scholarly journals Continuous milking of dairy cows disrupts timing of peak IgG concentration appearance in mammary secretions

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R Baumrucker ◽  
Rahel S Zbinden ◽  
H Anette van Dorland ◽  
Gerrit J Remmelink ◽  
Bas Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Subsequent Pregnancy ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Timing Effect

The length of the dry period in commercial dairy production is under close scrutiny. While the main concern is the composition and volume of milk produced, the evaluation of colostrum quality under these new paradigms has suggested a decline in IgG concentrations, while some reports indicate no change. Colostrum quality has been defined as an adequate concentration (>50 mg/ml) of immunoglobulin in the secretions to provide the newborn with maximal disease resistance. We investigated the appearance of IgG in mammary pre- and post partum secretions in cows without a dry period (continuously milked, Dry0) and compared the secretions with cows that experienced a dry period of 60 d (Dry60). Blood was collected during the experimental period and plasma analysed for progesterone (P4) and prolactin (Prl). Approximately −6 d relative to parturition, the Dry0 animals exhibited increased concentration of IgG in their secretions to an average of ∼35 mg/ml that remained rather constant through subsequent pregnancy and following parturition. Dry0 cows were producing an average IgG concentration in parturition colostrum of 44·2±17·6 mg/ml that was not different than that of controls (66·86±16·8 mg/ml). However, Dry0 cows exhibited high variation, different peak times (day) of IgG concentration including times that occurred both pre and post parturition. IgG mass of the Dry0 cows remained rather constant pre- and post partum and did not show the same declining mass following parturition that was shown for the Dry60 cows. The change in plasma P4 and Prl were shown to have no timing effect on colostrum IgG concentration.

Fatty liver in dairy cows post partum is associated with decreased concentration of plasma triacylglycerols and decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Marc Van den Top ◽  
Arie Van Tol ◽  
Hans Jansen ◽  
Math JH Geelen ◽  
Anton C Beynen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Plasma Lcat ◽  
Ad Libitum

Cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in serum lipoproteins, plasma activities of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue biopsies were measured ante and post partum in dairy cows given either free or restricted access to feed during the dry period. After parturition, all cows were fed ad libitum. The purpose of this study was to try to understand the earlier observed marked drop post partum in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) in terms of lipoprotein metabolism in cows developing fatty liver post partum. As would be expected, free access to feed during the dry period induced a rise of hepatic TAG concentrations post partum associated with a decrease in plasma TAG levels. Total and free cholesterol concentrations in the VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL2 fractions fell immediately after parturition. VLDL and IDL cholesterol concentrations remained at a constant, low level during the entire sampling period post partum, whereas the drop in LDL and HDL2 cholesterol post partum was followed by a rebound rise. Plasma LCAT and PLTP activities decreased by on average 19% and 33%, respectively, after parturition and then rose to values seen before parturition, but there was no effect of feeding regimen during the dry period. Activities of LCAT and PLTP were significantly correlated with cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in LDL and HDL2. Plasma LCAT activity, as measured with exogenous substrate, and PLTP activity were both positively correlated with HDL3 phospholipid levels. LPL activity in adipose tissue dropped after parturition, the drop being smaller after feeding ad libitum during the dry period. It is concluded that the drop in adipose tissue LPL activity post partum is at variance with the simultaneous fall in plasma TAG. Possibly, the decrease in adipose tissue LPL activity helps to channel fatty acids away from adipose tissue into the udder. The post-partum changes in lipid transfer proteins in the blood are in line with the changes observed in the levels of the lipoproteins.

