scholarly journals Double enteric infection (‘la fièvre typhoïde intriquée’). An account of an epidemic

1951 ◽  
Vol 49 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 299-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Batty Shaw ◽  
H. A. F. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Enteric Group ◽  
Fièvre Typhoïde

1. A double enteric infection is defined as the simultaneous infection of an individual or group of individuals with two organisms of the enteric group. The literature of the previously recorded cases and epidemics, in which the diagnosis of double enteric infection has been established by cultural methods, is reviewed.2. An account is given of a double enteric outbreak of seventy–six cases which occurred amongst British troops and police at Acre, Palestine, in 1948. The infection is thought to have been due to contamination of the water supply with sewage during the civil disturbances. The diagnosis was established bacteriologi–cally in seventy-four cases (93.3%);Salm. typhi was isolated in forty–three cases, Salm. paratyphi B in three, and both Salm. typhi and Salm. paratyphi B from twenty–eight cases. There were three fatal cases in the epidemic (mortality rate = 3·94%).3. The morbidity rate from enteric fever among the infantry unit was 60%, and among the Palestine police, 17%. The possible reasons for this difference is discussed, and the conclusion drawn that it was probably due to the Palestine policemen being older men, with longer overseas service and more 'seasoned' to life in subtropical conditions.4. Thirteen cases were treated with polymyxin B (15 mg. 4-hourly for 4-day periods); with this small dose no beneficial therapeutic effects were observed, and ten cases showed evidence of renal damage while under treatment.5. The bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical aspects of double enteric infections are discussed. The diagnosis of a double enteric infection may be established with the greatest certainty by blood culture. Such infections are usually water-borne or milk-borne, and tend to occur when there has been a severe breach of hygiene, e.g. in the contamination of a water supply by sewage. The claim that the prognosis in instances of double enteric infection is worse than with single infections is not supported by the experiences at Acre where the three fatal cases occurred in cases infected with Salm. typhi alone.

scholarly journals On the Non-Specific Stimulation of Agglutinins. With Especial Reference to the Enteric Fevers and Typhus Fever

1929 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Felix
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Specific Stimulation ◽  
Enteric Group ◽  
Typhus Fever ◽  
Stimulation Of

(1) The review of the published data furnishes additional evidence in support of the view that no technique whatsoever, Dreyer's technique included, based on the quantitative method of the agglutination reaction hitherto used, is capable of affording a differentiation between inoculation and infection agglutinins.(2) These techniques are concerned always exclusively in the demonstration of the labilotropic H agglutinins ofB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusA. and B. and it is the behaviour of these agglutinins that is the responsible factor in producing the phenomena.(3) In various febrile conditions in inoculated individuals these H agglutinins undergo a re-stimulation resulting in a curve of agglutination which is indistinguishable from that due to specific stimulation. The re-stimulation of the labilotropic inoculation agglutinins is of the same nonspecific character (i.e.heterologous) in the course of enteric infections as in the course of other febrile diseases.(4) The observation of this non-specific re-stimulation is independent of the technique used; living bacilli and suspensions preserved with phenol or formalin (Dreyer's technique included) do not in this respect behave differently.(5) The proposed qualitative method for the Widal test depends, in inoculated individuals, exclusively upon the behaviour of the stabilotropic O agglutinins. In their presence it is capable of affording the certain diagnosis of an enteric infection; in their absence the negative result of the test is not conclusive; if T.A.B. vaccine has been used it is only possible to diagnose enteric group without being able to differentiate typhoid from paratyphoid A. or B.; if T. vaccine has been used then A. or B. infection can be differentiated but not T.(1) The conclusions previously arrived at by means of the qualitative method of the Widal test were fully confirmed. By eliminating the labilotropic H agglutinins from any consideration—in the case of previously sensibilised individuals—agglutination due to the specific stimulation in active enteric infection can be distinguished definitely from that due to the nonspecific re-stimulation by various febrile diseases.(2) Normal and immune O agglutinins forB. typhosusandB. paratyphosusA. and B., as well as those forB. proteusX 19, are not liable to non-specific stimulation in the course of various febrile diseases.(3) One more of the supposed differences in nature between the Widal test and the Weil-Felix test is thereby eliminated.(4) The difference in the response to non-specific stimulation shown to exist in stabilotropic and labilotropic agglutination seems more likely to be one of degree than one in nature and needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Epidemiological situation on acute enteric infections in the Republic of Dagestan in 2011-2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 290-295
Author(s):  
Zarema G. Tagirova ◽  
D. R Akhmedov ◽  
N. M.-G Zulpukarova ◽  
Z. M Daniyalbecova
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Regional Feature ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

