COUSIN MARRIAGE IN SOUTH-WESTERN ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHY DAY ◽  
MALCOLM SMITH
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
Occupational Class ◽  
Cousin Marriage ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Village Organization

SummaryKnowledge of inbreeding levels in historical times is necessary to estimate the health consequences of past inbreeding, and to contextualize the current public debate about cousin marriage in Britain. This research aims to calculate the level of cousin marriage using the intensive technique of multi-source parish reconstitution and to determine whether village organization, religion and occupational class influenced the level of consanguineous marriage. A wide variety of documentary sources were used to create extensive pedigrees of spouses in over 800 marriages in the 19th century in the rural villages of Stourton and Kilmington. The closed village of Stourton had higher levels of inbreeding than the open village of Kilmington. Catholics had lower rates of 1st cousin marriage but higher rates of 2nd cousin marriage than Protestants. Farmers had higher levels of 1st cousin marriage than labourers. The levels of consanguinity in south-western Wiltshire in the 19th century were related to the economic structure of the villages and the religion and social class of the spouses.

scholarly journals SOCIOECONOMIC, DEMOGRAPHIC AND LEGAL INFLUENCES ON CONSANGUINITY AND KINSHIP IN NORTHERN COASTAL SWEDEN 1780–1899

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. EGERBLADH ◽  
A. H. BITTLES
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mental Disability ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Cousin Marriage ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Illegitimate Child ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

SummaryMost studies on consanguinity have been conducted on contemporary populations and have focused on the prevalence and types of preferred intra-familial marriage. With its comprehensive birth, marriage and deaths records dating back to the late 17th century, and the legal bar on first cousin marriage removed in the mid-19th century, Sweden offers unique opportunities to examine the factors that determine by whom, where and why consanguineous marriages were contracted. The present study covers the period 1780–1899 and presents a detailed portrait of cousin and sibling exchange marriages in the Skellefteå region of northern coastal Sweden. The combined prevalence of first, second and third cousin marriage increased from 2.3% in 1790–1810 to 8.8% in 1880–1899, and multi-generation consanguinity also increased significantly over the study period. The distribution and prevalence of first cousin marriages was strikingly non-random, with a significantly greater propensity for consanguinity among land-owning families, especially involving first-born sons, within specific pedigrees, and in a number of more remote inland communities. Additional factors associated with a greater likelihood of consanguineous marriage included physical or mental disability among males, and among females the prior birth of an illegitimate child. Besides the inherent interest in the social and demographic structure of this region of northern Sweden during the course of the 19th century, in future studies it will be important to determine the degree to which the observed patterns of consanguineous and sibling exchange marriages in these past generations could have influenced present-day genetic structure.

A REVIEW OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF BESIKTAS-YILDIZ FROM THE 19TH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilsat Deniz BINDAL
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Conclusion Section ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Besiktas district located in the Bogazici side of Istanbul experienced various changes throughout history. Considering these changes, there were no settlements in this district in ancient times. The district hosted three important structures in the Byzantine period and developed the identity of a settlement during the Ottoman Period. Besiktas became a region where palaces and pavilions were located and noble families and officers lived during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent. As Sultan Abdulhamid the Second moved into Yıldız Palace, the district became the administrative region of the Ottomans. Therefore, the district experienced various urban changes and hosted many innovations. The region having historical and cultural values keeps its importance until today. The aim of the present study is to reveal the physical changes in the Besiktas-Yıldız region throughout history according to the requirements, cultural structural changes and regulations. Accordingly, the assessment section was addressed in three sections; until 19 th century, during 19 th century and after 19th century. The relevant literature was reviewed to determine the changing socio-cultural and socio-economic structure of the region in stated period. The analyses of the physical changes were presented on maps and figures of that period. In the conclusion section, the factors that caused the changes were addressed.

