Growth and development in the pig, with special reference to carcass quality characters: III. Effect of the plane of nutrition on the form and composition of the bacon pig

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. McMeekan
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Low Rate

It is impracticable to give a detailed summary of the many findings of.this experiment; attention is confined, therefore, to the major aspects and the general principles emerging.1. By quantitative control of the plane of nutrition, twenty closely inbred pigs have been made to conform to four major variations in the shape of the growth curve from birth to 200 lb. live weight. A high rate throughout (High-High), a high followed by a low rate (High-Low), a low followed by a high rate (Low-High) and a low rate throughout the period (Low-Low) afforded comparison between animals of the same weight but different age and between animals of the same weight and age but with differently shaped growth curves. The relative effects of the treatments upon the development of body proportions and anatomical composition have been studied.

Growth and development in the pig, with special reference to carcass quality characters: Part II. The influence of the plane of nutrition on growth and development

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. McMeekan
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
Inadequate Nutrition

No attempt will be made to give a detailed summary of all the findings of the present experiment. It is rather our purpose to draw attention to the main principles emerging.1. The influence of extremes of high and low planes of nutrition during the first 16 weeks of post-natal life upon the growth in body proportions and in anatomical composition has been studied experimentally in six pairs of closely inbred pigs. Quantitative differences in nutrition operative from birth have resulted in an average live weight at 16 weeks of 113 lb. in the High-Plane and 37 lb. in the Low-Plane animals.2. In body proportions, the head, ears, neck, legs, and body length are penalized relatively less by inadequate nutrition than are body depth, loin, and hindquarters. Conversely, good nutrition favours most the latter characters. These effects upon body form are similarly evident i n the gross weight of the different anatomical regions involved. Low-Plane animals to a large extent retain the proportions of the juvenile and High-Plane approach the conformation of the adult

Growth and development in the pig, with special reference to carcass quality characters: Part IV. The use of sample joints and of carcass measurements as indices of the composition of the bacon pig: Part V. The bearing of the main principles emerging upon the many problems of animal production and human development

1941 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. McMeekan
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Regression Functions ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Approach Unity

1. The accurate measurement of the amount of bone, muscle and fat in the bodies of meat animals is of considerable importance in all technical studies relating to carcass quality. Chemical analysis and laboratory dissection of complete animals are associated with disadvantages which preclude their extensive use. Material derived from nutritional experiments has provided the opportunity for statistical investigation of the possibility of using sample joints and carcass measurements as indices of the composition of bacon pigs of 200 lb. live weight. The extent and nature of the variation in the composition of the pigs concerned adds to the significance of the results obtained.2. The total weight of bone, muscle and fat in the bacon-pig carcass can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy from the respective weights of these tissues in either the loin or the leg. The combination of these two joints provide even higher correlations in each case than either one alone. In all cases the correlation coefficients approach unity and are strongly significant at the 1% point. For the combined joints the values of r for bone, muscle and fat respectively are +0·9444, + 0·9765 and +0·9750. Regression functions have been developed for the purpose of estimating carcass composition from these joints.

Factors governing the shape of the growth curve of body weight and the age at slaughter of Suffolk × Welsh lambs

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Broadbent ◽  
J. H. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Linear Component ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Birth Type

Curves of growth in live-weight, from birth to 16 weeks of age, of 362 Suffolk × Welsh lambs were analysed for the effect of sex, birth type, sire and test centre environment and related to variation in age at slaughter.The relative pre-natal disadvantages of twin lambs resulted in their curves of growth differing from those of single-born animals, particularly in males. Test centre environment exerted a marked effect in such cases. At one centre, male twins showed marked compensatory growth.Differences in growth existed between the 14 sire progeny groups. As the linear component of the growth curves decreased, the quadratic values became increasingly negative. Deceleration of growth was most marked in slowest growing progeny groups and this was accentuated by a poor test centre environment.These factors combined to influence age at slaughter, which was also related to birth weight of the lamb. Lambs at the best test centre reached slaughter weight 10 and 16 days earlier than lambs at the two remaining centres. Sires produced differences in age at slaughter of 10 to 14 days, within centres.

