A Community Model of African Politics: Illustrations from Nigeria and Tanzania

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Hyden ◽  
Donald C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
African Politics ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Community Model ◽  
State And Society ◽  
New States ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Exciting Time ◽  
The Many ◽  
Analytical Frameworks ◽  
Consistent Application

The first years following independence in Africa were an exciting time for scholars who rushed off to observe the emerging politics of new states across the continent. The analytical frameworks these scholars brought with them for the purpose of interpreting what they saw were largely borrowed from mainstream models derived from the study of American politics that were widely popular at the time. However, soon after the early independence era (1956–1966), it became obvious that a sole focus on the formal structures and functions of state and society revealed little about the actual practice of politics. Across the continent, governments were suffering from constitutional failures, an inability to offer a consistent application of regulatory mechanisms or enforceable law; and few states could even extract sufficient revenue to support either pre-existing colonial-era governmental structures or the many new ambitious projects undertaken by politicians soon after independence.

scholarly journals MEMORIZING PROPAGANDA OF EQUALITY IN NGULANDARA AND KIRTI NDJOENJOENG DRADJAT, NOVELS OF BALAI POESTAKA (Mengingat Kembali Propaganda Kesetaraan dalam Novel-Novel Balai Poestaka, Ngulandara dan Kirti Ndjoenjoeng Dradjat)

Kandai ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Yohanes Adhi Satiyoko
Keyword(s):  
Lower Class ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
The Way

Equality of men is a great issue to maintain every country all the time. Indonesia is one of them which should struggle to maintain it so far. Fictional work is one of the aesthetical means to support it. The way of struggle can be memorized through the time of independence era in fictional works of Balai Poestaka publisher. Javanese language novels, Ngulandara and Kirti NdjoendjoengDradjat are two literary works published by BalaiPoestaka that were written in the dominance times of Balai Poestaka activities as commission for people’s reading in Dutch colonial era in Indonesia (Dutch Indies). Kepriyayian (nobility) was the theme of Ngulandara (1936) and Kirti NdjoendjoengDradjat(1924) novels. As seen from propaganda point of view, ideologically the portrayal of priyayi (nobleman) was analogy symbol of Dutch colonial government that ruled social system. Ngulandara and Kirti Njunjung Drajat showed a “struggle” through literary works as portrayed in wong cilik (Javanese: lower class people) who struggled against the existence of the authorities. The struggle emerged in the way of wong cilik behaved intellectually, morally, even mannerly better than the nobles (priyayi). This research used the theory of literature and propaganda using a sociological approach. Those oppositional relationships between deconstruction nobles and the raise of wong cilik in the field of intellectual, moral, and manner show the propaganda of equality of men through the voice of Jasawidagdo and Margana Djajaatmadja.Kesetaraan manusia merupakan isu besar yang harus selalu dijaga di setiap negara. Indonesia adalah salah satu negara yang harus tetap berjuang menjaga isu tersebut. Karya fiksi berfungsi sebagai salah satu peranti estetis untuk mendukung isu tersebut. Cara memperjuangkan isu tersebut ialah dengan mengingat kembali masa kemerdekaan melalui penerbit Balai Poestaka. Novel-novel berbahasa Jawa, Ngulandara dan Kirti Ndjoendjoeng Dradjat ialah dua karya sastra yang diterbitkan oleh Balai Poestaka yang ditulis pada waktu dominasi Balai Poestaka sebagai komisi bacaan rakyat di era kolonial Belanda di Indonesia (Hindia Belanda). Kepriyayian merupakan tema novel Ngulandara (1936) dan Kirti Njoendjoeng Dradjat (1924). Dilihat dari sudut pandang propaganda, penggambaran priyayi merupakan analogi simbol pemerintah kolonial Belanda yang berkuasa mengatur sistem sosial kemasyarakatan. Ngulandara dan Kirti Ndjoendjoeng Dradjat menunjukkan sebuah “perjuangan” melalui karya sastra seperti digambarkan melalui wong cilik yang berjuang melawan kemapanan penguasa. Perjuangan tersebut muncul dengan cara wong cilik tersebut bertindak secara intelektual, bermoral, bahkan bersikap lebih terhormat daripada para priyayi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sastra dan propaganda dengan pendekatan sosiologi. Relasi oposisional antara dekonstruksi priyayi dan bangkitnya wong cilik dalam ranah intelektual, moral, dan sikap menunjukkan propaganda kesetaraan manusia melalui suara Jasawidagdo dan Margana Djajaatmadja.  

