General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-699 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Market Outlook

The fifth annual report prepared by the secretariat of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Trade 1956, opened with a survey of developments in the structure and pattern of international trade. During 1956 the value of international trade had risen by II percent from 1955 to more than $90,000 million during the first half of the year and $95,000 million in the second. Because of a slight increase in the general price level the volume of world trade had risen somewhat less, but had exceeded the rate of increase in industrial output. Trade between industrial and non-industrial areas had continued to decline. Due to the greater increase in value of exports of industrial countries than of those of the non-industrial areas, as well as to the greater rise in volume of exports of industrial countries to each other than to non-industrial destinations, the share in world exports of trade among industrial countries had risen to 40.3 percent, while the share of trade between industrial and non-industrial countries fell to 49.2 percent and that among non-industrial countries to 10.5 percent. The report attributed this trend to the decline in exports from non-industrial areas at a time when the share of their imports in world trade had remained unchanged, a situation due primarily to industrial development, slow growth of primary production, and increased domestic demand in the semi-industrialized countries. Examining the long-term market outlook for primary products in western Europe and North America, the report concluded that prospects for export of raw materials and fuels from non-industrial areas were favorable, but that with respect to the market for most foodstuffs the future was uncertain, depending on the rate of growth of agricultural production in the industrial countries.

General Agreement on Trariffs and Trade

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-517
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
New Records ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
A Value ◽  
Recent Developments

The fourth annual report prepared for the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was divided into three sections, dealing respectively with 1) recent developments in the structure and pattern of international trade, 2) developments in commercial policy, and 3) the principal activities of the Contracting Parties during the period under review. International trade during 1955, the report stated, had established new records both in value and in volume; in the first half of the year, the value of world exports had exceeded $80,000 million (at an annual rate), and in the second half it rose by a further $5,700 million, thus reaching a value about 13 percent above that of 1951. Taking the year as a whole, the value of world exports had been about $83,300 million. In terms of volume, the increase had been even greater, since export prices had been appreciably below the level of 1951, and in the second half of 1955 the volume of world exports had reached a level exceeding that of 1951 by 21 percent. The increase in volume had also represented a further acceleration in the speed of its growth. There had been three major developments in international trade in 1955, the report stated: 1) the rise in value of world exports in 1955 again had been mainly accounted for by trade among industrial countries, while the relative importance of the non-industrial areas had continued to decline; 2) the increase in the export trade of the industrial countries in 1955 had been shared by North America and by the other industrial areas, the revival of North America's exports being due largely to a growing dependence of western Europe on supplies of raw material and fuels from that source; and 3) in 1955, many industrial countries had relied more heavily on imports from the most economic sources of supply, and had therefore adopted more liberal import policies.

World Trade Organization and BRICS

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-92
Author(s):  
Martin Daunton
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
International Trade Organization ◽  
Second World

The World Trade Organization emerged from the Uruguay Round of 1986 to 1994 and covered development as well as trade—an ambition that had been attempted after the Second World War and the abortive attempt to create an International Trade Organization. Instead, a narrower General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade emerged. The failure of the International Trade Organization arose in part from the different ambitions of less developed or primary producing countries that were not acceptable to advanced industrial countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade faced continued pressure from the less developed countries, in particular from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development which put forward a different approach to the global economy and issues of distributive justice. This chapter explains the different approaches and the responses of the more advanced countries.

The future of the WTO: some comments on the Sutherland Report

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
RICHARD BLACKHURST
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
The Future

Three times since its founding in 1948, the GATT/WTO has turned to outside experts for help in finding solutions to pressing issues confronting the multilateral trading system. In 1957 the Contracting Parties decided to create a panel of three (later four) internationally recognized experts in international trade and finance to consider trends in world trade, andin particular the failure of the trade of the less developed countries to develop as rapidly as that of industrialized countries, excessive short-term fluctuations in prices of primary products, and widespread resort to agricultural protection.

Chapter 2. The World Economy

1968 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
North America ◽  
World Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
National Output ◽  
Parallel Acceleration

Fuller information confirms the estimates which we made six months ago and repeated in February that the total real national output of the industrial countries increased in 1967 by about 3 per cent and the value of world trade by 5 per cent. But, though the errors were not big in relation to the aggregate for the year, it has now become clear that our assessment of trends in the later months was not entirely accurate. The resumption of fairly rapid economic growth in North America of which we were already aware was in fact accompanied to a significantly greater extent than we previously realised by a parallel acceleration in continental Western Europe.

General Agreements on Tarriffs and Trade

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-599
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
World Price ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Total Food ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Time Record

International Trade, 1954A report on the status and trends of international trade in 1954 was released by the Contracting Parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in July 1955. During the second half of 1954, the report noted, the value of world exports had reached an all time record high while the volume of trade had, since before Korea, increased slightly more (28.5 percent) than the volume of industrial production (26 percent). As compared with 1953, the world price of export goods had decreased slightly, due largely to lower prices for manufactures, since the prices of raw materials had remained essentially unaltered. Foodstuffs were the only category in which prices had increased (by 11 percent from 1953 to 1954) and this increase was entirely accounted for by coffee, cocoa and tea. The ratio between the price of manufactured goods and primary products had, on the whole, remained at the pre-Korea level. Compared with 1950, the prices of raw materials in the second half of 1954 had increased 15 percent whereas the prices of foodstuffs alone had increased 38 percent. These factors had led to a larger increase in food production in industrial as compared to non-industrial countries and to a larger share of exports from industrial areas in the world's total food exports.

scholarly journals FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXPANSION OF BELARUSIAN-ROMANIAN TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
S. Solodovnikov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Technological Cooperation ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Industrialization

The article reveals the factors that determine the need to expand the Belarusian-Romanian technological cooperation in the context of the new industrialization of the two countries, namely: the change in the dynamics of foreign trade under the influence of the growing domestic demand of developing countries; reducing the share of intermediate goods and services in international trade; the growing impact of new and emerging technologies on world trade; the need for a new industrialization within the social paradigm Industry 4.0; an unprecedented degree of concentration in several countries of the most important raw materials required for the modern stage of industrialization; an unprecedented rise in global social inequality.

