities come to see excluded ethnic groups as threats and rely on violent repression to maintain their ethnic dominance.

Social Diversity Affects the Number of Parties Even Under First-Past-the-Post Rules

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 938-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Milazzo ◽  
Robert G. Moser ◽  
Ethan Scheiner
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Social Diversity ◽  
Effective Number Of Parties ◽  
Number Of Parties ◽  
The Relationship

Nearly all systematic empirical work on the relationship between social diversity and the number of parties asserts the “interactive hypothesis”—Social heterogeneity leads to party fragmentation under permissive electoral rules, but not under single-member district, first-past-the-post (FPTP) rules. In this article, we argue that previous work has been hindered by a reliance on national-level measures of variables and a linear model of the relationship between diversity and party fragmentation. This article provides the first analysis to test the interactive hypothesis appropriately by using district-level measures of both ethnic diversity and the effective number of parties in legislative FPTP elections and considering a curvilinear relationship between the variables. We find that there is a strong relationship between social diversity and the number of parties even under FPTP electoral rules, thus suggesting that restrictive rules are not as powerful a constraint on electoral behavior and outcomes as is usually supposed.

Ethnic competition, radical Islam, and challenges to stability in the Republic of Dagestan

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Holland ◽  
John O’Loughlin
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Academic Work ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Radical Islam ◽  
Ethnic Competition ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

Previous academic work on stability in Dagestan has focused on two potential cleavages, the republic’s ethnic diversity and the challenge from radical Islamist groups. Using results from a December 2005 survey, and focusing on Dagestan’s six main ethnic groups, this paper investigates attitudes towards the dual topics of the politicization of ethnicity and the relationship between terrorism and Islamism. We find that Dagestanis maintain layered conceptions of identity, and do not attribute violence predominantly to radical Islam in the republic or the wider North Caucasus. Scholars should be aware of Rogers Brubaker’s concept of groupism in analyzing not just ethnic groups, but religious movements as well.

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