Lichen Products of Cladonia Stellaris and C. Rangiferina Maintained Under Artificial Conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne Fahselt
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lichen Thallus

AbstractLichen thallus fragments were maintained in a growth cabinet under four differing conditions of light intensity. Levels of usnic acid and atranorin did not differ significantly from the control under any of the treatments. However, perlatolic acid and fumarprotocetraric acid per unit dry weight of thallus were dependent upon light availability.

Determination of usnic and perlatolic acids and identification of olivetoric acids in Northern reindeer lichen (Cladonia stellaris) extracts

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika I. SMEDS ◽  
Minna-Maarit KYTÖVIITA
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chiral Hplc ◽  
Ms Detection ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Lichen Thallus ◽  
Forest Floors

AbstractThe ecologically important lichen Cladonia stellaris forms thick carpets in boreal forest floors. In addition to affecting temperature and water conditions in the soil underneath, the secondary metabolites formed by the lichen layer are of ecological interest. In this paper, we investigated the distribution of lichen acids in C. stellaris collected at different latitudes in Finland and developed methods to quantify the two optical enantiomers of usnic acid separately. The lichen extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV and mass spectrometric (MS) detection and by gas chromatography with flame ionization (GC-FID) and MS detection. Usnic acid and perlatolic acid were quantified using GC-FID. The concentration of usnic acid in the top 20 mm of the lichen thallus ranged from 0·48–3·08% of dry weight, and that of perlatolic acid from 0·08–0·54%. The enantiomeric composition of usnic acid was determined using a chiral HPLC column coupled to an electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometer. (−)-Usnic acid was found to be the predominating enantiomer in all extracts; the proportion of (+)-usnic acid ranged from 0·4%–10·0%. Olivetoric acid methyl ester, diphenylmethanol, and 5-pentylresorcinol were identified, and several other olivetoric acid-type compounds were tentatively identified in the extracts.

scholarly journals Large scale laboratory cultures of Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Reisch) Korsikov (Chlorophyta) and Diaphanosoma biergei Korinek, 1981 (Cladocera)

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
LH. Sipaúba-Tavares ◽  
AML. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Weight Protein ◽  
Low Costs

Large-scale lab culture of Ankistrodesmus gracilis and Diaphanososma birgei were evaluated by studying the biology and biochemical composition of the species and production costs. Ankistrodesmus gracilis presented exponential growth until the 6th day, with approximately 144 x 10(4) cells.mL-1, followed by a sharp decrease to 90 x 10(4) cells.mL-1 (8th day). Algae cells tended to increase again from the 11th day and reached a maximum of 135 x 10(4) cells.mL-1 on the 17th day. D. birgei culture showed exponential growth until the 9th day with 140 x 10² individuals.L-1, and increased again as from the 12th day. Algae A. gracilis and zooplankton D. birgei contain 47 to 70% dry weight protein and over 5% dry weight carbohydrates. The most expensive items in the context of variable costs were labor and electricity. Data suggested that temperature, nutrients, light availability and culture management were determining factors on productivity. Results indicate that NPK (20-5-20) may be used directly as a good alternative for mass cultivation when low costs are taken into account, promoting adequate growth and nutritional value for cultured A. gracilis and D. birgei.

scholarly journals Influences of Shading and Fall Fertilization on Fluorescence, Freeze Resistance, Flower Production and Growth of Rhododendron ×kurume ‘Pink Pearl’

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Frank P. Henning ◽  
Timothy J. Smalley ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Freeze Resistance ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Main Plot

