The value of the tenth rib as a sample joint for the estimation of lean, fat and bone in carcasses of East African zebu cattle

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Ledger ◽  
H. G. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Tissue Analysis ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
East African ◽  
Practical Test ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Very High

1. Studies of tissues distribution in beef carcasses of East African ‘Boran’ cattle revealed very high correlations between the separable tissue analysis of the full tenth rib sample joint and of the full side.2. A comparative study of tenth rib sample joints, from twelve steers and five cows cut at various positions along the length of the rib showed that the full rib sample gave a higher correlation (r = 0·948), with the full side in respect of all tissues except the subcutaneous fat, than any other sample joint. The subcutaneous fat of the whole side could not be predicted with reliability by the use of any rib sample, the highest correlation (r = 0·558) existing between the half-rib sample and the full side.3. From detailed carcass studies of thirty-two steers and eight cows, including the twelve steers and five cows mentioned above, prediction equations are presented for estimating the percentages of lean, total fat, and butchers' bone in whole carcasses from single complete tenth rib samples. Standard deviations being 1·53% for lean, 1·34% for total fat in steers, 1·13% for total fat in cows and 0·88% for butchers' bone.4. Where X1, X2 and X3 are respectively the percentages of lean, total fat and bone in the sample joint the prediction equations recommended are as follows:For the prediction of lean(i) In carcasses of either sex.(f) Percentage of lean in the carcass = 0·431X1 + 0·475X3 + 33·58 (subject to a standard deviation of 1·53%).For the prediction of total fat(i) In steer carcasses.(d) Percentage total fat in carcass = 0·664X2 − 0·78 (subject to a standard deviation of 1·34%).(ii) In cow carcasses.(e) Percentage of total fat in carcass = 0·641X2 + 0·23 (subject to a standard deviation of 1·13%).For the prediction of bone(i) 100 −(equation (f) +equation (d) or (e)).5. A practical test of the equations referred to in the text is given in Table 4.

scholarly journals Using Bioelements Isotope Ratios and Fatty Acid Composition to Deduce Beef Origin and Zebu Feeding Regime in Cameroon

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2155
Author(s):  
Matteo Perini ◽  
Mohamadou Bawe Nfor ◽  
Federica Camin ◽  
Silvia Pianezze ◽  
Edi Piasentier
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
White Type ◽  
Yellow Type

The purpose of this study was to address the lack of knowledge regarding the stable isotopic composition of beef from zebu cattle reared in tropical Africa. Sixty beef carcasses belonging to the most common zebu breeds (Goudali, white Fulani, and red Mbororo) were selected and classified according to their subcutaneous fat color (white, cream or yellow). The stable isotope ratios of five bioelements—H, O, C, N, and S—in muscle fractions and the fatty acids composition were analyzed. Zebu meat from Cameroon shows peculiar δ13C values, related to the almost exclusive intake of grazed tropical grasses with photosynthetic cycle C4. It also shows δ2H and δ18O values higher than those reported in other areas of the world and correlated with the isotopic composition of animal drinking water. The white subcutaneous fat (“white type”) zebu showed higher δ2H and lower δ13C than the “yellow type”, that is correlated with a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and a lower amount of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Multielement analysis seems to provide promising results for tracing the regional origin of Cameroon beef and some aspects of the livestock system, such as the nutritional status of the animals.

scholarly journals Visceral fat obesity is the key risk factor for the development of reflux erosive esophagitis in 40–69-years subjects

Esophagus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Ohashi ◽  
Takahisa Maruno ◽  
Keita Fukuyama ◽  
Osamu Kikuchi ◽  
Tomohiko Sunami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Erosive Esophagitis ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
Daily Alcohol Intake ◽  
Gastrointestinal Reflux ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract Background Visceral fat obesity can be defined quantitatively by abdominal computed tomography, however, the usefulness of measuring visceral fat area to assess the etiology of gastrointestinal reflux disease has not been fully elucidated. Methods A total of 433 healthy subjects aged 40–69 years (234 men, 199 women) were included in the study. The relationship between obesity-related factors (total fat area, visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, waist circumference, and body mass index) and the incidence of reflux erosive esophagitis was investigated. Lifestyle factors and stomach conditions relevant to the onset of erosive esophagitis were also analyzed. Results The prevalence of reflux erosive esophagitis was 27.2% (118/433; 106 men, 12 women). Visceral fat area was higher in subjects with erosive esophagitis than in those without (116.6 cm2 vs. 64.9 cm2, respectively). The incidence of erosive esophagitis was higher in subjects with visceral fat obesity (visceral fat area ≥ 100 cm2) than in those without (61.2% vs. 12.8%, respectively). Visceral fat obesity had the highest odds ratio (OR) among obesity-related factors. Multivariate analysis showed that visceral fat area was associated with the incidence of erosive esophagitis (OR = 2.18), indicating that it is an independent risk factor for erosive esophagitis. In addition, daily alcohol intake (OR = 1.54), gastric atrophy open type (OR = 0.29), and never-smoking history (OR = 0.49) were also independently associated with the development of erosive esophagitis. Conclusions Visceral fat obesity is the key risk factor for the development of reflux erosive esophagitis in subjects aged 40–69 years.

