Effects of dietary deficiencies of energy, protein and calcium on the pregnant ewe. II. Body composition and mineral content of the lamb

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SUMMARYThe effects of low protein and low Ca intakes during pregnancy on lamb composition and mineral contents have been investigated. Twenty-eight 6½-year-old Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 experiment in which semi-purified diets containing 11·8 and 6·0% crude protein and 1·2 and 0·11 % Ca in the dry matter were offered to maintain constant levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies in the plasma, comparable to those found in hill sheep in winter. A further group, control, were fed a conventional diet containing adequate crude protein and Ca to maintain NEFA and ketone body levels typical of well-nourished sheep. The lambs were killed at birth and whole body fat, moisture, nitrogen, Ca, P, Mg, Na and K contents determined. Further data was obtained on the brain, liver and semitendinosus muscle.Within the context of the experiment the most important factor in determining the mineral content of the lambs was the protein intake of the ewe, mainly due to its effect on lamb body weight. The mean Ca content of lambs from the control ewes was 47·8 g. By comparison that of lambs from the high and low protein groups was reduced by 4·9 and 12·9 g respectively.Calcium intakes as low as 27 mg/kg ewe body weight/day had no significant effect on lamb birth weight or mineral composition.The mean concentrations (g/kg) of minerals in the fat-free bodies of the lambs ranged from 12·1 to 14·6 for Ca, 6·6 to 7·4 for P, 0·49 to 006 for Mg and from 1·9 to 1·6 for K in the control and double deficiency groups respectively. It was concluded that these changes in lamb composition could be interpreted according to classical studies on the influence of undernutrition on the relative growth and development of animal tissues.The livers of the lambs, although significantly reduced in weight by the protein deficiency showed no evidence of being relatively more severely affected than muscle tissue.

Effects of dietary deficiencies of energy, protein and calcium on the pregnant ewe. I. Body composition and mineral content of the ewes

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SUMMARYForty 6½-year-old Scottish Blackface ewes were used in an experiment to investigate the effects of low protein and low calcium (Ca) intakes during pregnancy on body composition and mineral contents. Six sheep were slaughtered at the commencement of the experiment as controls; 28 were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment in which semipurified diets containing 11·8 and 6·0% crude protein (CP) and 1·2 and 0·11% Ca in the dry matter were offered to maintain non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies in the plasma at levels comparable to those found in hill sheep in winter. All ewes were slaughtered after parturition and the carcase dissected into soft tissue and skeleton fractions. Both fractions were dissolved in HNO3and the fat and mineral contents measured.

Maintenance of Merino sheep fed varying protein roughages with or without supplements of chopped lucerne hay and wheat.

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Franklin ◽  
P McInnes ◽  
PK Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
High Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean

Merino wethers of 30 months of age were hand-fed in pens on low-(chaffed wheaten straw), medium-(84 per cent chaffed wheaten straw; 16 per cent chopped lucerne hay), and high-protein roughage (chopped wheaten hay, or 67.5 per cent chaffed wheaten straw : 32.5 per cent chopped lucerne hay) alone, or supplemented with wheat grain at daily or twice-weekly intervals. The experimental period was 26 weeks and emphasis was placed on the number of survivors, changes in body weight, and mean daily roughage intake. Data were also collected on wool production. No sheep survived on the low-protein roughage (LPR-2.7 per cent crude protein (CP) ). Seven out of 16 sheep in the medium-protein roughage group (MPR-5.2 per cent CP) survived for 26 weeks ; six of these, however, died in the following four weeks. All sheep survived on the two high-protein roughage diets (HPR(1) and HPR(2)-7.6 per cent CP). The wheat supplement increased the number of survivors in the LPR and MPR groups. There was no difference between results from the daily and twice-weekly supplemented groups. Mean daily roughage intake of the unsupplemented sheep increased at each level of protein in the roughage. Mean intake of chaffed wheat straw when fed alone was 220 g per sheep per day. The intake of the same straw when fed with chopped lucerne hay increased by 120 g per sheep per day in the group fed MPR, and by 344 g in the group fed HPR(1). The wheat supplement did not increase intake within any roughage group. Roughage intake was significantly decreased on the HPR(2) diet when a wheat supplement was given. Sheep fed HPR(2) grew more clean wool than sheep in the other unsupplemented groups. Differences between mean clean wool weights of daily and twice-weekly supplemented groups within each roughage group were not significant, but differences between the mean pooled wool weights of each supplemented roughage group were significant.

