scholarly journals The Study of Epidemic Diseases Among Wild Animals

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Elton
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Wild Mammal ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

1. Outbreaks of epidemic disease are common in populations of wild animals, including species little influenced by contact with the diseases of human beings or domestic animals.2. Such epidemics form one of the commonest factors responsible for fluctuations in numbers of wild mammals.3. An attempt is made to summarise the available published records of such epidemics (Section II), while certain unpublished records (communicated to me by naturalists) are contained in an Appendix.4. Little is known of the causes of these epidemics except in the cases of plague and tularaemia.5. The fluctuations in numbers of some wild mammal populations are sufficiently regular to make the forecasting of epidemics possible. This method is already applicable to wild mice.6. Mouse periodicities are discussed in detail, with special reference to epidemics and their causes, which are mainly obscure (Section III).7. Development of the forecasting methods described will make possible the prediction of many other wild mammal epidemics, and render intensive pathological and epidemiological studies more practicable than they have hitherto been.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in wild and domestic animals

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Pratibha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenitis ◽  
Mycobacterial Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Tubercular Infection

Tuberculosis is not uncommon in wild and domestic animals like human beings. Transmission of this disease from man to animals and vice versa is also very common. Tuberculosis or other Mycobacterial infections in wild animals, zoo animals and domestic animals is being frequently reported all over the world. Specially among warm blooded animals like tigers, foxes, wolf, dogs, cats, elephants, cattle’s, monkey and birds besides, cold blooded animals like fishes, frogs, turtles, snakes etc. Most common tubercular infection is Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is found frequently as pulmonary tuberculosis of man. There are number of Mycobacterial strains which are capable of causing tuberculosis like infection or ulcers or leprosy like Infection. In most of the zoo or domestic animals, tuberculosis is transmitted by the infected human being in their surrounding even in fish, frog and birds, the cause of tuberculosis or tuberculosis like infection is the ablution of infected man, on other hand bovine tuberculosis, and cervical lymphadenitis is caused by consuming milk of infected cattle’s. In wild animals, the infection is spread either by other infected animals or by infected human beings. Now a day this is worldwide spreading problem due to diminishing forests and increasing human interference in their habitat.

scholarly journals High Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolates from Livestock Farms and Synanthropic Rats and Shrews in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Nhung ◽  
N. V. Cuong ◽  
J. Campbell ◽  
N. T. Hoa ◽  
J. E. Bryant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACTIn Mekong Delta farms (Vietnam), antimicrobials are extensively used, but limited data are available on levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) amongEscherichia coliisolates. We performed a structured survey of AMR inE. coliisolates (n= 434) from 90 pig, chicken, and duck farms. The results were compared with AMR amongE. coliisolates (n= 234) from 66 small wild animals (rats and shrews) trapped on farms and in forests and rice fields. The isolates were susceptibility tested against eight antimicrobials.E. coliisolates from farmed animals were resistant to a median of 4 (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 6) antimicrobials versus 1 (IQR, 1 to 2) among wild mammal isolates (P< 0.001). The prevalences of AMR among farmed species isolates (versus wild animals) were as follows: tetracycline, 84.7% (versus 25.6%); ampicillin, 78.9% (versus 85.9%); trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 52.1% (versus 18.8%); chloramphenicol, 39.9% (versus 22.5%); amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 36.6% (versus 34.5%); and ciprofloxacin, 24.9% (versus 7.3%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance against three or more antimicrobial classes) among pig isolates was 86.7% compared to 66.9 to 72.7% among poultry isolates. After adjusting for host species, MDR was ∼8 times greater among isolates from wild mammals trapped on farms than among those trapped in forests/rice fields (P< 0.001). Isolates were assigned to unique profiles representing their combinations of susceptibility results. Multivariable analysis of variance indicated that AMR profiles from wild mammals trapped on farms and those from domestic animals were more alike (R2range, 0.14 to 0.30) thanE. coliisolates from domestic animals and mammals trapped in the wild (R2range, 0.25 to 0.45). The results strongly suggest that AMR on farms is a key driver of environmental AMR in the Mekong Delta.

scholarly journals Salmonellosis in wild mammals

1976 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Jones ◽  
G. I. Twigg
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
The Other ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Wild Mammal ◽  
Wild Mammals

SUMMARYOne thousand two hundred and sixty-nine freeliving, wild mammals, representative of 16 species from estates in Berkshire, Oxfordshire and Surrey, were examined for the presence of salmonellas. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 1 and S. dublin from 7 house mice (Mus musculus). There were no isolations from the other species examined. It was concluded that the house-mice infected with S. dublin acquired the organism from experimentally infected cattle.The wild mammal population does not at present appear to constitute a reservoir for infection of domestic animals.

scholarly journals Chasing the genes that control resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Behnke ◽  
F. Iraqi ◽  
D. Menge ◽  
R.L. Baker ◽  
J. Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Mhc Genes