We investigated the influences of fall fertilization and light intensity on photosynthesis and freeze resistance of Rhododendron ×kurume ‘Pink Pearl’, an evergreen azalea cultivar, grown outdoors in containers under nursery conditions. The study included two main-plot fall fertilization treatments: 1) 0.5 liter solution containing 75 mg·liter−1 N applied for 60 days from August 1 through September 29 and 2) 0.5 liter solution containing 125 mg·liter−1 N applied for 120 days from August 1 through November 28, and four subplot light intensity treatments 1) 100% ambient photon flux density (PPFD) from May 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, 2) shade fabric rated to reduce PPFD by 50% from May 1 through September 30, 2004, followed by 100% PPFD from October 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, 3) 100% PPFD from May 1 through September 30, 2004, followed by 50% PPFD from October 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, and 4) 50% PPFD from May 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005. Fertilizer application and shade treatments did not interact in their effects on stem freeze resistance or the timing of anthesis. The high rate of extended fertigation (125 mg·liter−1 N applied August 1 through September 28) reduced freeze resistance of azalea stems and advanced anthesis by 4.9 days compared to plants that received moderate fertigation (75 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through September 29). The high rate of extended fall fertigation failed to increase leaf or stem dry weight compared to plants that received the moderate rate of fertigation. Plants grown in 50% PPFD from May 1 through September 30 produced 163% more above ground dry weight compared to plants grown in 100% light during the same time period. The addition or removal of shade cloth beginning October 1 failed to enhance azalea stem freeze resistance compared to plants that were only exposed to 100 or 50% PPFD respectively. Shade treatments affected the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv · Fm−1) of leaves, but leaf fluorescence was unrelated to stem freeze resistance. Shade treatments affected azalea growth and photosynthetic stress, but shade neither interacted with fall fertilization to increase stem freeze resistance, nor had a biologically significant effect on stem freeze resistance.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield Response of Rodent Tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume) under Different Light Intensities and Concentrations of Paclobutrazol

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Noorwitri Utami ◽  
Lukita Devy ◽  
Arief Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd) Blume) is one of the medicinal plants used for anticancer treatment, but the information on the cultivation of the plant is limited. The objectives of this research was to study the effect of light intensity and concentration level of paclobutrazol on growth and yield of rodent tuber. This research was conducted at Puspiptek Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia. This experiment arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plot is light intensity (35, 55, and 100%). The sub plot is concentration level of paclobutrazol (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm). Paclobutrazol applied as soil drench at one month after planting. In each application 500 ml solution was used. Variables observed consisted of plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf and tuber fresh weight; and leaf and tuber dry weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range test at 5%. The result showed that interaction between light intensity and paclobutrazol affected the whole observed variable. Dry weight of tuber under 35% light intensity was lower than those in other light intensity for all treatments of paclobutrazol. Full sunlight intensity showed better dry weight in all treatments of paclobutrazol. However the dry weight decreasing significantly at 150 ppm paclobutrazol, but still higher than those in 35% light intensity. Therefore, rodent tuber is better cultivated under full sunlight and 55% light intensity with 100 ppm paclobutrazol.

Obtaining a light intensity regulation target value based on the tomato dry weight model

2022 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 110879
Author(s):  
Danyan Chen ◽  
Junhua Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Zhisheng Wang ◽  
Libo Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Target Value ◽  
Weight Model

scholarly journals Leaf Characteristics and Yield Performance of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Varieties under Different Levels of Shading

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
M A Hossain ◽  
M A Hasan ◽  
S Sikder ◽  
A K M M B Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Spongy Layer ◽  
Partial Shade ◽  
Shade Condition ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the leaf characteristics and yield performances of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under different light levels at the Crop Physiology and Ecology Research Field of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur during March to June 2016. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Three light levels (L100 - 100 % light intensity, L75- 75 % light intensity and L50- 50% light intensity) were assigned in the main plots and four varieties (BARl Mung-6, BINA Mung-8, BINA Mung-5 and BU Mug-4) were assigned in subplots. Mosquito nets of different pore size were used for maintaining 75 and 50 percent light intensity. Leaf area was increased due to reduced light levels in all mugbean varieties but the increment was significant in BINA Mung-5 and BINA Mung-8 only at 75% light intensity at 40 days after sowing and only in BARI Mung-6 with L50 and BU Mug-4 with L75 and L50at 50 days after sowing. Due to reduced light levels, leaf dry weight was affected more in BINA Mung-5 and BU Mug- 4 than BARI Mung-6 and BINA Mung-8. Leaf thickness was reduced under shade in all the mungbean varieties, except in BU Mug-4 at 75% light intensity, and the reduction in leaf thickness was mainly due to the reduction in thickness of spongy layer. The palisade layer thickness was influenced insignificantly but spongy layer thickness was increased in BINA Mung-5 at 100% light intensity. The grain yields (t ha-1) of BARI Mung-6 and BINA Mung-8 remained stable under partial shade condition but the grain yield of BINA Mung-5 and BU Mug-4 was reduced drastically under partial shade condition. Higher leaf dry weight, number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, and heavier grains in BARI Mung-6 and BINA Mung-8 contributed to the higher grain yield plant-1 under partial shade condition than in BINA Mung-5 and BU Mug-4.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 40-51

scholarly journals Light Intensity and Nitrogen Concentration Impact on the Biomass and Phycoerythrin Production by Porphyridium purpureum