Effect of work applied at different stages of lactation on milk production, reproduction and live-weight change of F1 crossbred dairy cows used for draught

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zerbini ◽  
Alemu Gebre Wold
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Natural Pasture

AbstractThis study examined whether work applied at different stages of lactation had any effect on reproduction of cows under two feeding regimes. Twenty-four F1 crossbred dairy cows (12 Friesian × Boran and 12 Simmental × Boran) were allocated one of two diets (H + 3: natural pasture hay + 3 kg concentrate per day; and H + 5: natural pasture hay + 5 kg concentrate per day) and one of three work treatments — starting 45 days (D45), 90 days (D90) and 135 days (D135) post partum — using a principal component analysis score based on milk yield, live weight, calving interval and parity. Cows pulled sledges for 50 days (pull = 108 N per 100 kg live weight). Over the experimental period of 315 days, cows on diet H + 5 travelled a similar distance and produced amounts of fat-corrected milk (FCM) similar to those of cows on diet H + 3. Total intake of dry matter per kg live weight 0·75 was higher for cows on diet H + 5 than for cows on diet H + 3 and was similar across work times. Hay dry-matter intake was greater for the H + 3 group than for the H + 5 group at 180 days post partum and thereafter. Cows on diet H + 5 lost less weight in early lactation and gained more in mid and late lactation than cows on diet H + 3. During the work period, live-weight change was similar across diets but it was different between work treatments D45 and D135. The interval from calving to conception decreased by 63 and 101 days when start of work was delayed from D45 to D90 and from D45 to D 135, respectively. Output/input ratios of metabolizable energy equivalents were 0·35 for H + 3 and 0·37 for H + 5 diet, and 0·34, 0·37 and 0·40 for work times D45, D90 and D135, respectively. These results indicate that work started in early lactation significantly increased days to conception and decreased overall productivity of lactating working cows. Farmers must weigh the relative importance and cost of delayed ploughing against those of delayed oestrus or against the cost of borrowing draught power.

Feeding level and oral stereotypies in dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Redbo ◽  
M. Emanuelson ◽  
K. Lundberg ◽  
N. Oredsson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of feeding strategy on the performance of oral stereotypies, such as tongue-rolling and bar-biting, and other behaviours in lactating dairy cows. Thirty–seven cows of the Swedish Red and Wliite breed were randomly assigned into three treatments with different feeding strategies. Cows in treatment (AL) were given food ad libitum during the whole experimental period, which lasted from weeks 3 to 26 post partum. The second group (AL–R) was given food ad libitum during weeks 3 to 14 post partum, thereafter they were given food at a restricted level. The third group (R) was given food at a restricted level during the whole experiment period. All cows were offered a total mixed ration consisting of 650 g concentrate and 350 g forage per kg twice a day and their individual daily food intakes were registered. Behavioural recordings were made for 4 h on a fixed day every 2nd week, where each individual cow was observed every 2nd minute.During the complete experimental period, 27 out of the 37 cows showed stereotypies; 13 cows in group R, 10 in group AL–R and four in the AL group. The proportions of cows showing stereotypies were not independent of feeding treatment within the respective periods (P < 0·01). The stereotypy levels, counted as the mean frequency of recordings per treatment period, increased significantly between period 1 (lactation weeks 3 to 14) and period 2 (weeks 17 to 26) in group AL–R (P < 0·01) and in group R(P < 0·01), but not in the AL group. In period 2 the R cows had significantly higher stereotypy levels than the cows in the AL–R group (P < 0·01). Group R decreased the time spent eating between the periods (P < 0·001), with the same tendency in group AL–R. The AL group had longer eating time in period 2 than the AL–R (P < 0–001) and the R (P < 0·001) cows. The AL cows had a higher frequency of rumination than the other treatments in period 2 (P < 0·01). Both the AL–R and the R cows increased their activity levels between the periods (P < 0·001 for both). There were also differences between treatments in period 2, where the AL cows were less active than the AL–R (P < 0·05) and the R cows (P < 0·01).It is concluded that oral stereotypies in dairy cows are highly affected by feeding strategy, where restrictive feeding of a mixed food induces significant increases of stereotypies. The results of this investigation clearly indicate that restricted feeding of a diet with high levels of concentrate has a negative effect on the well being of lactating cows.

