The Sixth Book of the AENEID

1964 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Philosophy And Religion ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Poetic Vision

The sixth book is the focal point of the Aeneid; it completes and concludes what has gone before, and it provides a new impetus for the second half of the poem. It is not an isolated piece of theology; it has its work to do within the design of the poem. It is of vital importance in the development of the main themes of the Aeneid, and it is on three of these that I want to concentrate as we accompany Aeneas on his journey from the cave at Avernus to the Gates of Ivory. We shall be concerned firstly with how a memorable picture—or perhaps two memorable pictures—of the world after death is built up from the rich and tangled heritage of poetry, folk-lore, philosophy, and religion. In the words of T. R. Glover—to whose warm and sensitive appreciation of the poet Virgilian studies are deeply indebted—‘we find here as elsewhere that Virgil tries to sum up all that is of value in the traditions, the philosophies, and the fancies of the past’. It is in the later part of Book vi that Virgil comes nearest to a solution of the problem of human suffering with which the whole poem is so preoccupied, as he gropes towards a conception of the life after death in which sin is purified away and virtue rewarded. Secondly, the golden hopes for the future of Rome and the Roman world are in this book expressed with a patriotic pride more complete than anywhere else; the vision of the temporal destiny of the world follows upon the vision of the spiritual after-life. Thirdly, and this is the aspect which I shall stress most because it is not generally stressed enough, this book (like the rest of the Aeneid) is above all about Aeneas himself, his character and resolution, his experiences, past, present, and future. We must always remember that the aim of the book is not primarily philosophical or theological—and in this it differs from the myths of Plato to which it owes so much; the aim is to present a poetic vision which has special reference to Aeneas and Rome within the design and framework of the total epic poem.

Translation as Resistance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rzepa
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Cultural Transfer ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Political Sovereignty ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Complex Modes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich

This chapter offers a historical account of the presence of Paradise Lost in translation and Polish literature, especially how the poem’s reception in Poland has been shaped by complex modes of linguistic and cultural transfer. The chapter explores the historical and political contexts in which Paradise Lost was translated into Polish, discusses the most important actors involved in its publication, and analyses the strategies employed by the translators. It demonstrates that the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century translators of Milton, who worked at a time when Poland had lost its political sovereignty, focused specifically on the form of the poem, presenting models for a modern Polish epic poem that could help sustain Polish cultural identity. The focus of the twentieth-century translators, who lived through the world wars, shifted from the form to the rich imagery of Milton’s poem, in particular his exploration of the themes of vanity, destruction, and exile.

scholarly journals Herpetological phylogeographic analyses support a Miocene focal point of Himalayan uplift and biological diversification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Wen-Jie Dong ◽  
Ting-Ting Fu ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Chen-Qi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Paleocene ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Exact Timing

Abstract The Himalaya are among the youngest and highest mountains in the world, but the exact timing of their uplift and origins of their biodiversity are still in debate. The Himalayan region is a relatively small area but with exceptional diversity and endemism. One common hypothesis to explain the rich montane diversity is uplift-driven diversification–that orogeny creates conditions favoring rapid in situ speciation of resident lineages. We test this hypothesis in the Himalayan region using amphibians and reptiles, two environmental sensitive vertebrate groups. In addition, analysis of diversification of the herpetofauna provides an independent source of information to test competing geological hypotheses of Himalayan orogenesis. We conclude that the origins of the Himalayan herpetofauna date to the early Paleocene, but that diversification of most groups was concentrated in the Miocene. There was an increase in both rates and modes of diversification during the early to middle Miocene, together with regional interchange (dispersal) between the Himalaya and adjacent regions. Our analyses support a recently proposed stepwise geological model of Himalayan uplift beginning in the Paleocene, with a subsequent rapid increase of uplifting during the Miocene, finally give rise to the intensification of the modern South Asia Monsoon.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON EVENT INDUSTRY: EVENT AUDIENCE READINESS TOWARDS EVENT DIGITIZATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marry Tracy Pawan ◽  
◽  
Juliana Langgat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Good Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Virtual Events ◽  
Industry Needs ◽  
The Impact

For the event organiser, Sabah is one of the states that becomes a focal point. As Sabah is one of the most popular tourist destinations, several large events such as the Sabah Jazz Festival, Pesta Lepa-lepa, Pesta Kaamatan, Pesta Kalimaran, and other festivals have been held. However, COVID 19’s disruptive impacts have had such a significant impact on the event sector. Most of the events are getting cancelled or postponed all over the world. Over the past several months, a significant number of meetings and conferences have been redesigned as virtual events. However, the event industry needs to know the readiness of the public towards the shifting from the physical to the digital. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine the event audience readiness for digital events. It is important for the event industry to know the readiness and a good online platform in providing a good service to their audience. A quantitative method was used to conduct this study. The main finding will see how far our communities is ready to adapt the new norm. Based on the finding it shows that event audience are willing to adopt the event digitisation, and this is due to the impact of the COVID 19pandemic which was accelerating changes in event audience behaviour. This research will benefit the event organisers and help them prepare strategic plana to cater to the audience needs.