The phosphorus requirement of pregnant sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
R. A. Dingwall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Balance Trials

SummaryThirty-eight mature Scottish Blackface sheep were mated at pasture and 32 brought indoors when 3–4 weeks pregnant. Eight were killed at this stage as controls (CI). The remaining 24 were offered a basal hay ration (200 g/head/day) supplemented with a semi-purified diet containing 84 g crude protein/kg and either 1·5 (P1), 2·8 (P2) or 9·3 (P3) g P/kg dry matter. The rate of feeding of the supplement allowed a mean daily P intake (g/day) in groups P1, P2 and P3 of 1·1, 1·6 and 4·7 and 1·6, 2·5 and 7·9 during weeks 4–15 and 16–21 of pregnancy, respectively. Six well-nourished sheep, fed conventionally, provided control ewes and lambs.Balance trials were conducted on four sheep from each of groups P1 P2 and P3 during weeks 9–10, 14–15 and 19–20 of pregnancy. All sheep were slaughtered at parturition and selected bones of ewes and lambs removed for histological and chemical examinations. Whole body fat, nitrogen, Ca and P contents of the ewes and mineral content of the lambs were determined.The faecal P excretion of the P1 sheep ranged from 10·8 to 19·1 mg/kg body weight/ day; urinary P excretion ranged from 0·7 to 2·9 mg/kg body weight/day in early and mid-pregnancy and from 1·0 to 8·1 mg/kg body weight/day in late pregnancy. It is suggested that on this evidence the minimum net faecal and urinary endogenous P loss can be no greater than about 13·5 mg/kg body weight/day. Carcass analysis and bone histology and chemical composition confirmed that the P requirement of pregnant ewes is much smaller than has been generally assumed.It is suggested that for a 50-kg ewe carrying twins the P requirement increases from an average of 1·1 g/day during the first to about 2·5 g/day during the last month of pregnancy.

Analysis of Red Cell Mass and Plasma Volume in Patients With Polycythemia

2005 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mordechai Lorberboym ◽  
Naomi Rahimi-Levene ◽  
Helena Lipszyc ◽  
Chun K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Iodine 125

Abstract Context.—Polycythemia describes an increased proportion of red blood cells in the peripheral blood. In absolute polycythemia, there is increased red cell mass (RCM) with normal plasma volume, in contrast with apparent polycythemia, in which there is increased or normal RCM and decreased plasma volume. In order to deliver the appropriate treatment it is necessary to differentiate between the two. Objective.—A retrospective analysis of RCM and plasma volume data are presented, with special attention to different methods of RCM interpretation. Design.—The measurements of RCM and plasma volume in 64 patients were compared with the venous and whole-body packed cell volume, and the incidence of absolute and apparent polycythemia was determined for increasing hematocrit levels. Measurements of RCM and plasma volume were performed using chromium 51–labeled red cells and iodine 125–labeled albumin, respectively. The measured RCM of each patient was expressed as a percentage of the mean expected RCM and was also defined as being within or outside the range of 2 SD of the mean. The results were also expressed in the traditional manner of mL/kg body weight. Results.—Twenty-one patients (13 women and 8 men) had absolute polycythemia. None of them had an increased plasma volume beyond 2 SD of the mean. When expressed according to the criteria of mL/kg body weight, 17 of the 21 patients had abnormally increased RCM, but 4 patients (19%) had a normal RCM value. Twenty-eight patients had apparent polycythemia. The remaining 15 patients had normal RCM and plasma volume. Conclusions.—The measurement of RCM and plasma volume is a simple and necessary procedure in the evaluation of polycythemia. In obese patients, the expression of RCM in mL/kg body weight lacks precision, considering that adipose tissue is hypovascular. The results of RCM are best described as being within or beyond 2 SD of the mean value.

