The determination of the volume and air space of soil clods

1944 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Russell ◽  
W. Balcerek
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hydrocarbon Oil

A method is described for determining the field volume and the air space of a clod of any shape by filling its pores with a hydrocarbon oil, such as paraffin or tetralin, and determining its weight in the oil and in air before and after impregnation. The method appears to work well for clods of any moisture content.This method is shown to give values of these volumes entirely comparable with those given by the other accurate methods described in the literature. Its accuracy for clods of Rothamsted soil, weighing between 20 and 500 g., was probably at least 1 part per thousand, i.e. 0-1%.The method has been applied to the determination of the available water held by a soil and has been used to illustrate the effect of long-continued applications of farmyard manure to a soil in increasing the amount of available water it can hold.

scholarly journals Determination of Nutritional Composition of Ackee’s Apple Blighia sapida and Monkey Kola Cola millenii

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
Oyetade Joshua Akinropo ◽  
Bello Lukman Abidemi ◽  
Adesiyan Blessing Adedayo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mineral Analysis ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fruit Samples

The proximate analysis of the fruit sample that homogenously sampled from the wild was taken and quartered to get appreciable weight fit for analysis. Due to it perishable nature the quartered sample for each of the fruit was stored in an air tight container and kept in the refrigerator at a temperature of about 4°C. For the determination of the nutritional composition, parameters which include their proximate, minerals, and vitamin C were quantitatively determined while the anti-nutrient composition were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Compared to ackee’s apple, monkey cola was found to consist of 64.41% moisture content, 1.69% ash, 10.21% crude fibre, 1.25% crude fat, 4.44% crude fibre, 18.06% carbohydrates while ackee’s apple consist of 73.21% moisture, 1.49% ash, 9.38 % crude protein, 13.98% crude fat, 2.08% crude fibre, 0.86% carbohydrates and 4.45% of vitamin C. The mineral analysis for both samples was quantitatively determined using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The minerals determined for ackee’s apple and monkey cola were magnesium which was 1391.65 ppm, calcium 628.23 ppm, sodium 506.96 ppm, potassium 3976.14 ppm, iron 1.0 ppm, copper 5.00, zinc 4.00, cobalt 3.0 and phosphorus 2616.90 ppm the iron however, was not detected. Ackee’s apple on the other hand, consist of magnesium 498.01 ppm, calcium 478.56 ppm, sodium 398.80 ppm, potassium 4970.18 ppm, copper 2.00, zinc 5.00, cobalt 3.0 and phosphorus 373.84 ppm. The qualitative screening of the anti-nutrients revealed the absence of phenol from both fruit samples while tannins were present only in the monkey cola. The flavonoids, phytic acid and oxalate were quantitatively determined to be 1240 mg, 625 mg and 155 mg for Monkey kola and 640 mg, 340 mg and 65 mg for Ackee’s apple.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val) Untuk Memurnikan Minyak Jelantah

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Muhammad Silmi Hi Abubakar ◽  
Siti Nuryanti ◽  
Suherman Suherman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Before And After

Study on the purification and quality test of used cooking oil with turmeric has been done. This study aims to determine the quality of cooking oil after purified turmeric. The quality parameters of oil studied were the moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA), and peroxide. The methods used for determination of these parameters were gravimetry for moisture content, acid-base titration for free fatty acids, and iodometric for peroxide. The test results for water from 0.6% to 0.4% free fatty acid from 1.2% to 0.2%, and peroxide levels before and after purification were successively from and 6 meq/g to 4 meq/g, respectively. Only free fatty acids of all three parameters met the requirement of SNI.

Determination of the milk yield of sows and correction for loss of weight due to metabolic processes of piglets during suckling

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Van Spaendonck ◽  
F. X. Vanschoubroek
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYIn determining the milk yield of the sow by weighing the litter before and after suckling, loss of weight due to metabolic processes must be considered.An experiment is described to investigate the loss of weight of piglets caused by metabolic processes between two consecutive weighings, and to investigate the relationship between this loss on the one hand and the body weight and the age of the piglets on the other. Weight changes of 15 litters of average 9·8 piglets were studied during 66 weighing periods of 16 minutes, by putting the pigs in a cage, fixed on a differential balance. Each weighing period consisted of 8 periods of 2 minutes, so that in all, loss of weight was studied during 528 2-minute periods.

DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE PORE SIZE IN LIVING MEMBRANES OF NITELLA BY THE TECHNIQUES OF ELECTROOSMOSIS AND RADIOACTIVE TRACERS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1267-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Fensom ◽  
D. J. Ursino ◽  
C. D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Radioactive Tracers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nitella Flexilis ◽  
In Cells

By measuring the number of water molecules per ion moved electroosmotically through living membranes of Nitella flexilis before and after the addition of chemicals to a solution of 10−4 M KCl, the effect of the chemical upon electroosmotic transport was investigated. Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform reduced slightly the amount of water transported per ion. On the other hand 10−5 M indoleacetic acid caused major changes in electroosmotic transport, increasing it in cells tested in July–August, but decreasing it in cells tested in October–November. Different ions also carry different amounts of water with them electroosmotically. These changes can be interpreted in terms of changing pore size.The relative pore size was also determined by measuring the permeation of glucose-14C and sucrose-14C in the absence and presence of electroosmotic transport and in cells treated with indoleacetic acid. Both the plasmalemma and tonoplast were freely permeable to glucose-14C but not to sucrose-14C. However, in the presence of electroosmotic transport sucrose did permeate the cell membrane. Indoleacetic acid enhanced this permeation of sucrose-14C.

A STUDY OF THE DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN A BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND BY PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETRY

1938 ◽  
Vol 16b (12) ◽  
pp. 422-431
Author(s):  
W. D. McFarlane ◽  
A. J. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unsaponifiable Fraction ◽  
Complete Destruction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Absorption Measurements

A comparison has been made of the determination of vitamin A in cod-liver oils and concentrates of vitamin A by means of (a) extinction coefficient measurements at 3280 Å, and (b) photoelectric colorimetry. Both methods are shown to yield results of equal accuracy, but with cod-liver oils special precautions have to be taken in the preparation and purification of the unsaponifiable fraction. No significant difference was found between the means of the quotients, blue value/E value, for low potency cod-liver oils and those for concentrates.The estimation of vitamin A by direct spectrophotometric measurements before and after its destruction by intense ultra-violet irradiation has been investigated. The conditions are described which permitted the complete destruction of vitamin A in a concentrate with apparently no significant effect on the other absorbing constituents of the oil except carotene. The residual absorption after irradiation amounted to about 5% of the initial absorption. With cod-liver oils the values obtained by this method are 20 to 30% lower than those obtained by absorption measurements on the unsaponifiable fraction. The results obtained with the concentrate indicate that a correction may be applied which reduces the discrepancy to about 10 to 15%.

Comparison of Human Panels, Colorimeter and near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Evaluation of Fabric Stain Removal

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Bunding Lee ◽  
Jeanne O'Brien ◽  
C.L. Kuesten ◽  
John Sramek ◽  
Mary H. Luccas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
Stain Removal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stain Analysis

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to analyse fabric stain samples used in a fabric stain prespotter test in which a colorimeter and human panels were used to evaluate the cleaning ability of the prespotters. The purpose of this was to see if the NIR results compared well with the other two techniques and could then be used instead for fabric stain analysis. NIR/visible instruments offer several advantages including determination of coloured and uncoloured components of the stains, ease of comparing the stain before and after cleaning, fast, accurate, reproducible and quantitative analysis, and computer data storage for later comparison. Although the samples were not specifically prepared for this determination, the NIR did give comparable results to the other two techniques for many of the stains analysed.

scholarly journals Methods for overcoming seed dormancy in Ormosia arborea seeds, characterization and harvest time

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparecida Leonir da Silva ◽  
Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias ◽  
Liana Baptista de Lima ◽  
Glaucia Almeida de Morais
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Second Period