AbstractThe host-protective immune response to infection with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes involves a range of interacting processes that begin with recognition of the parasite's antigens and culminate in an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal mucosa. Precisely which immune effectors are responsible for the loss of specific worms is still not known although many candidate effectors have been proposed. However, it is now clear that many different genes regulate the response and that differences between hosts (fast or strong versus slow or weak responses) can be explained by allelic variation in crucial genes associated with the gene cascade that accompanies the immune response and/or genes encoding constitutively expressed receptor/signalling molecules. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been recognized for some time as decisive in controlling immunity, and evidence that non-MHC genes are equally, if not more important in this respect has also been available for two decades. Nevertheless, whilst the former have been mapped in mice, only two candidate loci have been proposed for non-MHC genes and relatively little is known about their roles. Now, with the availability of microsatellite markers, it is possible to exploit linkage mapping techniques to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance to GI nematodes. Four QTL for resistance to Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and additional QTL affecting faecal egg production by the worms and the accompanying immune responses, have been identified. Fine mapping and eventually the identification of the genes (and their alleles) underlying QTL for resistance/susceptibility will permit informed searches for homologues in domestic animals, and human beings, through comparative genomic maps. This information in turn will facilitate targeted breeding to improve resistance in domestic animals and, in human beings, focused application of treatment and control strategies for GI nematodes.

scholarly journals Road-killed wild animals: a preservation problem useful for eco-epidemiological studies of pathogens

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
VB Richini-Pereira ◽  
SMG Bosco ◽  
RC Theodoro ◽  
L Barrozo ◽  
E Bagagli
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Wild Animals

scholarly journals Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Paweł Mateusz Modrzyński
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Household Appliances

Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.

scholarly journals Deer Parks and Recreation. Zooarchaeological evidence form the Earls of Arundel Hunting Lodge in Downley (West Sussex, UK)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Nabais ◽  
Mark Roberts ◽  
Nicole Barber
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
High Status ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Parks And Recreation ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

The deer park at Downley is one of many medieval parks known from the county of Sussex (UK), 8km north of Chichester. The park belonged to the Earls of Arundel and there is evidence of its occasional use by high-status figures, such as King Henry VIII. The park perimeter measures 6.6km and covers an area of 261.7ha. During the first season of excavation in 2014 the presence of a substantial lodge building was proven within the pale, the features associated with the lodge contained various archaeological and environmental remains. This paper focuses on the study of zooarchaeological materials recovered from the 16 trenches opened in 2014. All faunal remains were studied, revealing domestic animals such as cattle and sheep, as well as wild animals such as deer and boar. Fallow deer is the most frequent species showing a very complete body part representation, suggesting it was hunted and processed locally. Further work is carried out looking at body part representation, which is particularly important when looking at the ritualised dismemberment of hunted animals. In any hunting milieu dogs/hounds are prevalent, and are represented by some anatomical elements, but also by considerable evidence of gnawing marks on bones that were clearly humanly processed before being fed to the animals.

scholarly journals Current aspects of epidemiology, clinic and diagnosis of campylobacteriosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 446-450
Author(s):  
S. V. Khaliullina ◽  
V. A. Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Veterinary Pathology

The problem of campylobacteriosis (CB) has been widely covered in the national and foreign literature over the past 10-20 years. Probably, the interest to this topic is due to a number of reasons. From a microbiological point of view, the causative agent of CB was discovered relatively recently and is an actively studied microorganism. At the same time, the responsibility of the microbe for the development of diseases in domestic animals and birds brings it into the category of problems of veterinary pathology. In medical terms, CB, taking into account modern epidemiological studies, is attributed to the group of the most common bacterial intestinal infections in children of different age groups, since it causes from 5 to 44.9% of all cases of the disease.

Dermatophytes isolated from the haircoat of wild animals

2017 ◽  
Vol XXII (127) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Juan Justino de Araújo Neves ◽  
Sândara Pimentel Sguario ◽  
Claudia Filoni ◽  
Marina Galvão Bueno ◽  
Henri Donnarumma Levy Bentubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microsporum Gypseum ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Nasua Nasua ◽  
Maned Wolf ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Bush Dog ◽  
Chrysocyon Brachyurus ◽  
Speothos Venaticus

Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi that can cause zoonosis. However, the role wild animals play in the transmission of these infections is yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of dermatophytes on the haircoat of Brazilian wild mammals. Thirty-two healthy wild mammals from several taxa were studied: 17 were captive and 15 were free-living individuals. Samples were obtained by rubbing the haircoat with sterile carpets. Samples were cultured on Mycobiotic agar, and the plates were incubated at 25 ºC. Identification of the isolates was carried out on the basis of macro- and micromorphology. Dermatophytes were isolated from 9.5% of the animals: Microsporum gypseum from one maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), Microsporum cookie from one coati (Nasua nasua), and Trichophyton ajelloi from one bush dog (Speothos venaticus). These animals represent therefore sources of infection for both humans and other animals and are important for public health policies.

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