Studies of growth and development in the young pig Part I. The carcass composition at 56 days of age of pigs reared along different growth curves

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Elsley
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
The Difference

1. A comparison was made of the carcass composition at 56 days of age of early-weaned pigs grown along predetermined growth curves to 30, 40 and 50 lb. live weight and of suckled pigs grown to 50 lb. live weight at 56 days of age.Eight blocks of four pigs were slaughtered when 56 days old and comprehensive carcass dissections undertaken.2. There were no differences in the proportionate weight of the joints or of individual bones between the suckled and early-weaned pigs weighing 50 lb. at 56 days of age.The difference in the proportionate weights of the joints between the three groups of early-weaned pigs reflected the change in development which took place with increasing live weight. There was, however, no clear gradient of development along the bones of the limbs with increasing weight at 56 days of age.3. The dissected joints (hams, shoulders, neck, pelvis and loin) from the early-weaned pigs which weighed 50 lb. live weight contained 0·5% less bone, 1·5% less muscle and 1·7% more fat than the carcasses of suckled pigs reared to 50 lb. at 56 days of age.The dissected joints of the early-weaned pigs reared to 30 lb. at 56 days of age contained 1·4% more bone, 2·7% more muscle and 5·3% less fat than the joints of the early-weaned pigs reared to 40 lb. and 2·6% more bone, 5·2% more muscle and 8·8% less fat than the joints of early-weaned pigs reared to 50 lb.

The effect of plane of nutrition on the growth and development of the East African dwarf goat. I. Effect of plane of nutrition on the live-weight gains and the external measurements of kids

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
East African ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Farm Livestock

1. Fifty-five kids of the East African dwarf goat were used in the experiment. The kidding percentage was 107·8%, and the twinning percentage 12·7%; the proportion of twin births increased in the latter stages of the experiment, related to the longer period the late-kidding dams had spent on the rising plane of nutrition.2. The percentage of female kids to total kids born was 56·4%, male kids 43·6%. The mean birth weight of female kids was 4·5 lb., compared to 5·2 lb. for male kids.3. The sex difference in live-weight increase increased markedly after 16 weeks of age. The growth of females slowed down to approximately ½ lb. per head per week, whereas that of males continued to increase at the rate of approximately 1 lb. per head per week. H-plane female kids reached 33 lb. at 31 weeks, H-plane males achieved the same weight at 20 weeks of age.4. The effect of plane of nutrition on the live weights of experimental kids of both sexes was statistically significant as from the third week of age. H-plane kids reached 33 lb. live weight at approximately 26 weeks of age, L-plane kids at about 48 weeks.5. The kids initially placed on a L-plane of nutrition exhibited a marked resilience when switched to the H-plane. The live-weight gains after switching were for females as great as, and for males greater than, the gains made by kids on a H-plane of nutrition throughout the growing period.This recuperative capacity of animals changed from L to H levels of diet, at or before the point of inflexion of the growth curve, has now been clearly established for all types of farm livestock examined, the pig, the sheep, the chicken and the goat. Both sexes exhibited this capacity to recover from initial low-plane feeding.

The early weaning of pigs VI. The effects of early weaning and of various growth curves before 50 lb. live weight upon subsequent performance and carcass quality

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
A. F. C. Calder ◽  
H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curves ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Very High

The experiment involved nine litters, each containing four male and female pairs of pigs. At about 10 days of age the four pairs within each litter were randomized one to each of the following treatments. (1) Pigs left with their dams, weaned at 56 days old and then fed ad lib. until they each weighed 50 lb. (2) Pigs weaned at 10 days old and fed ad lib. until they each weighed 50 lb. (3) Pigs weaned at 10 days old, given restricted feed allowances so that they weighed 30 lb. at 56 days old, then fed ad lib. until they each weighed 50 lb. (4) Pigs weaned at 10 days old and given restricted feed allowances so that they weighed 30 lb. at 56 days old and 50 lb. at 90 days old. Between 50 lb. and slaughter at 205 lb. all pigs were kept to the same very high plane of feeding, which was based on live weight. All pigs were individually fed from weaning onwards.