scholarly journals Structural Organization of the Optic Lobe of Grey Breasted Helmeted Guinea Fowl (*Numida meleagris galeata*) at Pre-Hatch Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Wanmi Nathaniel ◽  
Onyeanusi I. Barth ◽  
Nzalak J. Oliver ◽  
Aluwong Tanang
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Immature Cells

<p class="jbls-body"><span lang="EN-GB">A total of one hundred and seventy-three fertilized eggs were used for morphometry, gross and histological studies. At day 4 of incubation, the mean body weight of the helmeted guinea fowl embryo was 0.6401 ± 0.0211 g. It was at day 10 of incubation that there was an increase in the whole body weight of the embryo to be 0.8650 ± 0.676 g. The whole brain weight indicated relative increased at day 4 as compared to that of the whole body weight. Graphically, there were steady increase in the body, brain and optic lobe weights. Histologically, cells and neurones that make up the optic lobe is probably as a result of the migration of immature cells from the ventricular neuroepithelium. </span></p>

scholarly journals Seasonal variations in blood parameters of the Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elton P. Colares ◽  
Ioni G. Colares ◽  
Adalto Bianchini ◽  
Euclydes A. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose

Seasonal variations in body weight, food consumption and blood glucose, total lipids, urea, total proteins, albumin and globulins of captive Amazonian manatees, Trichechus inunguis, were determined. Body weight changed significantly along the year, increasing from autumn to spring and decreasing in summer. The mean daily food intake of paragrass remained almost unchanged along the year. Paragrass administered to the manatees showed important variations in crude protein and lipid content along the year. No significant differences in blood parameters were registered between males and females in all seasons. Further, there were no significant differences in blood total proteins, albumin and globulins along the year. On the other hand, significant differences in the mean blood glucose, lipids and urea were registered. An increase in the blood glucose in the spring and summer was observed. Blood urea and lipids levels were positively related to paragrass protein and lipids content. These two correlations suggested that these blood parameters are good indicators of the animal nutritional status in the Amazonian manatee.

Body composition of young sheep: I. Body composition in merino and Border Leicester × Merino hoggets in relation to and at common empty body weight

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Gharaybeh ◽  
W. R. McManus ◽  
G. W. Arnold ◽  
M. L. Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Body Components

SUMMARYFlocks of 9-month-old Merino and Border Leicester & Merino sheep were sampled over the full range of body weights present within flocks. Six pairs of ewes and wethers of equal body weight were taken. The sheep were weighed and slaughtered after a 36 h fast. Total weights of blood, skin, head, feet, internal organs and carcasses were obtained for each animal. Each component was analysed for ash, crude protein, ether extract and total energy. Half of each carcass was dissected into bone, muscle, fat and waste.The compositions of the sheep were compared by regression analyses of weights of body components on empty body weight (EBW) between the four groups and by means of percentages of EBW. There were highly significant linear relationships between both fresh and dry weights of body components, carcass components, and chemical components with EBW; moisture content was not related to EBW. Rates of change with EBW in weights of body components, or in amounts of ash, crude protein, ether extract and energy were the same for all groups of sheep with the exceptions of bone and skin ether extract (EE) weight. However, intercepts of regression lines frequently differed, indicating that body composition differed between groups at the same EBW.All groups had the same dry weight of blood, internal organs and muscle, weight of ether extract, and total energy in the whole body at the same EBW. Border Leicester × Merinos had lighter skins with less wool, but their carcass weights were higher than Merinos. There were other differences between breeds in the chemical composition of individual components. Wethers had heavier head + feet weights and carcass bone than had ewes. There were also some sex differences in chemical composition of body components. In general, there were fewer sex than breed differences in body composition. The breed differences cannot be explained on the basis of early and later maturing types.

