The Occurrence of Tylenchus dipsaci Kühn, in Wild Host Plants in South-West England

1929 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. H. Hodson
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
The Subject ◽  
South West England

The plant parasitic nematode, Tylenchus dipsaci Kühn, commonly known as the stem eelworm, or alternatively when occurring in narcissus, the bulb eelworm, is a major pest of a wide range of cultivated plants. Accurate knowledge concerning the detailed life-history of the nematode is still of limited extent, despite the large numbers of workers who, throughout Europe and more recently North America, have devoted much time to a study of the subject. In particular it is clear that much remains to be learned concerning the “biologic strain” theory. Investigators, probably without exception, agree that a large number of, so-called, biologic strains of the worm occur. Each of these strains, while morphologically identical with the others, appears to be restricted more or less rigidly to a particular species of host plant.

Notes on East African Bush Locusts with special Reference to Phymateus aegrotus (Gerstaecker 1869) (Orth., Acrid., Pyrgomorphinae)

1949 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Keith McE. Kevan
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Agricultural Pest ◽  
East African ◽  
African Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Band Size ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ortho Cresol

The term “Bush Locust” is defined.The synonymy and known distribution of Phymateus aegrotus are given and previously published records of its occurrence are reviewed.The occurrence of hopper-bands, and of adults, in East Africa for the years 1938–47, inclusive, is outlined.P. aegrotus and other species of the genus are normally unimportant economically as adults, but the hoppers form bands after the manner of, though on a much smaller scale than, true locusts. Outbreaks of these hopper-bands appear to be sporadic but they are sometimes destructive to crops.P. aegrotus has usually been of only local importance as an agricultural pest but areas in which the crops have been damaged are noted. Among wild host-plants there appears to be a preference for Euphorbiaceae although the hoppers are more or less polyphagous.Other East African species which form hopper-bands and which are known to attack crops are mentioned.The life-history of P. aegrotus is described so far as it is known, and observations made by Dr. H. B. N. Hynes on the closely related species, P. pulcherrimus, in Ethiopia are also recorded.Reflex actions in Phymateus species, including such phenomena as autohaemorrhage and colour display by the adults when alarmed, are noted and the literature on the subject is reviewed.Observations are made on hopper behaviour and band-size of P. aegrotus. The latter is usually only a square yard or two in extent but bands up to 25 square yards in area have been observed by the author and there are reports of even larger ones. These bands are very dense both when marching and when stationary (60–80 finalinstar hoppers per square foot). Notes on areas of infestation are also given.In most cases it is sufficient to beat out the bands with branches. Poison bait and dusting with 7 per cent, di-nitro-ortho-cresol are also successful.Detailed descriptions of the coloration of final-instar hoppers of P. aegrotus and the other East African Phymateus species discussed are given. Keys for the identification of these hoppers and of the adults of the four species, P. aegrotus (Gerst.), P. pulcherrimus I. Bol., P. viridipes Stål and P. purpurascens Karsch (for all of which standardised English names are proposed), are also included.

History of the Study of Apocrypha in Early Medieval England

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Brandon W. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early English

Literature written in England between about 500 and 1100 CE attests to a wide range of traditions, although it is clear that Christian sources were the most influential. Biblical apocrypha feature prominently across this corpus of literature, as early English authors clearly relied on a range of extra-biblical texts and traditions related to works under the umbrella of what have been called “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha” and “New Testament/Christian Apocrypha." While scholars of pseudepigrapha and apocrypha have long trained their eyes upon literature from the first few centuries of early Judaism and early Christianity, the medieval period has much to offer. This article presents a survey of significant developments and key threads in the history of scholarship on apocrypha in early medieval England. My purpose is not to offer a comprehensive bibliography, but to highlight major studies that have focused on the transmission of specific apocrypha, contributed to knowledge about medieval uses of apocrypha, and shaped the field from the nineteenth century up to the present. Bringing together major publications on the subject presents a striking picture of the state of the field as well as future directions.

