Structural features of condensed tannins affectin vitroruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics

SUMMARYAnin vitrostudy was conducted to investigate the effects of condensed tannin (CT) structural properties, i.e. average polymer size (or mean degree of polymerization), percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols and percentage of prodelphinidins in CT extracts on methane (CH4) production and fermentation characteristics. Condensed tannins were extracted from eight plants in order to obtain different CT types: blackcurrant leaves, goat willow leaves, goat willow twigs, pine bark, redcurrant leaves, sainfoin plants, weeping willow catkins and white clover flowers. They were analysed for CT content and CT composition by thiolytic degradation, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Grass silage was used as a control substrate. Condensed tannins were added to the substrate at a concentration of 40 g/kg, with or without polyethylene glycol (+ or −PEG 6000 treatment) to inactivate tannins, then incubated for 72 h in mixed buffered rumen fluid from three different lactating dairy cows per run. Total cumulative gas production (GP) was measured by an automated GP system. During the incubation, 12 gas samples (10µl) were collected from each bottle headspace at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 56 and 72 h of incubation and analysed for CH4. A modified Michaelis-Menten model was fitted to the CH4concentration patterns and model estimates were used to calculate total cumulative CH4production (GPCH4). Total cumulative GP and GPCH4curves were fitted using biphasic and monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten models, respectively. Addition of PEG increased GP, GPCH4, and CH4concentration compared with the −PEG treatment. All CT types reduced GPCH4and CH4concentration. All CT increased the half time of GP and GPCH4. Moreover, all CT decreased the maximum rate of fermentation for GPCH4and rate of substrate degradation. The correlation between CT structure and GPCH4and fermentation characteristics showed that the proportion of prodelphinidins within CT had the largest effect on fermentation characteristics, followed by average polymer size and percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols.

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The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus on the solubilization and degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39; Rubisco) protein in the rumen and the sites of Rubisco digestion

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19960061 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 535-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

W. C. Mcnabb ◽

G. C. Waghorn ◽

J. S. Peters ◽

T. N. Barry

Keyword(s):

Condensed Tannins ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

The Other ◽

Leaf Protein ◽

Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Lotus Pedunculatus ◽

Micro Organisms

Three experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of condensed tannin (CT) in Lotuspedunculutus (45–55 g extractable CT/kg DM) on the digestion of the principal leaf protein, ribulose-1,5-bis phosphate carboxylase EC 4.1.1.39; Rubisco; fraction 1 leaf protein). In two of the experiments Lotus pedunculutus was fed to sheep, with one group receiving a continuous intraruminal infusion (per fistulum) of PEG (molecular weight 3500) to bind and inactivate the CT (PEG group). The other group, which did not receive PEG, was termed the control sheep (CT acting). Expt 3 involved in vitvo incubations of Lotus pedunculutus in buffered rumen fluid, with and without PEG added. In all experiments the results have been interpreted in terms of the effects of CT on Rubisco solubilization and degradation. Disappearance of N and Rubisco from Lotus pedunculutus suspended in polyester bags in the rumen was used as a measure of solubilization. Degradation was defined as the disappearance of Rubisco from in vitro incubations of Lotus pedunculatusinrumen fluid. In Expt 1, CT reduced the digestion of Rubisco in the rumen from 0.96 to 0.72 of intake (P < 0.01). Rubisco digestion in the small intestine was 0.27 of intake in control sheep and 0.04 of intake in PEG sheep. In Expt 2, PEG had no effect on the loss of Rubisco from Lotus pehneulatus contained in polyester bags which were incubated in the rumen, hence CT did not affect the solubilization of Rubisco. Observations in Expt 1 were confirmed by in vitro incubations in Expt 3, where PEG addition substantially increased the rate of degradation of plant protein to NH2. Addition of PEG decreased the period of time taken to degrade 50% of the Rubisco from about 13.8 h to about 3.0 h. It was concluded that the action of CT reduced the digestion of Rubisco in the rumen of sheep fed on fresh Lotus pedunculutus, and that this was primarily due to the ability of CT to slow its degradation by rumen micro-organisms, without affecting its solubilization. Both fresh-minced, and freeze-dried and ground lotus were used for in saccoand in vitro incubations; however, fresh-minced lotus was more suitable for the evaluation of protein solubilization and degradation in fresh forages.