The New Protectionism and the Nature of World Trade (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Observation

Despite multilateral efforts since World War II to lower barriers to trade among countries, there is ample evidence that protectionism is still a powerful force serving to inhibit the exchange of goods and services. It is the case that tariff levels have been drastically reduced-for industrial countries from an average of 40 percent in 1947 to less than 5 percent today.! However, in recent decades a variety of non-tariff barriers to trade has mushroomed in popularity and the tendency to favour regional trading areas implies discrimination among countries in trading relationships, counter to the basic multilateral approach and most-favoured-nation treatment sponsored by the various GAIT negotiating sessions. The increased pressures for protectionism have in recent years been fueled by the world recession, on occasion utilising the rhetoric of the "new trade theory", with its emphasis on the existence of imperfectly competitive markets. It is a common observation that the volume of world trade has expanded rapidly in the past half century-even relative to world output? This could be taken as primajacie evidence that protectionism is fighting a losing battle. Such a conclusion would not be supportable if there are forces in the world tending naturally to lead to more open trade, in which case protectionism may only be slowing this trend. This is indeed the case, and I wish to argue that the nature of world trade is systematically changing: The fraction of trade represented by fmal consumer goods is becoming smaller, replaced by increased trading activity in goods-in-process, raw materials, and capital goods.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-630
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Far East ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Director General ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World

The Acting Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Herbert Broadley, stated in his forward to the annual report for 1956 that the world food and agricultural situation had in recent years tended to change less rapidly than it had during the years of postwar recovery. It had therefore been decided to modify the form of the annual report, giving less emphasis to the current situation and short-term outlook and more to longer-term problems and to other special subjects. In reviewing the world situation and outlook, the report stated that during 1955/56 world production had continued to increase, reaching a level some 3 percent higher than in 1954/55. Increases had been greatest in North America and Oceania, the regions already most troubled by surpluses, but apart from a substantial gain in the Far East, production in the other regions had shown little change and in some cases had declined. Demand for agricultural products had been stimulated throughout the world during the period under review by the boom in industrialized countries; broadly speaking, there had been a tendency towards decreased prices for agricultural raw materials and some strengthening in the prices of foodstuffs. An increase of about 5 percent in the volume of world trade and agricultural commodities had occurred during 1955, with more than half of the increase due to larger western European imports. World trade in agricultural products was still, however, only 5 percent above the 1934–1938 level, in contrast to a rise of 70 percent in the volume of world trade as a whole. The total addition to stocks by the end of 1955/56 appeared to have been fairly modest, the report stated.

UNIDO, Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. New York: United Nations. 1981. viii + 78pp.US $ 5.00. [United Nations Publication Sales No. E. 81. 11 . B.1]

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-333
Author(s):  
Rashid Aziz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Manufactured Exports ◽  
Year 2000

The book under review is a concise but fairly in-depth study of the prospects for export diversification from the Less Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as LDCs) particularly to Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as OCs). Given the multiple problems faced by the LOCs in exporting to the OCs - protectionist policies with regards to manufactured exports, volatility of prices obtained for raw material exports, etc. - the study analyses the potential for following an intermediate route. The important issues in the export of semi -processed and wholly processed raw materials are discussed. 111ese issues range from the problems and potentials for the location of processing facilities in the LOCs to the formulation of appropriate policies to encourage an export of processed goods rather than raw materials. Such policies will be useful both in solving the balance of-payments problems of the LDCs and in attaining the goal of the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation, that called for 2S percent of world industrial production to be located in the LOCs by the year 2000.

MIDC Role in Infrastructural Development in Navi Mumbai

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant H. Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Industrial Estates ◽  
Development Corporation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Industrial Development Corporation

The BID (Board of Industrial Development) framed the legislation and it was introduced before the state legislation and passed in the form of Maharashtra Industrial Act which gave birth to Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC), as a separate corporation on August 1, 1962. The BID was the first personnel strength of MIDC. A small ceremony at Wagle Estate Thane, under the Chairmanship of the Chief Minister Shri Y.B. Chavan, marked the birth of MIDC on August 1, 1962. The Board of Industrial Development during its existence between October 1, 1960 and August 1, 1962 has done enough spade work to identify the locations for setting up industrial areas in different parts of the state. Thus, right in the first year of establishment MIDC came up with 14 industrial areas, to initiate action for infrastructure and help entrepreneurs set up the industrial units in those areas. Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation is the nodal industrial infrastructure development agency of the Maharashtra Government with the basic objective of setting up industrial areas with a provision of industrial infrastructure all over the state for planned and systematic industrial development. MIDC is an innovative, professionally managed, and user friendly organization that provides the world industrial infrastructure. MIDC has played a vital role in the development of industrial infrastructure in the state of Maharashtra. As the state steps into the next millennium, MIDC lives up to its motto Udyamat Sakal Samruddhi i.e., prosperity to all through industrialization. Indeed, in the endeavor of the state to retain its prime position in the industrial sector, MIDC has played a pivotal role in the last 35 years. MIDC has developed 268 industrial estates across the state which spread over 52653 hectares of land. The growth of the Corporation, achieved in the various fields, during the last three years, could be gauged from the fact that the area currently in possession of MIDC has doubled from 25,000 hectares in 1995.

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