African Girls' Samplers from Mission Schools in Sierra Leone (1820s to 1840s)

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 189-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Strickrodt
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Source Criticism ◽  
Mission Schools ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
British Colony ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Insight Into

In an article in this journal almost fifteen years ago, Colleen Kriger discussed the reluctance of historians of Africa to use objects as sources in their research. She pointed to the rich reservoir of objects “made by African hands” in museum collections around the world, which lies virtually untapped by historians. However, she also noted that while objects are “unusually eloquent remnants from the past,” they are problematic sources, presenting “special difficulties in evaluation and interpretation.”The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the existence of a number of embroidery samplers that were stitched by African girls in mission schools in the British colony of Sierra Leone in the period from the 1820s to the 1840s. So far, I have found thirteen of these samplers, which are preserved in a number of archival, private and museum collections in Europe and the USA. To historians, these pieces of needlework are of interest because they were generated by a group of people for whom we do not usually have first-hand documentary material. Moreover, they represent the direct material traces of the activity of the girls who made them, and thus appear to offer the possibility of an emphatic insight into their experience.However, these “textile documents” present serious problems of interpretation. What exactly can they be expected to tell the modern historian? In particular, how far, in fact, do they express the perspectives of the African girls who made them, as distinct from the European missionaries who directed their work? Careful source criticism and an examination of the purpose for which they were produced will help to clarify these issues.

scholarly journals Van Tongeren (2020) - Face to Face with Death: The Role of Religion in Coping with Suffering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl R. Van Tongeren
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Existential Psychology ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The World ◽  
Role Of Religion

Human suffering is a focal point of religion, yet it also poses a problem for many religions: how could a loving God or sacred deity allow evil into the world and pain to torment humanity? Suffering is an existential concern that often erodes meaning, results in cracks in people’s fundamental assumptions about the world, and leaves people prone to existential anxiety. Moreover, suffering also makes threats of death unavoidable or undeniable—they must be directly confronted. In this chapter, I review the existential function of religion, discuss how the nature and content of religious beliefs play a role in how people manage the threats of death created by suffering, and consider how religious responses to death include fighting, freezing, fleeing, and flourishing. I conclude by discussing future areas of research to advance the scientific study of religion through the perspective of existential psychology.

We Dance for Knowledge

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Māhealani Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Folk Dance ◽  
Exotic Dancers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many

Every year, for hundreds of thousands of tourists, seeing “real Hawaiian hula” in a hotel or in a packaged lū'au setting is standard fare. Commonplace too is receiving one's introduction to hula through any of the many competitions that take place annually in Hawai'i and, with increasing frequency, throughout the world. Still others find hula marketed for its exercise benefits, peddled as the latest fitness fad in gyms and malls across the country. But is hula the allure of exotic dancers evoking prurient responses from tourists, one moment tantalized by undulating hips only to be teasingly chastised the next to “keep your eyes on the hands”? Is it the crisp, impeccably synchronized movement danced before panels of judges at the several hula competitions that mark the year for many hula hālau? Is hula the movement, the meaning conveyed through the movement, or the full context out of which movement casts itself into an art form that inspires passion and perpetuates a traditional way of living?For Mary Kawena Pukui, credited with helping to bring the rich traditional context of hula into the present, hula is “a general name for many types of Hawaiian folk dances” (1942/1980, 70). Pukui's laconic description says everything, and nothing. Everything because hula is the unique dance of the Hawaiian people. Everything because despite the homogenizing influence of hula competition, which has brought only a limited range of the vast hula repertoire to the public's attention over the past thirty-five years, hula encompasses many different styles and types of dances. But it says nothing because hula simply cannot be reduced to Hawaiian folk dance. Hula is a moving encyclopedia inscribed into the sinews and postures of dancers' bodies. It carries forward the social and natural history, the religious beliefs, the philosophy, the literature, and the scientific knowledge of the Hawaiian people.

Premonitions of the Past

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinalini Sinha
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Indian Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government

A hundred years ago, on January 9, 1915, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned to India after approximately two decades of living and working in South Africa. In 2003, the Government of India designated the day of Gandhi's return as official Pravasi Bharatiya Divas or Overseas Indian Day. The centenary of Gandhi's return was marked at this year's thirteenth annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas with appropriate official fanfare. The occasion was also observed in a wide variety of public celebrations, including a full-scale reenactment of the disembarkation from on board the S. S.Arabiaof Gandhi and his wife, Kasturba, at Apollo Bunder in the Bombay Harbor; and with rallies and functions held all across India (see NDTV 2015;Outlook2015; see also Roy 2015). These centenary celebrations follow upon more than a decade-long shift in official Indian policy towards overseas Indians, or, in official parlance, Non-Resident Indians and Persons of Indian Origin (see Amrute 2010; Hercog and Siegel 2013; Upadhya 2013; Varadarajan 2014). The policy, at first, was directed mainly towards attracting the wealthy in such places as the United States and the United Kingdom. Even though it now extends to the much larger labor diaspora, both old and new, settled throughout the regions of the world, the focus remains on the rich, whose investments in India are greatly coveted. The embrace of a diasporic and deterritorialized Indian imaginary—anchored, ironically, in the commemorations of Gandhi as the poster boy for the global peripatetic Indian—is a symptom of the changes in the nation-state's relationship to global capitalism in these times of accelerated globalization.