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In vitro methane and gas production characteristics of Eragrostis trichopophora substrate supplemented with different browse foliage

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15612 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 634 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Abubeker Hassen ◽

Jacobus Johannes Francois Theart ◽

Willem Adriaan van Niekerk ◽

Festus Adeyemi Adejoro ◽

Belete Shenkute Gemeda

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Methane Production ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Gas Production ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Browse Species

An in vitro gas production study was conducted to evaluate the potential of six browse species (high, medium and low condensed tannin concentrations) collected from the Kalahari Desert as antimethanogenic additives to an Eragrostis trichopophora-based substrate. The browse species studied were Acacia luederitzii, Monechma incanum, Acacia erioloba, Acacia haematoxylon, Olea europaea and Acacia mellifera. The edible forage dry matter of the browse species were incubated with Eragrostis trichopophora in a 30 : 70 (w/w) ratio by adding 40 mL of a buffered rumen fluid at 39°C for 48 h. Gas and methane production at different time intervals after incubation were determined whereas the volatile fatty acids concentration was evaluated after 48 h. Acacia luederitzii and M. incanum foliage decreased methane production by more than 50%, but simultaneously decreased digestibility, and rumen fermentation parameters such as volatile fatty acids concentration. Tannin extracts from A. luederitzii could possibly be used as a dietary alternative to reduce methane production; however, there is a need to determine an optimum level of inclusion that may not compromise the efficiency of rumen fermentation and overall digestibility of the diet.

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Feeding Value Assessment of Substituting Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Residue for Concentrate of Dairy Cows Using an In Vitro Gas Test

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 307

Author(s):

Yuhui Zheng ◽

Yanyan Zhao ◽

Shenglin Xue ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Yajing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Manihot Esculenta ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

The Other ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Value Assessment ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Feeding Value ◽

Cassava Residue

The feeding value of replacing concentrate with cassava (Manihot esculenta) residue in the feed of Holstein cows was confirmed using an in vitro gas test. The treatments consisted of 0% (control, CON), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% inclusion of cassava residue in fermentation culture medium composed of buffer solution (50 mL) and filtrated rumen fluid (25 mL). The parameters analyzed included the kinetics of gas production and fermentation indexes. Forty-eight hours later, there were no significant differences on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), pH, and microbial crude protein (MCP) content among treatments (p > 0.05). However, the “cumulative gas production at 48 h” (GP48), the “asymptotic gas production” (A), and the “maximum gas production rate” (RmaxG) all increased linearly or quadratically (p < 0.01). The GP48 was significantly higher in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 30% (p < 0.01). The A was significantly larger in the 25% treatment compared to the other treatments, except for the 20% and 30% (p < 0.01). The RmaxG was distinctly larger in the 25% treatment compared to other treatments (p < 0.01); moreover, the “time at which RmaxG is reached” (TRmaxG) and the “time at which the maximum rate of substrate degradation is reached” (TRmaxS) were significantly higher in the 25% treatment than the CON, 20%, and 30% treatments (p < 0.01). Additionally, the content of ammonia-N (NH3-N) in all treatments showed linearly and quadratically decreases (p < 0.01), whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA), iso-butyrate, butyrate, and iso-valerate contents changed quadratically (p = 0.02, p = 0.05, p = 0.01, and p = 0.02, respectively); all of these values peaked in the 25% treatment. In summary, the 25% treatment was associated with more in vitro gas and VFA production, indicating that this cassava residue inclusion level may be used to replace concentrate in the feed of Holstein cows. However, these results need to be verified in vivo.

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Associative Effects between Forages and Concentrates on In Vitro Fermentation of Working Equine Diets

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11082212 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2212

Author(s):

Mónica Gandarillas ◽

Juan Pablo Keim ◽

Elisa María Gapp

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Volatile Fatty Acid ◽

Animal Species ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Gas Production ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Production Experiment ◽

Need To Evaluate

Background: Horses are hindgut fermenters, and it is therefore important to determine the postgastric nutritive value of their feedstuffs and diets. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in other animal species that the fermentation of diets results in different values than those expected from pure ingredients. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to evaluate the gas production (GP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, as well as the associative effects, of mixtures of different forages and concentrated foods, which are representative of the traditional diets of high-performance horses. Methods: An in vitro gas production experiment was conducted to assess the fermentation of two forages and three concentrates that are typical in horse diets. The combination of 70% of forage and 30% concentrates was also assessed to determine potential associative effects. Results: Concentrates and grains produced higher GP and VFA than forages when evaluated alone. When experimental diets were incubated, GP parameters and VFA concentrations of forage–concentrate mixtures had unexpected differences from the values expected from the fermentation of pure ingredients, suggesting the occurrence of associative effects. Conclusions: Our results indicate that there is a need to evaluate the fermentation of diets, rather than predicting from the values of pure ingredients.