scholarly journals Aldrin, heptachlor and beta -hexachlorocyclohexane to dairy cows at three oral dosages. II. Residues post partum in milk and body fat of cows fed on pesticides in the dry period.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-312
Author(s):  
K. Vreman ◽  
L.G.M. Th. Tuinstra ◽  
J. Bakker ◽  
J. van den Hoek ◽  
A.H. Roos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Total Dose ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Preceding Trial ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Dry Period

The 9 cows used in the preceding trial [see DSA 39, 2470] were allocated during the dry period (approx. 8 wk) to 3 levels of aldrin, heptachlor and beta -hexachlorocyclohexane ( beta -BHC) mixed with the concentrate ration. The daily dosages/cow were (i) 0.5, (ii) 1 or (iii) 2 mg of each pesticide. Because the date of parturition could only be predicted roughly, the dry period/cow varied resulting in large differences in total doses for cows within a group; mean total dose of each pesticide was (i) 26, (ii) 56 and (iii) 87 mg/cow. The pesticide levels in milk fat after parturition did not only represent the effect during the dry period because the cows had also been dosed with pesticides late in the preceding lactation. Aldrin and heptachlor residues in milk fat were below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg and content of beta -heptachlor epoxide was

The incidence of prolonged luteal function following early resumption of ovarian activity in post partum dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 187-187
Author(s):  
P.J.H. Ball ◽  
E.E.A. McEwan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Subsequent Pregnancy ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Milk Samples

Early onset of ovarian activity post partum is thought to benefit reproductive performance in dairy cows (e.g. Darwash et al., 1997). However, as in the lactating ewe (Aitken et al., 1995), very early resumption may be detrimental to subsequent conception. An experiment was conducted to determine whether cows commencing ovarian activity very early would be more likely to suffer problems such as prolonged luteal function.Milk samples were collected from 133 individual multiparous cows three times a week, from approximately one week after calving until the subsequent pregnancy was well established. Profiles of progesterone, measured by ELISA, were used to detect the start of ovarian activity, prolonged luteal function (high values until 24 or more days after the start of ovarian activity or subsequent ovulations), and pregnancy.

The relationship between body condition at calving, uterine performance postpartum and trends in selected blood metabolites postpartum in high yielding Californian dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
M. Titterton ◽  
L.D. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Body Condition Scores

AbstractThe relationship between body condition at calving, uterine tone and discharge, time to first oestrus and changes in concentration of serum calcium and magnesium in early post partum was examined in 209 multiparous dairy cows located in four herds in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Body condition score (BCS) was graded from 0 to 5 and BCS at calving was estimated from BCS in the late dry period (LDBCS). Uterine tone and discharge were graded from l(best) to 3(worst) after rectal palpation at two weeks post partum. Concentrations of blood metabolites and levels of progesterone were determined from blood samples taken at selected stages of lactation from the late dry period to ten weeks post partum. Abnormal uterine discharges were strongly correlated with uterine tone. Uterine tone and discharge scores were significantly lower in cows that calved with body condition scores of 2.5 and 3.0 than in those which calved with body condition scores of < 2.5 and ≥ 3.5. Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were higher at two weeks post partum in cows with scores of 2.5 and 3 than in cows with higher or lower scores. Serum calcium and magnesium concentrations appeared to be higher with decrease in grades of uterine discharge and tone but this was significant only in the case of serum calcium and uterine discharge. The number of days to first oestrus was significantly associated with uterine discharge and tone (P < 0.05) but not significantly associated with LDBCS. The number of days to second oestrus was not significantly associated with uterine discharge and tone but was significantly less in cows with LDBCS 3 (17.28 days) than cows with lower or higher LDBCS (P < 0.05). It is concluded that body condition at calving is associated with serum micromineral balance and subsequent uterine and ovarian health. Based on these measurable indicators, cows calving with body condition scores of 2.5 and 3 appeared to be in optimum condition for post partum reproductive performance.