Ormosia arborea, a Leguminosae, presents seeds with tegumentary dormancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of dormancy breaking methods, characterize seeds obtained from different mother plants, and to determine the best period to collect Ormosia arborea seeds. The seeds were harvested from mother plants in two different periods (June and August/2011). The seeds were then subjected to biometrical analyses, determination of moisture content and germination tests. Determination of the soaking curve and evaluation of the dormancy breaking methods were performed using the seeds collected in the second period. The soaking curve confirmed the tegumentary dormancy, and the chemical scarification for 15 minutes was the more adequate procedure to overcome this dormancy. The biometry revealed average values higher than those on literature, and there was difference between both harvesting periods. The mass correlates with the other evaluated parameters, and can be indicated for selecting seeds for seedling production. The two harvesting periods of Ormosia arborea seeds were considered appropriated for seed supplying, due to the high germination potential. Nevertheless, the best period for harvesting is when fruits are already opened, mature, and with low moisture content (no additional drying time needed), what hinders the occurrence of fungi.

Heat debt during cold air exposure before and after cold water immersions

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tikuisis ◽  
D. H. McCracken ◽  
M. W. Radomski
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Before And After

Acclimation to cold can manifest itself in several different ways, insulative and metabolic being the most common. Bittel (J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 1627–1634, 1987) has demonstrated that heat debt, which encompasses both heat production and heat loss, can be used as a unitary index of acclimation. However, conflicting results are obtained if heat debt is calculated using a mean-weighted body temperature (Tb) vs. the change of body heat content through the integration of heat storage (S). The present study examines the determination of heat debt by three methods of calculation, the first based on Tb and the other two based on S where heat losses are measured in one and predicted in the other. Data were obtained from five healthy young males exposed to 10 degrees C air for 2 h on four different occasions. The first two exposures provided control data, while the last two were performed after 5 and 10 days, respectively, of daily immersions in 15 degrees C water to induce acclimation. The variability in response between the control exposures was as large as that among the other exposures. Although the method of calculation using Tb indicated that subjects were close to a thermal balance after 2 h of cold air exposure, this contrasted sharply with the result of the other two methods that indicated heat debt was still increasing steadily. The latter two methods are considered more accurate for transient heat debt calculation. Although cases of individual acclimation were found, these were different among the subjects, resulting in pooled responses that indicated no group acclimation by means of any of the three methods of calculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals METHYL MERCURY IN GREEN MUSCLE (Mytilus viridis L.) FROM FISH MARKET MUARA ANGKE : BEFORE AND AFTER COOKING

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Ermin K. Winarno ◽  
Winarti Andayani ◽  
Agustin Sumartono
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Mercury Concentration ◽  
Methyl Mercury ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hcl Solution

The determination of methyl mercury content in green muscle (Mytilus viridis L.) that were taken from Pasar Pelelangan Ikan Muara Angke, Jakarta Bay has been carried out. Sampling was taken in November 2005 and March 2006, the samples were bought from the green muscle sellers. The aim of this research is to know the effect of cooking on the content of methyl mercury in green muscle. Samples were homogenized, weighed and washed with aceton and toluene. After washing, the homogenized material was added with HCl solution, extracted with toluene, then the methyl mercury content in toluene extract was analyzed using gas chromatography. The results of this research showed that methyl mercury concentration in raw and cooked green muscle respectively were 0.803 + 0.019 mg/g and 0.443 + 0.035 mg/g (in November 2005) and 0.096 + 0.014 mg/g and 0.079 + 0.016 mg/g (in March 2006) respectively. The methyl mercury content in raw (in November 2005) was higher than in cooked green muscle as permitted concentration in the sea biota by WHO and FAO, it is 0.5 ppm (mg/g), on the other hand the result of the second sampling in March 2006 showed that methyl mercury content in green muscle was lower than permitted concentration. Cooking process of the green muscle decreased methyl mercury content 44.85% (sampling in November 2005) and 17.71% (sampling in March 2006), because methyl mercury that bonded to protein were distributed to boiling water. Methyl mercury content in green muscle after cooking was still lower than the permitted concentration.   Keywords: methyl mercury, green muscle, Mytilus viridis L., Muara Angke

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

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