The Making and Breaking of States: The End of Empire in India Revisited

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Imperial State ◽  
Second World

Recent events in the Arab world have sharpened and widened public interest in the way states can be broken and made. Since the end of the Second World War the world has seen three great waves of state-breaking and state-making: the end of European empires; the collapse of the Soviet Union; and the contemporary ‘Arab Spring’. By revisiting an example from the first of these great waves, perhaps the greatest ‘imperial ending’—the end of British imperial rule in India in 1947, this lecture investigates issues which may prove instructive in probing the dynamics of other phases of turbulence in the structures and nature of states. It addresses four major questions which are relevant across the many different episodes of state breaking and making, with the help of evidence from the case of the South Asian subcontinent. What is the relationship between state and society and the patterns of relationship which help to determine the nature and vulnerability of the state? What makes a viable and destabilising opposition to the imperial state? What is the nature of the breaking or collapse of that state? How are states refashioned out of the inheritance of the previous regime and the breaking process?

6. The role of identity in African politics

2018 ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Ian Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
African Politics ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Family ◽  
Colonization Period

‘The role of identity in African politics’ explains that identity politics are symptoms of Africa’s underdevelopment, not the cause, and the prominence of such political mobilization reflects much deeper structural problems facing many post-colonial states. Before the colonial era, African societies were based on notions of identity, such as the family, ancestral lineage, the clan, or the community. Colonial rule forced together different communities (some of which were traditionally hostile to each other) and was mainly responsible for producing the situation found today where very few nation states exist. Colonial authorities concretized differences among and between the subjugated and the de-colonization period further contributed to the politicization of identity.

Discourse, concepts, ideologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freeden
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
The Political ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
The Many ◽  
Micro Morphology ◽  
Analytical Frameworks

Abstract Two branches of discourse studies, critical discourse analysis (CDA) and discourse theory (DT), could benefit through extending their critical focus and incorporating findings and methodologies of neighbouring disciplines. While indebted to the attentiveness of CDA to ordinary language, ideology studies have by contrast developed interpretative, non-judgmental analytical frameworks that explore the many-faceted features of ideology, power, and the political. In turn, the macro-focus of DT on binary distinctions, articulatory equivalences, and the construction of hegemony through empty signifiers, overlooks the complex internal conceptual morphology that produces multiple ideological vocabularies. Through a layered filtering of texts, utterances, and linguistic intensities, ideological micro-morphology reveals processes of semantic decontestation in order to defend, alter or criticize political thought-practices. It illuminates the complex interrelationship between word and concept and accepts fantasies as ineluctable and decodable features of communal life. By reaching out beyond their disciplinary confines, the interplay of these parallel approaches could enrich the scholarly understanding of the political.

Chocó Spanish and the Missing Spanish Creole debate

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Sessarego
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Era ◽  
Gold Mines ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Many

Abstract This study offers a linguistic and sociohistorical analysis of Chocó Spanish (CS), an Afro-Hispanic variety spoken in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia by the descendants of the slaves taken to this region to work in gold mines during the colonial era. This research also tackles the many questions arising from the much-debated origins of the Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs) (McWhorter 2000; Lipski 2005). It provides an account of the evolution of CS that is rooted in the recently proposed Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis (Sessarego 2015, 2017a). In so doing, this article tests to what extent such a hypothesis makes valid predictions for a variety like CS, which developed in a region described by many as ‘remote’ and ‘on the frontier’ (cf. Whitten 1974; Sharp 1976), thus far away from legal courts and where law was not likely to be properly enforced.

