Photosynthesis in the ear of barley, and the movement of nitrogen into the ear

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Watson ◽  
A. G. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Statistical Computation ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Percentage ◽  
Made In

Experiments were made in 1936 and 1937 on barley plants grown in pot culture, to determine the effect of shading the ear or the shoot after ear emergence on dry weight and nitrogen content.It was found that after ear emergence the ear and the shoot (leaves and stem) make approximately equal contributions to the assimilation of the whole plant. In the 1936 experiment 28% of the final dry weight of the ear was accounted for by assimilation in the ear itself, and in the 1937 experiment, 19%. These are minimum estimates, for assimilation must have been proceeding in the ears during emergence, before the shading treatments were applied. The results agree well with similar estimates of the extent of assimilation in the ear made on wheat by other workers.The effects of shading on the amount of nitrogen present in the plant at harvest were somewhat variable, but they were always small compared with the effects on dry weight. Shading tended to reduce the amount of nitrogen in the ear, but as the dry weight of the ear was reduced to a much greater extent, - nitrogen as percentage of dry matter in the ear was increased. It is concluded from this result that translocation of nitrogen compounds to the ear is not closely dependent on the amount of the concurrent increase in dry weight of the ear. It appears that the approximate constancy of nitrogen percentage in the ear and the grain throughout development is a consequence of the particular conditions prevailing during normal growth in the field.The experiments showed that 20–30 % of the dry weight of the whole plant was added after ear emergence, suggesting that climatic conditions during this late stage of growth is of considerable importance in determining the final yield.The authors wish to thank Miss J. Hellyer for carrying out many of the determinations of nitrogen content, and Mr S. A. W. French for assistance with the statistical computation.

scholarly journals Nodule efficiency of three soybean genotypes inoculated by different methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 356-360
Author(s):  
V. Milić ◽  
N. Mrkovački ◽  
M. Popović ◽  
Đ. Malenčić
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Nr Activity

The objective of the study was to investigate how the inoculation of soybean seed (variety Afrodita, and lines NS-L-2016 and NS-L-300168) with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (1, 1a, 2b), Azotobacter chroococcum (3, 13, 14), and GA3 (gibberellic acid) affected plant dry weight, nitrogen content of nodules and whole plant, the enzymes of nitrogen assimilation (NR, GS) and soluble protein content. The highest dry matter mass and nitrogen content were found in the variety Afrodita, followed by line NS-L-300168. The GS and NR activity was increased significantly by all three inoculation treatments relative to the control. In all three genotypes, the highest values for the enzymatic activity were achieved with treatment mixture of B. japonicum and A. chroococcum strains. Each measurement was performed with three replications. The results were processed using variance analysis and the values were tested with the LSD at 5%.

PREDICTED FORAGE VALUE OF WHOLE PLANT CEREALS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Value

Dry matter yield, percent dry weight, in vitro digestible dry matter, in vitro digestible organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash and hemicellulose contents were determined for spring- and fall-sown common wheat, barley, rye and triticale and spring-sown durum wheat and oats for the period from late boot to maturity. Differences among cultivars and stages of maturity were significant for all parameters. These differences were accompanied by stage of maturity interactions. Consideration of the interrelationships among these parameters revealed that level of in vitro digestible dry matter was reflected in measures of acid detergent fiber and ash or percent dry weight. Further analyses indicated that differences in digestibility due to stage of maturity were primarily reflected by changes in ash or percent dry weight, while differences in digestibility among cultivars were mainly attributable to differences in acid detergent fiber.

Seasonal changes in growth and nodulation of perennial tropical pasture legumes in the field. I. The influence of planting date and grazing and cutting on Desmodium uncinatum and Phaseolus atropurpureus

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Whiteman ◽  
A Lulhan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Made In

Plantings of D. uncinatum and P. atropuvpureus were made in October and December 1965 and February and April 1966, and subsequently the plots were either rotationally grazed by sheep, cut with a mower at 3 inches, or left undefoliated. Monthly samples were taken to determine individual plant dry weight, nodule weight per plant, nodule number, and mean weight per nodule. Three samples for plot dry matter yield were also taken. Individual plant dry weight was higher in the October and December sowings, although by the end of the second growing season dry matter yield per plot was higher in the December and February sowings. Dry matter yield of legume was depressed by April planting. D. uncinatum began regrowth in spring 2 months earlier than P, atropurpureus, when minimum temperatures exceeded 48-50�F compared with 57' for P. atropurpureus. Both species had marked seasonal peaks in nodule and plant dry weight. The rapid decline in nodule weight could not be directly related to the onset of flowering or frosts. Grazing caused a greater reduction than cutting in terms of plant and nodule weight and legume yield. In P. atropurpureus nodule weight per plant was reduced through a decline in mean weight per nodule, while in D. uncinatum grazing and cutting reduced nodule number per plant.