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández ◽  
Laura Isabel Rodas-Zuluaga ◽  
Carlos Castillo-Zacarías ◽  
Magdalena Rostro-Alanís ◽  
Reynaldo de la Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Biomass ◽  
Porphyridium Purpureum ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Several factors have the potential to influence microalgae growth. In the present study, nitrogen concentration and light intensity were evaluated in order to obtain high biomass production and high phycoerythrin accumulation from Porphyridium purpureum. The range of nitrogen concentrations evaluated in the culture medium was 0.075–0.450 g L−1 and light intensities ranged between 30 and 100 μmol m−2 s−1. Surprisingly, low nitrogen concentration and high light intensity resulted in high biomass yield and phycoerythrin accumulation. Thus, the best biomass productivity (0.386 g L−1 d−1) and biomass yield (5.403 g L−1) were achieved with NaNO3 at 0.075 g L−1 and 100 μmol m−2 s−1. In addition, phycoerythrin production was improved to obtain a concentration of 14.66 mg L−1 (2.71 mg g−1 of phycoerythrin over dry weight). The results of the present study indicate that it is possible to significantly improve biomass and pigment production in Porphyridium purpureum by limiting nitrogen concentration and light intensity.

scholarly journals Usnic acid and Triacylglycerides Production by the Cultured Lichen Mycobiont of Ramalina celastri

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra T. Fazio ◽  
Mónica T. Adler ◽  
Marta S. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Lichen Thallus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

A strain of the lichen mycobiont of Ramalina celastri, isolated from ascospores, was cultured axenically on two solid media containing high amounts of the carbon source: sucrose in MY10 and mannitol in BMRM. Usnic acid, the major cortical lichen metabolite, was produced by the colonies grown on MY10, with a very high yield (7.9%) in comparison with that in the lichen thallus. Mycelia grown on BMRM did not produce the lichen secondary metabolite and rendered triacylglycerides (8.5%) instead. Analysis by GC-MS of the fatty acid methyl esters revealed the presence of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids as the main triacylglyceride constituents. The present results highlight the impact of the culture conditions on the lichen mycobiont secondary metabolism and confirm that MY10 is a useful medium to obtain usnic acid from mycobionts in the laboratory.

EAR LENGTH AND SPIKELET NUMBER OF WHEAT GROWN AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND LIGHT INTENSITIES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. C. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Light ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The number of spikelets on the differentiating inflorescence and the ear at anthesis was highest at high light intensities and at low temperatures. The length of the developing inflorescence and the ear, the height of the main stem, and the total plant dry weight at the time of anthesis were also greatest under these conditions.These results are related to differential effects of temperature and light intensity on the rates and duration of apical elongation, morphological development of the ear, and spikelet formation.

The role of cotyledons in growth and development of woody angiosperms

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Marshall ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Stems And Leaves

The role of photosynthetically active cotyledons in the growth of young woody angiosperm seedlings was studied over a 35-day period under controlled environmental conditions. Two experiments were performed. In the first, cotyledons of Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus americana, and Ailanthus altissima were removed or covered at 7, 14, or 21 days after seedling emergence. In the second experiment, seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia, Betula alleghaniensis, and Acer saccharum were grown over a range of light intensities. Removing or covering Robinia cotyledons of seedlings of any age resulted in lower dry weights of roots and stems than in controls. Removing or covering cotyledons of only 7-day-old Robinia seedlings retarded dry weight increase of foliage. Robinia seedling heights were unaffected by cotyledon covering or removal. Covering Ulmus americana cotyledons had no significant effect on dry weight increment of stems or foliage or on seedling height. Removal of Ulmus cotyledons from 7-day-old seedlings inhibited dry weight increase of roots, stems, and leaves and inhibited height growth. Removal of Ailanthus cotyledons inhibited dry weight increment of roots, stems, and leaves more than did covering of cotyledons. Species varied greatly in cotyledon development and response to light intensity. Cotyledon size was affected by light intensity in Robinia, but not in Betula or Acer. Responses of cotyledons to light intensity differed from those of foliage leaves. Cotyledon photosynthesis appeared to have a very important role in seedling growth in Robinia and Ailanthus and a less important role in Ulmus.

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