scholarly journals Higher Impulse Electromyostimulation Contributes to Psychological Satisfaction and Physical Development in Healthy Men

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Kangho Kim ◽  
Denny Eun ◽  
Yong-Seok Jee
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Muscle Groups

Background and Objectives: This study investigated the various impulse effects of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on psychophysiological responses and adaptations. Materials and Methods: The participants included fifty-four men between 20 and 27 years of age who practiced isometric exercises for 20 min, three days a week, for 12 weeks while wearing WB-EMS suits, which enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscle groups with three types of impulse intensities. Participants were allocated to one of four groups: control group (CON), low-impulse-intensity group (LIG), mid-impulse-intensity group (MIG), and high-impulse-intensity group (HIG). Psychophysiological conditions were measured at week 0, week 4, week 8, and week 12. Results: Compared with the CON, (1) three psychological conditions in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed positive tendencies every four weeks, and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test revealed that body image (p = 0.004), body shape (p = 0.007), and self-esteem (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. (2) Body weight, fat mass, body mass index, and percent fat in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed a noticeable decrease, which revealed that there were significant differences among the groups. Specifically, a higher impulse intensity resulted in a greater increase in muscle mass. (3) Although there was no interaction effect in the abdominal visceral fat area, there were significant interactions in the abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF) and total fat (ATF) areas. Both the ASF and ATF in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in other groups showed a noticeable decrease. The ANCOVA revealed that the ASF (p = 0.002) and ATF (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. In particular, the higher the impulse intensity, the greater the decrease in abdominal fat. Conclusions: This study confirmed that high-impulse-intensity EMS can improve psychophysiological conditions. In other words, healthy young adults felt that the extent to which their body image, body shape, and self-esteem improved depended on how intense their EMS impulse intensities were. The results also showed that higher levels of impulse intensity led to improved physical conditions.

Evolution of various adipose deposits in growing rabbits and sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vezinhet ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYThe importance of the different adipose deposits with respect to the total dissectible fatty tissue in growing rabbits and lambs was studied. Development of the subcutaneous fat in the lamb is late and occurs after birth. In contrast, the internal types of fat, such as the perirenal and pelvic fat, represent at birth an important percentage of the total fat. They tend to lose part of their relative importance between 0 and 250 days after birth. In the rabbit the situation concerning the development of subcutaneous and perirenal fat is inverted. For both species the intermuscular fat remains almost constant in relative importance during the whole growth period.After the period required for the establishment of the different fat deposits, we could observe in lambs, and to a smaller degree in rabbits, a relative growth which tends to become isometric with regard to the total fat deposits.

scholarly journals Testosterone therapy decreases subcutaneous fat and adiponectin in aging men

2012 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Frederiksen ◽  
K Højlund ◽  
D M Hougaard ◽  
T H Mosbech ◽  
R Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Testosterone Therapy ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Bioavailable Testosterone ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
Total Fat

ObjectiveTestosterone therapy increases lean body mass and decreases total fat mass in aging men with low normal testosterone levels. The major challenge is, however, to determine whether the metabolic consequences of testosterone therapy are overall positive. We have previously reported that 6-month testosterone therapy did not improve insulin sensitivity. We investigated the effect of testosterone therapy on regional body fat distribution and on the levels of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin, in aging men with low normal bioavailable testosterone levels.DesignA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on 6-month testosterone treatment (gel) in 38 men, aged 60–78 years, with bioavailable testosterone <7.3 nmol/l, and a waist circumference >94 cm.MethodsCentral fat mass (CFM) and lower extremity fat mass (LEFM) were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and thigh subcutaneous fat area (TFA) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Adiponectin levels were measured using an in-house immunofluorometric assay. Coefficients (b) represent the placebo-controlled mean effect of intervention.ResultsLEFM was decreased (b=−0.47 kg, P=0.07) while CFM did not change significantly (b=−0.66 kg, P=0.10) during testosterone therapy. SAT (b=−3.0%, P=0.018) and TFA (b=−3.0%, P<0.001) decreased, while VAT (b=1.0%, P=0.54) remained unchanged. Adiponectin levels decreased during testosterone therapy (b=−1.3 mg/l, P=0.001).ConclusionTestosterone therapy decreased subcutaneous fat on the abdomen and lower extremities, but visceral fat was unchanged. Moreover, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased during testosterone therapy.

scholarly journals Tectono-magmatic evolution of the younger Gardar southern rift, South Greenland

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G.J. Upton
Keyword(s):  
Mafic Magma ◽  
Dyke Swarm ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Alkaline Magmatism ◽  
East African ◽  
The North ◽  
Intrusive Rocks ◽  
Alkali Granites ◽  
African Rift ◽  
Very High