There were studied epidemiological features of the prevalence rate of acute intestinal infections (AII) in the Republic of Dagestan (RD). The prevalence rate of acute intestinal infections in RD was shown to correspond taken as a whole, to Russian indices, however, the regional feature is the high prevalence rate of shigellosis, there is remained a high proportion of the AII of unidentified etiology. There was substantiated the necessity of development and implementation of targeted programmes aimed at the decline in the morbidity rate in problematic territories. The solution to the problem of the AII in the Republic is possible only under the coordination of efforts of federal and local authorities, sanitary - epidemiological and medical institutions.

scholarly journals New Information Technologies in Retrospective Epidemiological Analysis Carried out at the Level of the Russian Federation Constituent Entity: the Astrakhan Region as an Example

2010 ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Safronov ◽  
N. V. Piskunova ◽  
A. I. Kovtunov ◽  
V. V. Kabin ◽  
A. A. Ilyukhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
New Methods ◽  
New Information ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Enteric Group

Retrospective epidemiological analysis as regards infectious and parasitic diseases in the Astrakhan Region was carried out using the methods of complex multi-dimensional data analysis - OLAP. It was elucidated that application of the OLAP cube technologies enabled to facilitate complex retrospective analysis of epidemiological data in the context of different groups of infectious and parasitic diseases. It became possible by means of automation of calculations and use of qualitatively new methods in formation of database profiles. Enterobiasis and acute enteric infections of unidentified etiology were shown to be the most significant in epidemiological and social relation among the enteric group diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of stabilizing plate therapeutic effects of different types of temporomandibular disorders - painful evolution of patients treated in a reference center

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Patricia Cataldo de Felipe Cordeiro ◽  
Letícia Ladeira Bonato ◽  
Isabela Maddalena Dias ◽  
Josemar Parreira Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Disorders ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chronic Orofacial Pain ◽  
Symptomatic Outcome

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Objective</strong>: Evaluation of the symptomatic outcome of patients of various types of TMD treated exclusively with stabilizing plate for a period of three months patients comparing painful muscle and joint symptoms , and clinical aspects , both before and after treatment periods . <strong>Material and methods</strong>: A retrospective study of medical records of 628 rescue the last ten years (2004-2013 ) of subjects treated at the Serviço de Diagnóstico e Orientação a pacientes com Desordem Temporomandibular (Serviço ATM), Faculty of Dentistry/UFJF. The sample was divided into subgroups distinct diagnoses, in which the evaluation of symptomatic progression of patients through the analysis of pain scores, measuring the amplitude of mouth opening and the presence of joint sounds was performed. Data were obtained in early stages and after treatment with stabilizing plate. <strong>Results</strong>: The group of individuals diagnosed with muscular disorder (47.45% ) and those with multiple diagnoses ( 3.34 % ) had a higher prevalence of chronic orofacial pain ( 90.26 % and 95.23 % ) . The remission of painful symptoms was visible in groups accompanied by increased amplitude of mouth opening. Additional way, we obtained reduction joint sounds in patients with intracapsular and degenerative disorders, respectively. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The stabilizing plate has shown efficacy in various types of temporomandibular disorders evaluated. However, in an attempt to encompass all  etiological factors in therapy, emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary therapies for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders.</p></div>

scholarly journals Grb7, a Critical Mediator of EGFR/ErbB Signaling, in Cancer Development and as a Potential Therapeutic Target

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Yu Chu ◽  
Yu-Ling Tai ◽  
Tang-Long Shen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Adaptor Protein ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Erbb Family ◽  
Erbb Signaling ◽  
Preclinical Trials

The partner of activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), growth factor receptor bound protein-7 (Grb7), a functionally multidomain adaptor protein, has been demonstrated to be a pivotal regulator for varied physiological and pathological processes by interacting with phospho-tyrosine-related signaling molecules to affect the transmission through a number of signaling pathways. In particular, critical roles of Grb7 in erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ERBB) family-mediated cancer development and malignancy have been intensively evaluated. The overexpression of Grb7 or the coamplification/cooverexpression of Grb7 and members of the ERBB family play essential roles in advanced human cancers and are associated with decreased survival and recurrence of cancers, emphasizing Grb7′s value as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target. Peptide inhibitors of Grb7 are being tested in preclinical trials for their possible therapeutic effects. Here, we review the molecular, functional, and clinical aspects of Grb7 in ERBB family-mediated cancer development and malignancy with the aim to reveal alternative and effective therapeutic strategies.