African Politics: A Very Short Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
African State ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Politics ◽  
African Continent ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

African Politics: A Very Short Introduction explores how politics is practised on the African continent, providing an overview of the different states and their systems. It considers the nature of the state in sub-Saharan Africa and why its state structures are generally weaker than elsewhere in the world. Exploring the historical and contemporary factors that account for Africa’s underdevelopment, it also analyses why some African countries suffer from high levels of political violence while others are spared. Unveiling the ways in which African state and society actually function beyond the formal institutional façade, this VSI discusses how external factors—both inherited and contemporary—act upon the continent.

scholarly journals The Nature of Leadership: The Chinese Communists, 1930–1945

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry G. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Major Event ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Communist State ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
Twentieth Anniversary ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Great Leap Forward

The twentieth anniversary of the assumption of state power by the JL Chinese Communists is a convenient occasion to take stock of the many dramatic events that have taken place since that first day in October of 1949, when Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the new People's Republic of China. The anniversary, however, is more than a fortuitous product of the Western calendar. It lies close to one of those convulsive periods that have jolted China from time to time and have caused major changes in the Chinese state and society. The creation of the People's Republic twenty years ago was one such period. The Great Leap Forward of the late fifties was another, and the recent Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution may have been a third. Each of these events has substantially reshaped the state or society or both. From a historical point of view, the next major event that may well come shortly after the twentieth anniversary is the death of Mao Tse-tung and other co-founders of the Communist state. This anniversary, therefore, offers an opportunity to reassess the record of the Chinese Communists since 1949 with a view toward understanding the setting and the problems that the post-Mao leadership will soon inherit.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF DA’WAH COMMUNICATION IN THE MINORITY OF TORAJA MUSLIM

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Qaharuddin Tahir ◽  
Sattu Alang ◽  
Nurhidayat Muhammad Said ◽  
Abd. Halik
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
New Order ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Minority Area

This study discusses the dynamics of da'wah communication that occurs in the Muslim minority area of Tana Toraja. The main problem discussed was how the dynamics of da'wah communication in the Muslim minority area of Tana Toraja. This research is a qualitative research, with a phenomenological approach in the context of da'wah and communication. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews, and literature review. The data analysis technique was carried out, referring to the data analysis principles put forward by Miles and Huberman. It offers an interactive model analysis system, which consists of three components, namely data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. The research suggested that the dynamics of da'wah communication in the Muslim minority areas of Toraja experienced five phases with different dynamics, namely the pre-colonial era, the colonial era, the independence era, the New Order era, and the reform era.

scholarly journals Helping Children to Embrace Diversity

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Desmarais
Keyword(s):  
Young Readers ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Reading Material ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Diverse World ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Exciting Time ◽  
The Many

Dear Readers,I always know when fall is upon us because that is when my inbox begins to fill up with a daily crush of packages from publishers who are eager to have their books reviewed. It is an exciting time of year to see so many good books that are bound to spark your child’s imagination, from new releases in all genres to reprints of well-loved classics.With thousands of children’s books published each year, it can be a daunting task for anyone who wants to find appropriate reading material for young readers about diversity and inclusion. Teaching children about our increasingly diverse world is an important exercise, and books can play an important role in this process if they have content that teaches kids about how to tolerate differences, handle stereotypes, show respect for others, and appreciate other cultures.We can all encourage children to celebrate diversity and remain open-minded by exposing them to books that embrace diversity in a variety of forms, including culture, religion, race, ethnicity, and sexual identity. Deakin editors and reviewers are keenly aware that children have open minds and hearts, so we keep our eyes open for books that teach children about the many ways that people are different, while emphasizing the positive aspects of our differences.To help you celebrate diversity with young readers, we are pleased to call your attention to several books that teach children to appreciate different cultures and befriend people who look or act differently: James Dawson’s This Book is Gay, Rebecca Hainnu’s The Spirit of the Sea, Alethea Arnaquq-Baril’s The Blind Boy & the Loon, and David Bouchard’s The First Flute and Nokum is My Teacher. Of course, there are also many other good books in this issue that celebrate positive attitudes and behaviours, so please spend some time reading the reviews and help your children to appreciate all the interesting people around us.Happy reading!Robert DesmaraisManaging Editor

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