scholarly journals Ottoman Institutions and Legal Regulations in 19th Century Bulgarian Economy; A Review Based on Institutional Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-458
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, developments took place in many areas around the world. The industrialization process has accelerated in the world, production scales have increased, and the economic integration process has started. With the globalization of trade, the boundaries became less visible, and entrepreneurs could trade freely in different parts of the world. In this article, the extent to which the economic activities on the Bulgarian territory could be integrated into the world trade in the 19th century, the political and financial institutions of the Ottoman Empire, and the legal arrangements that affected the welfare of the Bulgarian people will be discussed. In making this discussion, the basis of institutional economic thought will be examined, and the effects of the institutions of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure of Bulgaria will be reviewed. Did the Ottoman Empire, expressed in the terms of institutional economics, constitute inclusive institutions or exploitative institutions in economic activities on the territory of Bulgaria? This discussion will be more explanatory under four main headings. These are; traditional institutions, tax regulations, financial institutions, and legal regulations. Thus, the effects of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure in the territory of Bulgaria will become more pronounced.

scholarly journals El juego del cornerball, un pre-texto del pasado para crear debate en la educación física del presente (The game of Cornerball, a pre-text of the past to create debate in the physical education of the present)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 810-819
Author(s):  
Jordi Brasó Rius ◽  
Xavier Torrebadella Flix
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Critical Pedagogy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
The Past ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The 19Th Century

Comúnmente, la enseñanza de la educación física moderna ha permanecido asociada al mito de la renovación pedagógica. Sobre este supuesto presentamos, a modo de ejemplo, un inédito suceso histórico que visibiliza las contradicciones profundas de la educación física contemporánea. Sobre el análisis sociogenético inferimos una crítica a la enseñanza actual de la educación física para que se despoje de los dispositivos subyacentes que aún siguen modelando y sujetando las conciencias del alumnado privándole de la emancipación personal y ciudadana. Este es el objetivo del presente artículo. A partir de una metodología centrada en el análisis de fuentes documentales del s. XIX e inicios del s. XX en torno al juego –y poniendo como ejemplo la práctica lúdica del cornerball– y la educación física escolar, juntamente con el estudio de las principales obras de pedagogía crítica actuales, sugerimos la invención de una Educación Física diferente a través de didácticas reflexivas de la emancipación. Una de estas didácticas puede ser la que hemos llamado complicidades democráticas de resistencia (CDR).Abstract: Commonly, teaching of modern physical education has remained associated with the myth of pedagogical renewal. On this assumption we present, as an example, an unprecedented historical event that visualize the profound contradictions of contemporary physical education. Using sociogenetic analysis, we present a critique of the current teaching in physical education so for it to dispose of the underlying mechanisms that keep molding and restraining students’ consciences, depriving them of personal and social emancipation. This is the objective of this article. Based on a methodology centered on the analysis of documentary sources from the 19th century and the beginning of the twentieth century focusing on games –using the practice of the cornerball game as an example– and school physical Education, along with the study of the current main works on critical pedagogy, we suggest the building of a different physical education through reflective didactics of emancipation. One of these didactics may be what we call the Democratic complicity of resistance (CDR).

The Ukrainian context of Comenius studies: philosophical, pedagogical, psychological aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol VI ◽  
pp. 209-224
Author(s):  
Alexander Kobernyk ◽  
Inna Osadchenko ◽  
Larysa Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Philosophical Aspect ◽  
Cultural Conformity ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
Pedagogical Aspect ◽  
National Languages ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The article describes philosophical, pedagogical and psychological aspects of Comeni-us’s scientific ideas based on the analysis of scientific findings of Ukrainian authors in different historical times. It is found that the works of the prominent educator began to be analyzed in detail by Ukrainian scholars in the second half of the 19th century. The article also thematically chronologizes studies on the work of John Amos Comenius: pedagogical ideas; biographical data; the role of ideas in the context of developing sciences of different fields, such as philosophy, history, pedagogy. The article shows that the philosophical aspect of Ukrainian Comeniology is characterized by the focus of scholars of the 19th century on Comenius’s theological ideas and, through their prism, on the functioning of the Ukrainian education system; the exemplarity of his figure in overcoming obstacles to Ukraine’s independence; the analysis of his ideas from the beginning of Ukraine’s independence through a nationally updated context of socio-cultural relations; the quintessence of the philosophical concept of “eternal peace”. The philosophical aspect of Ukrainian Comeniology is substantially connected with the pedagogical aspect: the everyday relevance of Comenius’s pedagogical ideas in all the analyzed historical periods of Comenius studies (from the middle of the 19th century up to the present day); the eloquence of the educator’s ideas, in particular the deterministic historical and social conditions of the teach-er’s professionalization and the image of the modern pupil; the permanent relevance of Comeni-us’s pedagogical principles (democracy, cultural conformity through national identity); ideas for schools teaching in national languages, etc. The psychological aspect of Ukrainian Сomeniology has not yet been revealed. Considerable attention has been paid to the psychological ideas of John Amos Comenius through the compilation of the quotations corresponding to the psycholog-ical concept of today.