scholarly journals The interconversion and disposal of ketone bodies in untreated and injured post-absorptive rats

1973 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger N. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Limb Ischaemia ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Extrahepatic Tissues ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Kinetics Of

[3-14C]Acetoacetate and β-hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate were used to investigate the kinetics of ketone body metabolism in rats 3h after bilateral hind-limb ischaemia and in controls, both groups being in the post-absorptive state and in a 20°C environment. Calculations were carried out as described by Heath & Barton (1973) and the following conclusions were reached. 1. In both injured and control rats, the rates of irreversible disposal (extrahepatic utilization) of β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were proportional within experimental error to their blood concentrations up to at least 0.4mm (the maximum found in these rats), implying that they were determined, via these concentrations, by the rates of production by the liver. 2. Conversion of blood β-hydroxybutyrate into blood acetoacetate took place mainly in the liver, but the reverse process occurred mainly in extrahepatic tissues. 3. The ‘metabolic clearance rate’ (the volume of blood which, if completely cleared of substrate in unit time, would give a disposal rate equal to that in the whole animal) was calculated for β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Comparison with the cardiac output showed that in control rats the proportion of circulating β-hydroxybutyrate extracted was lower than that of acetoacetate, clearance of which appeared almost complete. After injury both metabolic clearance rates decreased, probably because of the lower cardiac output. 4. After injury, because the average blood concentrations of ketone bodies, especially acetoacetate, were higher, the mean total rate of disposal also increased. Assuming complete oxidation, the mean contribution of ketone bodies to the whole body O2 consumption rose from 7 to 15%.

Prediction of the body composition of lambs from the composition of their non-carcass components

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Whole Body

AbstractInformation on the chemical composition of Suffolk × Blackface lambs was collected and used to predict empty body (EB) component weights from empty body weight (EBW) and non-carcass (NC) component weights. EBW accounted proportionately for 0·94, 0·89 and 0·95 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. A combination of NC component weights accounted proportionately for 0·94, 0·95 and 0·96 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. EBW and a combination of NC component weights together accounted proportionately for 0·97, 0·97 and 0·98 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. Chemical analysis of NC components is cheaper and easier than whole body analysis and provides a viable alternative to sample joint or specific gravity analysis.

scholarly journals Whole-body albumin mass and distribution in rats fed on low-protein diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
M. B. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1. From 5 weeks of age, control and experimental rats were given diets containing 210 and 31 g protein/kg respectively, and killed for analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d after the start of the experiment. At these times estimates were made of plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and total vascular and extravascular albumin mass.2. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental animals when compared to controls at 8, 12 and 20 d but plasma volumes (ml/kg body-weight) tended to be greater in the former animals. Total vascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly less in experimental animals compared to controls at 8 and 20 d, but was significantly reduced below values at 0 d only at 20 d.3. Extravascular albumin mass (g/kg body-weight) was significantly lower in experimental animals in comparison with controls at 2, 5, 8, 12 and 20 d and significantly reduced below values at 0 d at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d.4. Whole-body albumin mass was significantly reduced at 5, 8, 12 and 20 d when compared both with controls killed at the same time and animals killed at 0 d. Measurement of the ratio, extravascular albumin mass: vascular albumin mass indicated a significant redistribution of whole-body albumin mass at 5 and 20 d and mean values for this ratio were always lower in experimental animals than in controls.5. It was concluded that measurement of plasma albumin concentration does not indicate the true extent of whole-body albumin losses in protein deficiency since total vascular albumin mass is, to some extent, maintained at the expense of extravascular albumin mass.

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