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Effect of preservation on fermentative activity of rumen fluid inoculum for in vitro gas production techniques

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.05.004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 123-124 ◽

pp. 107-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Gonzalo Hervás ◽

Pilar Frutos ◽

F. Javier Giráldez ◽

Manuel J. Mora ◽

Begoña Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Production Techniques ◽

Fermentative Activity

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PSXIII-8 Effects of different sources of Zn on in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a lactation diet

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 466-466

Author(s):

Angela R Boyer ◽

Yun Jiang ◽

Alon Blakeney ◽

Dennis Nuzback ◽

Brooke Humphrey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Random Effect ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Gas Production ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Minimum Concentration ◽

High Metal Content ◽

Different Sources

Abstract Vistore® minerals are hydroxychloride minerals that feature high metal content and improved bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare different sources of zinc (Zn) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Three ruminally-cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to a lactation diet for two weeks before used as donors. Three sources of Zn were tested at 20 ppm: No supplemental Zn (CON), ZnSO4, Vistore Zn, and another Zn hydroxychloride (Vistore-competitor). The concentration of Zn in this study was selected from a titration study (0 to 40 ppm ZnSO4) to identify the minimum concentration of ZnSo4 affecting rumen fermentation. The lactation diet (TMR) was dried and ground to 1mm and used as substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of 3:1 McDougall’s buffer: ruminal flued mixture at 39ºC for 24 h. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with R 3.0. The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of run. ZnSO4 reduced (P < 0.05) maximum gas production, DMD (54 vs. 55.9%) and cellulose (27.5 and 40.7%) digestibility. acetate to propionate ration (2.20 vs. 2.24) and NH3-N concentration (6.0 vs. 7.0 mg/dL), increased (P < 0.05) propionate % (27.2 vs 26.7%) compared to control. Vistore had higher pH than control (6.44 vs. 6.40, P = 0.02) but did not affect other parameters compared to CON. Vistore-competitor reduced total VFA production compared to control, ZnSO4, and Vistore (94 vs. 102, 106 and 107 mM, respectively, P = 0.01) but did not affect other parameters. In general, Vistore Zn maintained in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility, while ZnSO4 had negative effects on both fermentation and digestibility and Vistore-competitor reduced total VFAs. Results indicate hydroxychloride minerals may stabilize rumen parameters versus sulfate sources but different hydroxychloride sources appear to influence rumen parameters differently.

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Condensed tannins extracted from Quebracho affect the fermentation profile, nutritional quality and in vitro gas production of pornunça (Manihot spp.) silages

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859621000605 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

D. T. Q. Carvalho ◽

A. R. F. Lucena ◽

T. V. C. Nascimento ◽

L. M. L. Moura ◽

P. D. R. Marcelino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Quality ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

Gas Production ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Randomized Design ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Fermentation Profile

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the fermentation profile, in vitro gas production and nutritional quality of pornunça (Manihot spp.) silages containing levels of condensed tannin (CT; 0, 4, 8 and 12% on dry matter (DM) basis), at five opening times (0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days). A completely randomized design in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement was adopted, with four replications, totalling 80 experimental silos. The pH and NH3-N analyses were performed at all opening times of the silos. The other analyses were performed only with silages opened at 56 days of storage. There was an interaction effect between CT levels and silo opening times for pH and NH3-N. Tannin levels in pornunça silages after 56 days ensiling increased the pH and DM and reduced crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). There was a quadratic effect for NH3-N, acetic acid, butyric acid, gas losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), hemicellulose and acid detergent fibre. Inclusion of 4 and 8% CT in pornunça silage promotes a rapid decline in pH, being within the acceptable limit for adequate fermentation at 3 days of ensiling. Silages with 4% CT establish the pH at 28 days of opening the silos, with reduced NH3-N. Silages with 4% CT present higher concentrations of acetic and butyric acids and greater DMR. Inclusion of CT in pornunça silage after 56 days ensiling increases DM and reduces CP and NDF, directly affecting the in vitro degradability and reducing gas production.