Fruit development and associated changes in the distribution of dry weight and nitrogen in Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniharvest and L. consentinii selection CB12

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (80) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Rapid Fall

Reproductive development, and the distribution of dry matter and nitrogen were followed in field plantings of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniharvest and L. cosentinii selection CB12 from the start of flowering until maturity. L. cosentinii (CBI 2) commenced flowering one week earlier, but developed one less order of inflorescences and fewer flowers than L. angustfiolius (Uniharvest) ; yet it set more pods and produced more seed. In both species seeds did not commence to fill until the leaves began to fall shortly after flowering ended. Seeds in pods on all orders of inflorescence filled concurrently. The increase in seed weight coincided with a rapid fall in the nitrogen content of other fractions of the tops.

Submergence of Rice. II. Adverse Effects of Low CO2 Concentrations

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Setter ◽  
H Greenway ◽  
T Kupkanchanakul
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Insoluble Material ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Phytotron Experiments

Submergence of rice in water at low CO2 concentrations was studied in phytotron experiments using plants in the 3rd to 4th leaf stage. Cultivars known to differ in tolerance to complete submergence were adversely affected by the same mechanisms but to a different degree. Submergence for 4-12 days either reduced dry weight production of the whole plant by 6 to 10 fold or even resulted in a loss of dry weight. Nevertheless, the emerging leaf elongated, and both ethanol insoluble material and protein content increased with time. These increases were associated with translocation of dry matter and nitrogen from expanded to expanding leaves. Submergence also reduced concentrations of soluble sugars and starch in all plant parts by 4 to 12 fold. In contrast, concentrations of potassium and free amino acids in shoots were either the same or, in the case of the emerging leaf, higher than in plants which were not submerged. These results indicate (i) these solutes were not limiting growth and (ii) the tissues retained their semipermeability to these solutes during submergence. Insufficient capacity of root metabolism in submerged plants was indicated by low rates of respiration, which persisted in the presence of glucose, and by a low ability to consume ethanol. A model is presented on the adverse effects of submergence of rice which considers possible interactions between CO2, low O2 and high ethylene concentrations.

scholarly journals Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) Seedlings Showed Impressive Recovery after Defoliation

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Ugese ◽  
P.T. Ezechukwu ◽  
C. Ogbaje
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Characters ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

Experiments to determine the effect of seed size, watering interval and defoliation on growth and dry matter attributes of seedlings of shea butter tree were conducted at Makurdi, Nigeria, from July 2010 to April, 2012. In the first experiment, treatments were made up of three seed size categories described as small (5-10g), medium (11-15g) and large (16-20g) and three watering intervals of 3, 6 and 9 days. In the second experiment, treatments comprised three watering intervals of 3, 6 and 9 days and three levels of defoliation – 0, 50 and 100%. In both experiments, factorial combinations of the treatments were laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. Results of analysis of variance showed that in the first experiment seed size significantly influenced root length with the medium and large seeds producing seedlings with comparatively longer roots than the small seeds. The most frequently watered seedlings (3 and 6 days) produced more leaves than those watered less frequently (9 days). Seed size influenced dry weight of root and total (whole plant) dry weight with the medium and large seeds recording significantly higher values than the small seeds. Watering interval however did not significantly influence any of the other traits. Seed weight exerted significant influence on amount of dry matter partitioned to the stem and the root. More dry matter was partitioned to the stem by the small seeds. Conversely, medium and large seeds allocated more dry matter to the root than to the stem. In the second experiment, defoliation level only influenced total fresh weight, dry weight of root and total dry weight in favour of plants with half their leaves removed. None of the traits examined were significantly influenced by watering regime. Interaction between defoliation level and watering regime significantly influenced total fresh weight, dry weight of root and total dry weight. Generally seed size had more influence on seedling characters than watering interval. Seedlings also demonstrated remarkable ability to overcome effects of defoliation.

scholarly journals Shading Affects Morphology, Dry-matter Partitioning, and Photosynthetic Response of Greenhouse-grown `Chardonnay' Grapevines

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine E. Vanden Heuvel ◽  
John T.A. Proctor ◽  
K. Helen Fisher ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Light Response Curves ◽  
Whole Plant

In order to gain an understanding of the capacity of severely shaded leaves to be productive in dense canopies, the effects of increased shading on morphology, dry-matter partitioning, and whole-plant net carbon exchange rate (NCER) were investigated on greenhouse-grown Vitis vinifera L. `Chardonnay' grapevines. Vines were subjected to whole-plant shading levels of 0%, 54%, 90%, and 99% of direct sun 3 weeks after potting. Data were collected 8 to 10 weeks after potting. Nonlinear regression was used to investigate the relationship of leaf morphological traits and organ dry weights to increased shading. Leaf size was maintained with increased shading to approximately the 90% shading level, while leaf fresh weight, volume, density, and thickness were immediately reduced with increased shading. Root dry weight was most affected by increased shading, and root to shoot ratio was reduced. When nonlinear regressions were produced for light response curves, light compensation point was reduced by approximately 49% by moderate shading, and 61% by severe shading. Shaded leaves approached the asymptote of the light response curve more quickly, and had reduced dark respiration rates, indicating that the morphological compensation responses by the vine allow shaded leaves to use available light more efficiently. However, the long-term ramifications of reduced root growth in the current year on vines with shaded leaves may be significant.