The Risk of Community-Acquired Enteric Infection in Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 613-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radwan A. Hafiz ◽  
Chia Wong ◽  
Stuart Paynter ◽  
Michael David ◽  
Geeske Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Proton Pump ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Previous meta-analyses suggest that users of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have a higher risk of developing enteric infections compared with nonusers. These previous meta-analyses have considerable heterogeneity, and it is not clear whether the effect of PPIs is different for different types of microorganisms. Objective: The aim of this study is to update previous meta-analyses, concentrating on enteric infection in community settings and exploring potential sources of heterogeneity. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on electronic databases (all available years until November 2017). PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science were searched using specific keywords related to PPI therapy and community-acquired enteric infection. Eligible studies were selected based on prespecified criteria. Results: A total of 9 observational studies evaluating community-acquired enteric infection were eligible, including 12 separate analyses. The meta-analysis showed that PPI users have an increased risk of developing community-acquired enteric infection (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 4.28; 95% CI = 3.01-6.08). There was significant heterogeneity between the studies ( I2 = 85%; P < 0.001), which was partly explained by type of microorganism. The strength of the association was similar for Salmonella (pooled OR = 4.84; 95% CI = 2.75-8.54; I2 = 58.7%; P = 0.064) and Campylobacter (pooled OR = 5.09; 95% CI = 3-8.64; I2 = 81%; P < 0.001) but lower for studies that combined all bacteria (pooled OR = 2.42; 95% CI = 0.96-6.14; I2 = 94.3%; P < 0.001). Conclusion: PPI users have an increased risk of developing community-acquired enteric infections compared with nonusers. The heterogeneity was partially explained by type of microorganism; the association is stronger for Salmonella and Campylobacter than for all bacteria combined.

scholarly journals Laryngotracheal Stenosis: Clinical Aspects and Management Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryem Lahjaouj ◽  
Khadija El Bouhmadi ◽  
Youssef Oukessou ◽  
Sami Rouadi ◽  
Reda Abada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracheal Intubation ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Partial Laryngectomy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Laryngotracheal Stenosis ◽  
Severe Condition ◽  
T Tube ◽  
High Morbidity Rate

Abstract Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a severe condition with a high morbidity rate, described as the narrowing of the upper airway diameter. The etiology of acquired LTS is dominated by prolonged tracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on endoscopic examination and computed tomography scan imaging providing an exact analysis of the lesion, with precise measurements.We report a descriptive retrospective review based on the analysis of the medical records of a cohort of 18 patients, treated between January 2015 and January 2018 for an acquired LTS.The results showed predominance in young males. The majority (73%) was hospitalized in a reanimation unit under tracheal intubation while the others (27%) underwent a tracheostomy. The location of the stenosis was tracheal in 69% of the patients, laryngeal in 23%, and laryngotracheal in 8%, and the degree of obstruction exceeded 70% in 11.2%. The endoscopic treatment was based on dilatation and endoluminal calibration by the Montgomery T-tube in 77.7% of our patients, circumferential resection by CO2 laser in 11.1%, and endoscopic posterior cordectomy in 11.1% of the cases. The surgical treatment relied on the resection of the stenosis followed by T-tube calibration in 61.1% of our patients, the resection with a termino-terminal anastomosis in 11%, and supraglottic partial laryngectomy in one patient. The follow-up showed major improvement in the clinical symptomatology, but the biggest challenge in LTS remains the occurrence of restenosis.LTS is a severe condition and needs to be always considered in patients with inspiratory dyspnea and a medical history of tracheal intubation. It requires exhaustive endoscopic and imaging exploration with multidisciplinary management and long-term follow-up to prevent and detect the early signs of an eventual recurrence.