The influence of pre-weaning nutrition on subsequent growth and development of bacon pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Duckworth
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Weight

SUMMARYThe growth and carcass data were determined for pigs reared on two creep rations to different weights, and subsequently fattened with and without an antibiotic.Pigs weaned at a ‘standard’ weight of 43·8 lb. at 56 days of age grew more quickly over the range 120 to 210 lb. live-weight than pigs weighing 51·0 lb. at weaning. Both groups were fed according to a fixed scale related to live-weight. Heavy weaners growing slowly in the later stages had slightly thicker backfat measurements, indicating that they were at a more advanced stage of physiological development than the light weaners.The presence of antibiotic in the fattening ration caused no significant difference in growth rate or carcass measurements, but there were significant interactions between weaning weight and presence or absence of antibiotic in the fattening ration for length of carcass, and between sex and presence or absence of antibiotic for the traits of age at 70 lb. live-weight, carcass length and depth of mid-backfat.Weaning weight and rate of gain from 70 to 120 lb. live-weight were significantly and positively related to carcass length.It is concluded that further studies of the growth curve of the pig are required to determine the scope and importance of compensatory growth, and the interaction of growth rates in the different phases of the pig's life and their relationships to carcass traits.

Studies of growth and development in the young pig Part II. A comparison of the performance to 200 lb. of pigs reared along different growth curves to 56 days of age

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Elsley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Live Weight Gain

1. Twenty blocks of four litter-mates were individually fed under standard conditions from 56 days of age to 200 lb. Each block consisted of three early-weaned pigs reared to 50, 40 and 30 lb. live weight, respectively, at 56 days of age and a suckled pig reared to 50 lb. live weight at 56 days of age.2. There was no difference in the growth rate and feed conversion from 56 days of age to 200 lb. of the early-weaned and suckled pigs reared to 50 lb. at 56 days of age.The age at 200 lb. of the 30, 40 and 50 lb. early-weaned pigs were 169·8, 176·8 and 182·7 days and the lb. of meal per lb. live-weight gain 3·3, 3·2 and 3·1 lb., respectively. A reduction in 56-day weight led to an increase in growth rate and feed conversion from 50 to 200 lb. live weight.3. The conformation and composition of the bacon carcasses of the 50 lb. early-weaned pigs were not significantly different from the carcasses of the suckled pigs which also weighed 50 lb. at 56 days of age.An extensive examination of the carcasses of early-weaned pigs showed that an increase in 56-day weight from 30 to 50 lb. live weight signifieantly reduced the weight of muscle present and significantly increased the amount of subcutaneous fat. The conformation of the carcasses was not affected.

A Note on Groove Depth Changes Without Wear

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
F. C. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Groove Depth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Weight Loss Method ◽  
Loss Method ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Low Rate

Abstract Tread wear rates during first wear measured by groove depth and weight changes do not always agree. Sometimes, the groove depth method shows a high rate and the weight loss method a low rate. Reported here are experiments designed to determine if grooves show depth changes without wear. Four tires were measured before mounting on a wheel, after mounting and inflation, and after inflation and storage. The mounted and inflated tires showed shallower shoulder grooves and deeper center grooves than the unmounted tires. In a second experiment, tires were measured immediately after a tread wear test and then stored mounted for two weeks before remeasuring. Each groove became deeper, and there was no change in the crown radius of any tire.

Crucial role of physiotherapy in treating COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 967-971
Author(s):  
Poonam Thakre ◽  
Waqar M. Naqvi ◽  
Trupti Deshmukh ◽  
Nikhil Ingole ◽  
Sourabh Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Front Line ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sixth International

The emergence in China of 2019 of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) previously provisionally names 2019-nCoV disease (COVID19) caused major global outbreak and is a major public health problem. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared COVID19 to be the sixth international public health emergency. This present pandemic has engrossed the globe with a high rate of mortality. As a front line practitioner, physiotherapists are expected to be getting in direct contact with patients infected with the virus. That’s why it is necessary for understanding the many aspects of their role in the identification, contains, reduces and treats the symptoms of this disease. The main presentation is the involvement of respiratory system with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, sneezing and characteristics of pneumonia leads to ARDS(Acute respiratory distress syndrome) also land up in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. This text describes and suggests physiotherapy management of acute COVID-19 patients. It also includes recommendations and guidelines for physiotherapy planning and management. It also covers the guidelines regarding personal care and equipment used for treatment which can be used in the treatment of acute adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.

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