Growth and chemical composition of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis). 1. Dry matter yield and nitrogen content in response to superphosphate

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
NH Shaw ◽  
CT Gates ◽  
JR Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Minor

In a field experiment on a solodic soil, applications of superphosphate, in the presence of molybdenum, increased the dry matter yield of S. humilis H.B.K. from 2,450 to 5,800 lb an acre, and increased the relative nitrogen content from 2.36 to 3.28 per cent. When this result was examined under more closely controlled conditions in a pot experiment, using the constituent elements of molybdenized superphosphate, it was found that the combination of phosphorus and sulphur produced the greatest dry weight and nitrogen responses. Nevertheless, substantial increases in dry weight of plant tops were obtained with added phosphorus in the absence of sulphur, although the relative nitrogen content of this dry matter was low unless sulphur was also present. There was a small response to molybdenum in this experiment, but calcium played only a minor role. In the pot experiment three replicates were placed in a glasshouse, and one under a light bank in a growth room. Plants grew faster and gave higher dry matter and nitrogen yields under the light bank than in the glasshouse. Attention is drawn to the adaptability that S. humilis displays to a wide range of nutritional conditions, and it is suggested that both the yield and nitrogen content of this legume are probably being limited by nutrient deficiency in most areas of northern Australia where it is being grown.

scholarly journals Bazı Sırık ve Bodur Fasulye Genotiplerinde Tuz Uygulamalarının Bitki Gelişimine Etkisi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1074-1082
Author(s):  
Enes Fidan ◽  
Aytekin Ekincialp
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
P Content ◽  
Plot Design

In this study, the responses of 20 different bean genotypes (13 pole and 7 dwarf) to salt (NaCl) stress at 0 mM, 25 mM and 50 mM were investigated. Salt application was performed together with irrigation water in the same time every day during 4 days. In the study, which was prepared according to randomized plot design with 3 replications, the plants were grown in the pots containing peat-perlite in a ratio of 2:1 under climatic conditions of 23±2°C. Root dry matter, root fresh and dry weight and some nutrient contents (Phosphorus-P, Copper-Cu, Zinc-Zn, Manganese-Mn, Iron-Fe and Magnesium-Mg) were investigated in order to determine salinity tolerance in bean genotypes. The data obtained from the study revealed that salt stress responds differently in both genotypes and applications. When the average of applications of 25 mM and 50 mM salt stress was examined, it was found that while root fresh and dry weight, root dry matter (%) and Fe content increased compared to control group, Mn and P content decreased. Among the genotypes exposed to salt stress, while four genotypes [two pole (numbered as 13 and 19) and two dwarf (numbered as 8 and 11)] were determined to be tolerant to salt, 3 genotypes [one pole (numbered as 14) and two dwarf (numbered as 18 and 20)] were evaluated as sensitive.

Growth, Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Stylosanthes: Effect of Different Day/Night Root Temperatures

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Date
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Lower Range

SUMMARYNodulated plants of six varieties of Stylosanthes were grown at a constant temperature of 30°C for 21 days in a controlled environment and then for a further 21 days at a range of day/night root temperatures. Dry matter and nitrogen content of S. hamata cv. Verano and CPI40264A were measured after growth at day/night root temperatures of 30/30, 40/30, 50/30, 60/30 and 60/35°C. Similarly, growth and nitrogen content were measured for Verano, CPI40264A, S. gvianensis cv. Oxley and cv. Cook, S. humilis cv. Lawson and S. scabra cv. Seca after growth at root temperatures of 25/20, 25/25, 30/25, 30/30, 35/30 and 40/30°C. There were strong interactions of root temperature with variety and harvest time (31 and 42 days) but all varieties grew well even at the highest temperatures (50–60°C) provided they were supplied with nitrogen. Symbiotically dependent plants of S. hamata cv. Verano were more tolerant of high root temperatures and maintained better growth and nitrogen fixation at 40/30°C than those of CPI40264A, especially after the 31 day harvest. All six varieties responded similarly, but to differing extents, to the lower range of root temperatures. Nitrogen fixation was more severely affected than dry weight by high root temperature.

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