scholarly journals A Real-World Study for Polymyxin B in the Treatment of Carbapenems Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Zhang ◽  
Shaoyan Qi ◽  
Xiaoguang Duan ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Shuguang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Real World ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Abstract Background: High morbidity and mortality due to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CRGNB) was a challenge for clinicians has led to the resurgence of polymyxin B (PMB) use in the last decade. The goal of our multicenter, real-world study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PMB in the treatment of CRGNB.Methods: The real-world study included the patients with intravenous PMB at least 7 days during the period of October 2018 to June 2019. Data was collected from electronic patients register and follow-up. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, the secondary outcomes included hospital mortality, occurrence of adverse events during PMB therapy. Associations between these variables and 28-day mortality or all-cause hospital mortality were explored through univariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression. At the same time, therapeutic effects were observed. Results: The study included 100 patients. There were 39% presence of septic shock, 49% need mechanical ventilation at the beginning of therapy. The infection and condition improved after 7 days of PMB treatment. The major adverse reactions occurred in 16 cases (16%). The overall 28-day mortality was 40%. In terms of clinical characteristics, mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (6.77 versus 9.25，P = 0.004)，mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHEII) scores (16.17 versus 19.78, P = 0.016) and the number of patient with mechanical ventilation (21 versus 30, P = 0.000) or septic shock (17 versus 32, P = 0.000) were lower in survivors group than nonsurvivors group. The mortality of 85 patients with identify pathogens was 38.82%, while the mortality of patients with negative pathogen culture results was 46.67% (P = 0.580). Multivariate analysis showed that mechanical ventilation (P = 0.023, OR = 3.5; CI: 1.194–10.739), septic shock (P = 0.002, OR = 5.960; CI: 1.923–18.473) were associated with 28-day mortality.Conclusion: Our research found that PMB may be as effective and safe as standard antibiotics for the treatment of CRGNB. Timely and appropriate use of PMB will have a positive impact on the clinical outcomes of patients with sepsis in CRGNB.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in the Treatment of Enteric Infections

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7136
Author(s):  
Dazhong Yan ◽  
Yanzhen Li ◽  
Yinling Liu ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Natural Antimicrobial ◽  
Chitosan Derivatives ◽  
Enteric Infections

Antibiotics played an important role in controlling the development of enteric infection. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and gut dysbiosis led to a growing interest in the use of natural antimicrobial agents as alternatives for therapy and disinfection. Chitosan is a nontoxic natural antimicrobial polymer and is approved by GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration). Chitosan and chitosan derivatives can kill microbes by neutralizing negative charges on the microbial surface. Besides, chemical modifications give chitosan derivatives better water solubility and antimicrobial property. This review gives an overview of the preparation of chitosan, its derivatives, and the conjugates with other polymers and nanoparticles with better antimicrobial properties, explains the direct and indirect mechanisms of action of chitosan, and summarizes current treatment for enteric infections as well as the role of chitosan and chitosan derivatives in the antimicrobial agents in enteric infections. Finally, we suggested future directions for further research to improve the treatment of enteric infections and to develop more useful chitosan derivatives and conjugates.

Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases by the oral administration of montelukast tablets

Bionatura ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1304-1308
Author(s):  
Ameneh Norouzi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Polymerase Chain

According to the hypothesis, montelukast may have therapeutic action against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred by coronavirus 2 (CoV-19). The research was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of montelukast tablet on coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) patients. A total of 20 COVID-19 confirmed patients were included in this study. The presence of COVID-19 infections in all patients was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and computerized tomography (CT) scan. Confirmed cases were treated with oral administration of montelukast (10 mg) tablet for 10 days. The study population was included 18 to 82 years old patients (10 males and 10 females). The mean age of studied men and women individuals were 44.7±17 and 41±17.45 years, respectively. Frequency of respiratory distress, cough, abdominal cramps/diarrhea, fever, and odor disorder clinical signs amongst the examined patients were 85%, 90%, 20%, 70%, and 65%, respectively. Our findings revealed that all patients who were received 10 days of oral administration of montelukast tablets (10 mg) were recovered from the COVID-19 disease. Additionally, all of the clinical signs of COVID-19 patients, including respiratory distress, cough, and odor disorder, were gradually disappeared. Our findings revealed that widespread oral administration of montelukast tablets (10 mg) is a potential treatment for COVID-19 disease. However, several double-blind and multifactorial clinical trials should perform to determine the other clinical aspects of the treatment of COVID-19 patients by oral administration of montelukast.

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