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Produk Fermentasi Rumen dan Produksi Protein Mikroba Sapi Lokal yang Diberi Pakan Jerami Amoniasi dan Beberapa Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v11i2.371 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 29-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Novita Hindratiningrum ◽

Muhamad Bata ◽

Setya Agus Santosa

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

Metabolic Energy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Microbial Protein Synthesis

Products of rumen fermentation and protein microbial of dairy cattle feed with rice bran ammonization and some feedstuffs as an energy sourcesABSTRACT. This study aims to examine the energy sources of feed ingredients that can increase the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), N-NH3, microbial protein synthesis, total gas production and metabolic energy. The material used is as a source of rumen fluid inoculum from Frisian Holstein cows (FH) females, amoniasi rice straw, salt, mineral mix brand "Ultra Minerals' production Eka Farma Semarang, onggok wet and dry, corn, and rice bran. Observed variable is the concentration of (VFA), N-NH3, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and total gas production. Based on the analysis of diversity seen any significant effect (P0.05) on total VFA concentration, N-NH3 and total gas but had no effect (P0.05) on microbial protein synthesis. Conclusion of research is the provision of energy sources with rice bran treatment, onggok wet and dry corn flour can be used as fermentable carbohydrates on feed hay amoniasi in vitro.

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Composition and Protein Precipitation Capacity of Condensed Tannins in Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.)

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.715282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Qianqian Huang ◽

Tianming Hu ◽

Zhongjun Xu ◽

Long Jin ◽

Tim A. McAllister ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Condensed Tannins ◽

Quantum Coherence ◽

High Performance ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Protein Precipitation ◽

Early Flowering ◽

Plant Tissues ◽

Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence ◽

The Mean ◽

Different Tissues

This study aimed to determine the concentration and composition of condensed tannins (CT) in different tissues of purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) at different maturities and to determine their protein-precipitating capacity. The compositions of CT were elucidated after thiolysis with benzyl mercaptan followed by high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) and 1H–13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that PPC flowering heads contained the highest CT concentration. Purple prairie clover CT consisted mainly of epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin (EGC) subunits. CT in the leaves were composed of more EC and less EGC than CT in stems and flowering heads at both the early flowering (EF) and late flowering (LF) head stages. The mean degree of polymerization was the highest for CT in stems and increased with maturity. CT isolated from PPC leaves at the early flowering head stage exhibited the greatest biological activity in terms of protein precipitation. Overall, the CT in PPC were predominantly procyanidins and the concentration and composition varied among the plant tissues and with maturity.

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Use of Tannin-Containing Plants as Antimicrobials Influencing the Animal Health

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1258 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 33-40

Author(s):

Mohammed M Dakheel ◽

Afnan A Al-Mnaser ◽

Jessica Quijada ◽

Martin J Woodward ◽

Caroline Rymer

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Quality ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Animal Health ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Animal Feeding ◽

The Subject

The antimicrobial effects of diverse tannin-containing plants, particularly condensed tannins (CTs) produced from various plants, are the subject of this study. CT components can be determined using CT-specific procedures such the HCl-Butanol Acetone assay, Thiolysis reaction, and HPLC/MS analysis. These methods indicate CT contents, including mean degree of polymerization, the procyanidins and prodelphinidins ratio (PC/PD%), the isomers of trans- and cis-, and CT concentration. Tannin-containing plants possess antibacterial action, which can be attributed to their protein linkage technique, and tannin-type variations, particularly CTs extract and their PC/PD%. The effects of CT components on the development of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been documented for their relative PC/PD%; this is regarded to be a key predictor of tannin characteristics in terms of antimicrobials. In conclusion, tannins, more specific CT compositions, have significant impacts on in vivo trials of animal productions and utilization of metabolites and fermentation in vitro experiments. These findings need further investigations to fully understand how CT-types act on animal feeding in terms of enhanced nutritional quality of animal diets, which may have implications for human and animal health.

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