After Arminius

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. McCall ◽  
Keith D. Stanglin
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
System Building ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vision Of God ◽  
Important Position

“Arminianism” was the subject of important theological controversies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and it maintains an important position within Protestant thought. What became known as “Arminian” theology was held by people across a swath of geographical and ecclesial positions; it developed in European, British, and American contexts, and it engaged with a wide range of intellectual challenges. While standing together in their common rejection of several key planks of Reformed theology, proponents of Arminianism took various positions on other matters. Some were broadly committed to catholic and creedal theology; others were more open to theological revision. Some were concerned primarily with practical concerns; others were engaged in system building as they sought to articulate and defend an overarching vision of God and the world. The story of this development is both complex and important for a proper understanding of the history of Protestant theology. However, this historical development of Arminian theology is not well known. In this book, Thomas H. McCall and Keith D. Stanglin offer a historical introduction to Arminian theology as it developed in modern thought, providing an account that is based upon important primary sources and recent secondary research that will be helpful to scholars of ecclesial history and modern thought as well as comprehensible and relevant for students.

scholarly journals ‘The More Sport the Merrier, Say We’: Sport in Ireland during the Great Famine

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
Great Famine ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Popular Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irish People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Scholars have made considerable progress in recent years in researching the history of sport in Ireland, yet there are still important areas that have not received scholarly attention. One of these is the topic of sport during the Great Famine. A close perusal of contemporary newspapers reveals that large numbers of Irish people, from all social groups, continued to enjoy sports, either as participants or as spectators, during the Famine years. Horse races, especially steeplechases, were universally popular, with many meets attracting attendances that numbered in the thousands. Other popular sports included fox hunting, stag hunting, greyhound coursing, sailing, cricket and cockfighting. This article illustrates the widespread popularity of sport in Ireland in this period, based mainly on a reading of newspaper accounts, and discusses why the subject of sport does not feature in folk or popular memory of the Famine.

Observations on the life-history of Alarodia nana (Möschler) (Lep., Limacodidae) in Jamaica and a method for its control on Citrus

1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
J. Strangways-Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Secondary Host Plants ◽  
Work Done

Alarodia nana (Möschler) (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae) is a major pest of Citrus in Jamaica. An outbreak of the larvae, the ‘ slug caterpillar ’, may result in severe defoliation. All stages are found on the foliage and are present throughtout the year; the adults are inactive by day and appear to be weak fliers.Earlier attempts to breed the insect in the laboratory had been unsuccessful, and, whereas attempts at control had indicated that malathion was effective against the larvae, reingestation had invariably taken place, well-grown larvae being found five weeks after treatment.In the present work, done in 1963–4, adults that emerged from field-collected cocoons held in wire-mesh cages over Citrus plants in the laboratory mated on the night of emergence and the females oviposited readily on the following night. A technique for rearing individual larvae and for measuring their head capsules is described. In the laboratory at a mean midday temperature of about 27°C., the incubation period of the eggs was 6–8 days, and the durations of the larval and pupal phases 25–42 and 14–19 days, respectively.Results of a search for secondary host-plants from which reinfestation might take place were negative. Observations of emergence in the laboratory of adults from cocoons collected just before and just after the application to an orchard of a low-volume malathion spray derived from a 57 per cent. emulsifiable concentrate by dilution at the rate of 1: 80 in water showed that many pupae had survived the application, and suggested that reinfestation might arise from moths emerging from such pupae.A field trial comprising two application of the low-volume spray of malathion was carried out; the second application, designed to destroy larvae derived from pupae that had survived the first application, was made after an interval of 312; weeks and was completely successcful.

scholarly journals 85 years of teaching latin in St Petersburg state pediatric medical university (the first 50 years in the history of the department of Latin)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Anna M. Ivakhnova-Gordeeva ◽  
Olga Yu. Bakhvalova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation ◽  
Medical University

The article outlines the early formative years in the history of the Department of Latin language in the Pediatric Medical Institute and traces the development in approaches to teaching Latin medical terminology, first introduced in 1932. After the abolition of gymnasium education the higher school had to deal with a lack of knowledge of classical languages. At the beginning, teaching Latin as the language of medicine was based on traditional methods of gymnasium education. Archival documents show the subject scope of the department which was in constant search for text material and special means of target training of medical students. Methodological problems of teaching and criteria for evaluation of knowledge were being gradually developed over the years in discussions with teachers at department meetings. The article offers details on the life and achievement of the first head of the department Konstantin P. Avdeev, together with an analysis of his scientific and practical activities. Avdeev’s wide interests and erudition come to the fore in his active work as a lecturer at a number of scientific organizations in Leningrad. Having amassed a unique library of over 7 thousand volumes, he was a famous bibliophile, an expert and a collector of bookplates (ex libris). The depth of his knowledge and a wide range of interests have shaped the values and promoted a creative approach to teaching medical Latin that still remains an important part of teaching the subject to first-year medical students. The article also provides brief information on Nora N. Zabinkova, his successor, whose activity has coincided with qualitative changes in the methods of teaching Latin. These changes were inspired by professor Maxim N. Chernyavsky, the head of the Department of Latin at the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. The Department of Latin in Leningrad Pediatrical Medical Institute was among the few in first introducing and then spreading the new methods of teaching Latin and medical terminology in all medical schools across the country.