The 1300–1140 Ma Gardar period in South Greenland involved continental rifting, sedimentation and alkaline magmatism. The latest magmatism was located along two parallel rift zones, Isortoq–Nunarsuit in the north and the Tuttutooq–Ilimmaasaq–Narsarsuaq zone in the south addressed here. The intrusive rocks crystallised at a depth of troctolitic gabbros. These relatively reduced magmas evolved through marked iron enrichment to alkaline salic differentiates. In the Older giant dyke complex, undersaturated augite syenites grade into sodalite foyaite. The larger, c . 1163 Ma Younger giant dyke complex (YGDC) mainly consists of structureless troctolite with localised developments of layered cumulates. A layered pluton (Klokken) is considered to be coeval and presumably comagmatic with the YGDC. At the unconformity between the Ketilidian basement and Gardar rift deposits, the YGDC expanded into a gabbroic lopolith. Its magma may represent a sample from a great, underplated mafic magma reservoir, parental to all the salic alkaline rocks in the southern rift. The bulk of these are silica undersaturated; oversaturated differentiates are probably products of combined fractional crystallisation and crustal assimilation. A major dyke swarm 1–15 km broad was intruded during declining crustal extension, with decreasing dyke widths and increasing differentiation over time. Intersection of the dyke swarm and E–W-trending sinistral faults controlled the emplacement of at least three central complexes (Narssaq, South Qôroq and early Igdlerfigssalik). Three post-extensional complexes (Tugtutôq, Ilímaussaq and late Igdlerfigssalik) along the former rift mark the end of magmatism at c . 1140 Ma. The latter two complexes have oblate plans reflecting ductile, fault-related strain. The Tugtutôq complex comprises quartz syenites and alkali granites. The Ilímaussaq complex mainly consists of nepheline syenite crystallised from highly reduced, Fe-rich phonolitic peralkaline (agpaitic) magma, and resulted in rocks with very high incompatible element concentrations. Abundant anorthositic xenoliths in the mafic and intermediate intrusions point to a large anorthosite protolith at depth which is considered of critical importance in the petrogenesis of the salic rocks. Small intrusions of aillikite and carbonatite may represent remobilised mantle metasomites. The petrological similarity between Older and Younger Gardar suites implies strong lithospheric control of their petrogenesis. The parental magmas are inferred to have been derived from restitic Ketilidian lithospheric mantle, metasomatised by melts from subducting Ketilidian oceanic crust and by small-scale melt fractions associated with Gardar rifting. There are numerous analogies between the southern Gardar rift and the Palaeogene East African rift.

Physically Parameterized Prediction Equations for Significant Duration in Active Crustal Regions

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 2057-2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kioumars Afshari ◽  
Jonathan P. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Significant Duration ◽  
Crustal Earthquakes ◽  
Aleatory Variability ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Variability Model ◽  
Source Duration

We develop prediction equations for the median and standard deviation of the significant duration of earthquake ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions. We consider significant duration parameters for 5–75%, 5–95%, and 20–80% of the normalized Arias intensity. The equations were derived from a global database with M 3.0–7.9 events. We find significant noise effects on duration parameters that compel us to exclude some records that had been used previously to develop models for amplitude parameters. Our equations include an M-dependent source duration term that also depends on focal mechanism. At small M, the data suggest approximately M-independent source durations that are close to 1 sec. The increase of source durations with M is slower over the range ∼5 to 7.2–7.4 than for larger magnitudes. We adopt an additive path term with breaks in distance scaling at 10 km and 50 km. We include site terms that increase duration for decreasing V S30 and increasing basin depth. Our aleatory variability model captures decreasing between- and within-event standard deviation terms with increasing M.

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

scholarly journals Mortality in East African shorthorn zebu cattle under one year: predictors of infectious-disease mortality

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel M Thumbi ◽  
Mark Bronsvoort ◽  
Henry Kiara ◽  
PG Toye ◽  
Jane Poole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
East African ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
One Year

Hygienic Effects of Trimming and Washing Operations in a Beef-Carcass-Dressing Process†

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. GILL ◽  
M. BADONI ◽  
T. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
The Mean

Swab samples were obtained from the surfaces of randomly selected beef carcasses passing through a high-speed dressing process. A single sample was obtained from a randomly selected site on the surface of each selected carcass. Fifty such samples were collected at each of four stages in the process. The aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli recovered from each sample were enumerated. Values for the mean log units and standard deviations of each set of 50 log values were calculated on the assumption that the log values were normally distributed. The log of the arithmetic mean was estimated from the mean log and standard deviation values for each set. The results show that the average numbers of E. coli, coliforms, and aerobic bacteria which are deposited on carcasses during skinning and evisceration are not reduced by trimming, and that washing approximately halves the average numbers of those bacteria on carcasses. It is concluded that commercial trimming and washing operations are not effective means of decontaminating beef carcasses.

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