scholarly journals HOPE AND TIME PERSPECTIVE

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-36
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Relationship

he perception of oneself and the world that is based on hope coexists not only with focus on various aspects of earthly existence but also with extending beyond the lifetime, with initiating the transcendent- and transcendental time perspective. The purpose of our studies is to analyse the relationship between hope and time perspective, belief in life-after-death and the prospect of future beyond earthly existence. Hope provides the basis for our existence and attitude towards the world, but also acts as a factor that stimulates our thinking about the future and implementation of earlier projects despite obstacles. Therefore, in the studies, a hypothesis has been posed that a higher level of basic hope characterises persons with higher level of future time perspective as well as with belief in life-after-death and transcendent- and transcendental-future. Furthermore, in accordance with the Snyder’s concept of hope, the relationship between the level of hope and the time. The study was carried out among 242 participants aged 16-78 (M = 38.45; SD = 15.1), including 114 men and 128 women. The participants were asked to define their attitude towards life-after-death and to complete questionnaires determining their level of Basic Hope (BHI-12), Goal-Directed Hope (KNS) as well as Time Perspective (ZPTI) and Future beyond earthly existence (KPTT). There are differences between persons having different attitudes towards Life-After-Death in the level of Basic Hope (F (2.238) = 12.7, p<0.01), on the Future scale of ZPTI (F = 4.29; p = 0.015) and on the Transcendent-Future and Transcendental-Future scales of KPTT. Hope is related to a changeable level of the Time Perspective. It has been noted that there is a relationships between Basic Hope and all scales of attitude towards the past, present, and the future. Goal-Directed Hope is most strongly associated with Past-Positive and Future.

A ASTÚCIA DO POBRE NO CONFLITO COM O RICO: O ENSINO DE SIRÁCIDA 13

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Antonio Carlos Frizzo
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich

A atividade profética não terminou com o exílio babilônico, em 587 a.C. Cremos que ela continuou por meio de novas vozes, pessoas, grupos. Adquiriu novos contornos em novos ambientes. Eis a temática central deste artigo ao apresentar uma reflexão sobre o capítulo 13 do livro de Sirácida ou Eclesiástico, na ótica do comportamento entre o pobre e o rico. Em nossa hermenêutica, apostamos que temos nessas páginas bíblicas uma profecia. Uma profecia de cunho sapiencial que se espalhou em outras narrativas, na época pós-exílica (Sb, Sl, Jó, Ct e Pr). Ela adquire novos contornos entre acrósticos, poemas, provérbios e sentenças. Buscamos contextualizar a época do surgimento do livro de Sirácida, para em seguida, analisar métricas, antíteses e propostas sociais da narrativa. Diante do risco em que o mundo, o planeta se encontra, recompor o tecido social só terá validade se consideramos os grupos desfavorecidos. THE ASTUCTION OF THE POOR IN CONFLICT WITH THE RICH: THE TEACHING OF SIRACID 13 The prophetical activity did not end with the babilonical exile, in 587 b.C. We believe that it continued through new voices, people, groups. It acquired new outlines in new environments. That is the focal point of this article in presenting a reflection on the chapter 13 of the book of Sirach or Book of Ecclesiasticus, from the optics of the behaviour dynamics between the poor and the rich. In our hermeneutics we consider that we have, in these biblical pages, a prophecy. A prophecy of wise nature that was spread in other narratives, in the post-exile era (Ws, Psalm, Job, Song, and Prov). It acquires new outlines among acrostics, poems, proverbs and sentences. First, we aim to contextualize the time of the appearance of the book of Sirach, and then, to analyze metrics, antitheses and social propositions of the narrative. Considering the peril that the world finds itself in, it will only be valid to recompose the social tissue if we consider the disadvantaged groups.

The Red Cross in the USSR and the World: History and Prospects

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (265) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Dmitry D. Venedictov
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
World History ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Look Back ◽  
The World ◽  
125Th Anniversary ◽  
Insight Into

Public attention is being focused worldwide on the 125th anniversary of the International Red Cross, a milestone in the evolution of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.When celebrating an anniversary, it is customary to look back into the past for a clearer understanding and appraisal of the present, and to gain insight into the future. This is particularly important as regards the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, which is one of the most significant manifestations of humanism, symbolizing the recognition that society must uphold human dignity as the supreme universal value, and the desire to avert or relieve human suffering and safeguard human life and health.

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