scholarly journals On the history of studying proverbs in the Swahili language

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 174-180
Author(s):  
Viсtoriya Sergeevna Shatokhina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Western European ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Russian Language

The subject of this research is the African paremiology. The object is the history of studying proverbs in the Swahili language. The author examines the chronology of studying this field of linguistics by Western European and African scholars, cites their major works, and describes the peculiarities of their scientific views. Special attention is given to the works of the founders of African paremiology, as well as the perspective of modern scholars of Tanzania and Kenya upon the scientific heritage of proverbs and sayings of the Swahili language. The article employs the theoretical research methods, namely the comparison of theoretical works in the Swahili and English languages. The analysis of a wide range of works in the Swahili language alongside the works of certain European authors, allows reconstructing the chronology of the process of studying Swahili paroemias, as well as highlighting most prominent African and European scholars in this field of linguistics. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that this topic is viewed in the domestic African Studies for the first time; foreign linguists also did not pay deliberate attention to this question. The author’s special contribution consists in translation of the previously inaccessible materials of the African and Western European into the Russian language, which helps the linguists-Africanists in their further research.

A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 744-744
Author(s):  
HERBERT G. BIRCH
Keyword(s):  
Small Volume ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Training Services ◽  
And Training ◽  
Mental Subnormality

The rapid growth over the last decade of interest, service, and knowledge in the area of mental subnormality has created a real need for historical perspectives upon which to base current and future work and planning. The appearance at this time of a history of the subject by so eminent a student of abnormal behavioral development as Dr. Kanner is a noteworthy occurrence. Within the compass of the small volume, the author deals with a wide range of issues including the development of humanitarian concern for the mentally subnormal, the emergence of institutional care in Europe and America, the origins of differential diagnosis and nosology, the rise of the eugenics movement, the development of evaluative techniques, the evolution of treatment, educational and training services, the growth of organizations and periodicals concerned with mental subnormality, and the new opportunities for prevention, treatment, and research which derive from recent genetic and metabolic studies.

The Limits of Free Will

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Russell
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Practical Reason ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moral Capacity ◽  
Selection Of

This volume contains a selection of chapters concerning free will and moral responsibility. The problems arising in this field of philosophy, which are deeply rooted in the history of the subject, are also intimately related to a wide range of other fields, such as law and criminology, moral psychology, theology, and, more recently, neuroscience. The chapters included in this collection were written and first published over a period of three decades, although most have appeared in the past decade or so. During this period this area of philosophy has been particularly active and it continues to attract a great deal of interest and attention. Among the topics covered, as they relate to these problems, are the challenge of skepticism; moral sentiment and moral capacity; necessity and the metaphysics of causation; practical reason; free will and art; fatalism and the limits of agency; and our metaphysical attitudes of optimism and pessimism.

This Sporting Life

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Colls
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

This is a history of sport as one of England’s great civil cultures. It addresses ‘sports’ as athletic competitions, ‘sport’ as fun and games and showing off, and sporting occasions as a mixture of both. The subject does not lend itself to simple definitions, and the book does not try to impose any. By and large, it takes sport as it found it in the lives of the people. Drawing on a wide range of sources, from oil paintings to handbills, from the criminal to the constitutional, all the chapters begin with a ‘thick’ description of a sporting event before spreading the net to bring in the longer history, and meaning, of the sport in question. No one ever doubted that there was more to sport than sport itself. Prize-fighting and riding found particular favour with the army, cricket and rowing with the public schools, hockey and lacrosse with the education of middle-class girls, scarves and colours with the part sport played in the invention of the modern university. Above all, sport in England was recognized as liberty, the physical freedom to be. Of course, sport was not liberty’s only expression. There was always politics. Puritans fought a civil war for liberty and saw sport as a snare and a sin. For the first 100 years of this book, Methodists (and not only them) saw sportsmen as creatures of greed and corruption. This Sporting Life tries to show the reader some part of what it was like to be alive, and feel alive, rich and poor, men and women, young and old, in England, between 1760 and 1960.

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