scholarly journals Was There Federalism in the Brazilian Empire? A Case of Contrast Between Federal State and Federalism in 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Leonam Liziero
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Unitary State ◽  
Regional Concentration ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article aims to demonstrate that there were federative relations during the Empire of Brazil, with some reform during the regency period. The methodology used to measure the results focuses on the use of bibliographic sources from the 19th century and from more recent studies on the scope of the article. In addition, the use of documentary sources is present, since legislation of nineteenth-century Brazil is used, in particular, the Additional Act of 1834, which gives name to the present work. Although expressly provided for in the 1824 Political Charter that Brazil would constitute a Unitary State, in practice the increased regional concentration of political power led to a functioning situation such as a decentralized federal State. To this end, it begins with a brief demonstration of the antecedents of the Constitution of 1824. It then proceeds to treat the provision of this Constitution about the political organization to finally discuss the effects caused by the Additional Act of 1834.

scholarly journals The Ethnoarchaeology of a Swedish Village

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-209
Author(s):  
Stig Welinder
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

The village of Nyberget, Dalarna, Central Sweden, during the 19th century is studied from an ethnoarchaeological point of view. The dynamic flexibflity and ambiguity of the cultural landscape of the village and its households are stressed. This is understood in relation to economic structure and gender roles. The concepts used in understanding the historical village form a challenging starting-point for understanding a prehistoric cultural landscape.

scholarly journals Corporal games in 19th century physical education as a prelude to modern sports in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (41) ◽  
pp. 165-177
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The 19Th Century

School physical education in Spain was developed in the 19th century, coinciding with the establishment and expansion of the European gymnastic systems of physical education. In that scenario, physical-education content was subject to European influences, as evidenced by documentary sources from the period. The main aim of this study is to highlight the influence exerted by physical education on the process of social acceptance of sport in Spain. A methodology based on documentary heuristics in physical education and a positivistic analysis of the texts selected has allowed a descriptive, hermeneutic discourse to be constructed regarding the beginnings of sportification in physical education. The latter process is shown to have been influenced by a specialised bibliography that emphasised a growing presence of corporal games as content in physical education. This influence stemmed from the international projection of the English-speaking world’s conception of sport at that time, which tended to minimise the benefits of gymnastic practices. It is suggested that physical education contributed to that process of sportification, thus impacting traditional national games, which fell in popularity.

Pidgin Hawaiian

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian M. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Hawaiian Language ◽  
English Only ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Contact

Evidence recently unearthed in documentary sources (such as voyage accounts and Hawaiian-language newspapers) has failed to support the theory that the predominant plantation language and lingua franca of Hawaii's polyglot population in the 19th century was an English-lexifier pidgin. Available evidence actually indicates that a pidginized variety of Hawaiian (which began to develop almost immediately after first contact) formed the original plantation language, and began to be displaced by pidgin English only in the 1880s and 1890s. This Hawaiian-lexifier pidgin also served as a general communicative medium in competition with pidgin English outside the plantation communities. Its prevalence may explain the slow development of pidgin English in Hawaii and late creolization.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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