Relationships between energy balance and post-partum ovarian activity and fertility in first lactation dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Senatore ◽  
W. R. Butler ◽  
P. A. Oltenacu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Subsequent Fertility

AbstractForty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were monitored from calving through 100 days in milk to evaluate the effect of energy balance in the early post-partum period on subsequent fertility. The post-partum interval to first ovulation (R2 = 0·41; P < 0·005) was lengthened by greater negative energy balance, and reduced by greater body weight at parturition or decreased body-weight loss during the experimental period. Luteal activity (R2 = 0·58; P < 0·0001), measured by plasma progesterone area under curve, was increased in the first cycle post partum by a shorter interval to first ovulation, improved energy balance during the 1st week of lactation and by decreased body-weight loss. Pregnancy status following first artificial insemination was related positively to the number of ovulations before insemination, improved energy balance during the 1st month post partum, fewer days to first ovulation and greater body weight at calving. These data suggest that energy balance and body weight are important in determining the post-partum interval to first ovulation and the subsequent fertility of first lactation dairy cotes.

scholarly journals ​Studies on Cefquinome Sulfate Intramammary Infusion Composited with Varied Excipients for the Prevention of Dairy Cows Mastitis in the Dry Cow Period

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuzhen Zhou ◽  
Zhichun Gu ◽  
Wuyi Zhou ◽  
Chengying Li ◽  
Hehong Kou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Drug Residue ◽  
Cell Counts

Background: The prevention and treatment of dairy cow mastitis during the dry period are crucial for the dairy industry. In this work, 200 dairy cows without mastitis and normal entering dry period were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, for the first time, to explore the prevention effects using the different formulations of Cefquinome Sulfate Breast Injection with varied excipients. Methods: Three formulations with various excipients were further evaluated based on the drug residue analysis, somatic cell reduction in the milk and clinical symptoms of mastitis. In the control group, cloxacillin benzathine was utilized for comparisons. Result: All three Cefquinome test groups showed a better effect on prevention than the benzathine cloxacillin group in terms of drug release time, post-partum drug residue, reducing somatic cell count and preventing mastitis in the dry period. Various excipients showed slightly different impacts on the drug residues, the changes in somatic cell counts of dairy cows before and after medication. The prevention effects on mastitis from different excipients were similar after 30 d.

Reducing or eliminating the dry period of dairy cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Dairy Farmers

This review considers the research that has been conducted recently on reducing the length of the dry period of dairy cows, with particular emphasis on the effects of eliminating the dry period altogether. Milk yield in the subsequent lactation is reduced by up to 25%, but this loss is offset to some degree by the milk produced when cows would otherwise be dry. The lower subsequent milk yield in cows continuously milked is most likely to be a consequence of changes in the mammary gland during late gestation rather than insufficient feed or body condition to maintain milk synthesis. Shortening or eliminating the dry period may result in a lower incidence of metabolic problems post-partum, and a reduced negative energy balance in early lactation due to the maintenance of dietary intake while milk yields and body condition loss are reduced. The reductions in both body condition loss and negative energy balance may have a beneficial influence on reproductive performance. However, it is concluded that more research, particularly with cows that graze pasture during lactation, together with an economic appraisal, is needed before it could be recommended that Australian dairy farmers change their current dry period practices, particularly if continuous milking was to be considered.

The Effect of Nutrition During the Dry Period on the Onset of Ovarian Activity in the Subsequent Lactation in Dairy Cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 29-29
Author(s):  
P J H Ball ◽  
E E A McEwan ◽  
J M Moorby ◽  
S Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Vital Element

Dairy cow productivity depends on efficient reproductive performance. A vital element of this is the prompt resumption of ovarian activity, which is normally expected by 35 days post partum. Cows will thus have a period of progesterone priming, which is considered necessary for satisfactory conception and embryo survival. Dry period nutrition has been shown to affect milk production during the subsequent lactation and this study was instigated to examine the possibility that the onset of ovarian activity may also be affected.

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