scholarly journals The influence of maternal protein nutrition on offspring development and metabolism: the role of glucocorticoids

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Almond ◽  
P. Bikker ◽  
M. Lomax ◽  
M. E. Symonds ◽  
A. Mostyn
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neonatal Body Composition ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
Protein Diets

The consequences of sub-optimal nutrition through alterations in the macronutrient content of the maternal diet will not simply be reflected in altered neonatal body composition and increased mortality, but are likely to continue into adulthood and confer greater risk of metabolic disease. One mechanism linking manipulations of the maternal environment to an increased risk of later disease is enhanced fetal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC). Tissue sensitivity to cortisol is regulated, in part, by the GC receptor and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2. Several studies have shown the effects of maternal undernutrition, particularly low-protein diets, on the programming of GC action in the offspring; however, dietary excess is far more characteristic of the diets consumed by contemporary pregnant women. This study investigated the programming effects of moderate protein supplementation in pigs throughout pregnancy. We have demonstrated an up-regulation of genes involved in GC sensitivity, such as GC receptor and 11β-HSD, in the liver, but have yet to detect any other significant changes in these piglets, with no differences observed in body weight or composition. This increase in GC sensitivity was similar to the programming effects observed following maternal protein restriction or global undernutrition during pregnancy.

scholarly journals MATERNAL NUTRITION AND THE PROBLEM OF INTRAUTERINE DISEASE PROGRAMMING IN CHILDREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-194
Author(s):  
O. P. Kovtun ◽  
P. B. Tsyvian
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fetal Exposure ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition

Environmental conditions during perinatal development such as maternal undernutrition or overnutrition can program changes in the integration among physiological systems leading to cardio-metabolic diseases. This phenomenon can be understood in the context of the phenotypic plasticity and refers to the adjustment of a phenotype in response to environmental input without genetic change. Experimental studies indicate that fetal exposure to an adverse maternal environment may alter the morphology and physiology that contribute to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases. The significance and role of genetic polymorphism, markers of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, leptin synthesis disruption, rennin-angiotensin system in intrauterine cardio-metabolic disease programming are discussed. The study demonstrated that both maternal protein restriction and overnutrition alter the central and peripheral control of arterial pressure and metabolism. Breastfeeding may have beneficial effect on obesity risk later in life in genetically predisposed groups. Understanding the mechanisms which affect health outcomes in the offspring influenced by the macronutrient composition of the maternal diet during pregnancy or lactation may lead to new maternal nutrition recommendations, disease prevention strategies, and therapies that reduce the increasing incidence of cardio-metabolic diseases in children and adults.

scholarly journals Possible role of available phosphorus in potentiating the use of low-protein diets for broiler chicken production

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 6954-6963
Author(s):  
A.J. Cowieson ◽  
R. Perez-Maldonado ◽  
A. Kumar ◽  
M. Toghyani
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

scholarly journals Body composition and behaviour in adult rats are influenced by maternal diet, maternal age and high-fat feeding

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ware ◽  
J.-P. Voigt ◽  
S. C. Langley-Evans
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Older Mothers ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Low Protein

AbstractFetal exposure to maternal undernutrition has lifelong consequences for physiological and metabolic function. Maternal low-protein diet is associated with an age-related phenotype in rats, characterised by a period of resistance to development of obesity in early adulthood, giving way to an obesity-prone, insulin-resistant state in later adulthood. Offspring of rats fed a control (18 % casein) or low-protein (9 % casein; LP) diet in pregnancy were challenged with a high-fat diet at 9 months of age. To assess whether other maternal factors modulated the programming effects of nutrition, offspring were studied from young (2–4 months old) and older (6–9 months old) mothers. Weight gain with a high-fat diet was attenuated in male offspring of older mothers fed LP (interaction of maternal age and diet; P = 0·011) and adipose tissue deposition was lower with LP feeding in both males and females (P < 0·05). Although the resistance to weight gain and adiposity was partially explained by lower energy intake in offspring of LP mothers (P < 0·001 males only), it was apparent that energy expenditure must be influenced by maternal diet and age. Assessment of locomotor activity indicated that energy expenditure associated with physical activity was unlikely to explain resistance to weight gain, but showed that offspring of older mothers were more anxious than those of younger mothers, with more rearing observed in a novel environment and on the elevated plus-maze. The data showed that in addition to maternal undernutrition, greater maternal age may influence development and long-term body composition in the rat.

scholarly journals Maternal calorie restriction modulates placental mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetic efficiency: putative involvement in fetoplacental growth defects in rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (1) ◽  
pp. E14-E22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Mayeur ◽  
Steve Lancel ◽  
Nicolas Theys ◽  
Marie-Amélie Lukaszewski ◽  
Sophie Duban-Deweer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Proteomic Screen ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
Mitochondrial Defects

Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic diseases. The placental capacity to supply nutrients and oxygen to the fetus represents the main determiner of fetal growth. However, few studies have investigated the effects of maternal diet on the placenta. We explored placental adaptive proteomic processes implicated in response to maternal undernutrition. Rat term placentas from 70% food-restricted (FR30) mothers were used for a proteomic screen. Placental mitochondrial functions were evaluated using molecular and functional approaches, and ATP production was measured. FR30 drastically reduced placental and fetal weights. FR30 placentas displayed 14 proteins that were differentially expressed, including several mitochondrial proteins. FR30 induced a marked increase in placental mtDNA content and changes in mitochondrial functions, including modulation of the expression of genes implicated in biogenesis and bioenergetic pathways. FR30 mitochondria showed higher oxygen consumption but failed to maintain their ATP production. Maternal undernutrition induces placental mitochondrial abnormalities. Although an increase in biogenesis and bioenergetic efficiency was noted, placental ATP level was reduced. Our data suggest that placental mitochondrial defects may be implicated in fetoplacental pathologies.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HOMOCYSTINE IN PROTECTING PROTEIN-DEPLETED DOGS EXPOSED TO FATAL DOSES OF CHLOROFORM

1955 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
George P. Vennart ◽  
Frank W. McKee
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Lethal Action ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Depletion Period ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Cellular Destruction

In dogs maintained on low protein diets and subjected to phlebotomy over a long period of time, the inhalation of chloroform, for 30 minutes, produced uniform fatality within 48 hours. The histological changes of massive hepato-cellular destruction were observed at autopsy. Homocystine, in the amount of 2.0 gm., given orally 2 hours after or 2 hours prior to the administration of chloroform, protected dogs against the lethal action of the toxin. Inconstant changes in fibrinogen and icteric indices were observed in the protected animals, indicating some mild liver damage, but this was not correlated with the length of the previous depletion period, the phase of the experiment, or any other factor. No evidence was obtained that methyl groups are necessary for the protection of the liver by homocystine.

scholarly journals Maternal low protein diet programmes low ovarian reserve in offspring

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L Winship ◽  
Sarah E Gazzard ◽  
Luise A Cullen McEwen ◽  
John F Bertram ◽  
Karla J Hutt
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Primordial Follicle ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
In Utero Development

The ovarian reserve of primordial follicle oocytes is formed during in utero development and represents the entire supply of oocytes available to sustain female fertility. Maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation diminishes offspring ovarian reserve in rats. In mice, maternal oocyte maturation is also susceptible to undernutrition, causing impaired offspring cardiovascular function. We aimed to determine whether programming of the ovarian reserve is impacted in offspring when maternal undernutrition extends from preconception oocyte development through to weaning. C57BL6/J female mice were fed normal protein (20%) or low protein (8%) diet during preconception, pregnancy and lactation periods. Maternal ovaries were harvested at weaning and offspring ovaries collected at postnatal day (PN)21 and 24 weeks of age. Total follicle estimates were obtained by histologically sampling one ovary per animal (n=5/group). There was no impact of diet on maternal follicle numbers. However, in offspring, maternal protein restriction significantly depleted primordial follicles by 37% at PN21 and 51% at 24 weeks (p<0.05). There were no effects of diet on other follicle classes. Histological analysis showed no differences in the proportion of proliferative follicles (pH3-positive), but increased atresia (cleaved caspase-3-positive, or TUNEL-positive) was detected in ovaries of protein-restricted offspring at both ages (p<0.05). Our data show that maternal diet during the preconception period, in utero development and early life has significant impacts on follicle endowment and markers of follicle health later in life. This highlights the need for further investigation into the importance of maternal preconception diet for offspring reproductive development and health.

scholarly journals Interactions between protein and vegetable oils in the maternal diet determine the programming of the insulin axis in the rat

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Maloney ◽  
Christina Lilley ◽  
Alicja Czopek ◽  
Susan M. Hay ◽  
William D. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Stock Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Soya Oil ◽  
Protein Diets

The available evidence suggests that metabolic control mechanisms are programmed early in life. Previous studies of pregnant rats fed low-protein diets have suggested that the vegetable oils used in the experimental diets influence the outcome. The present study investigated the offspring of female rats fed semi-synthetic diets containing either 180 or 90 g casein/kg with 70 g/kg (w/w) of either corn oil or soya oil during gestation. During lactation, the dams received stock diet, and the offspring were subsequently weaned onto the stock diet. The offspring of dams fed the low-protein diets were smaller at birth. At 25 weeks of age, the offspring were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test. In the offspring of dams fed the diet containing soya oil, the area under the insulin curve was affected by the protein content of the maternal diet. There was no effect of protein on the area under the insulin curve in the offspring of dams fed the diet prepared with corn oil. There were no differences in plasma glucose concentrations. The levels of mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 in the livers of female offspring were affected by the protein and oil content of the maternal diet. The level of carnitine palmitoyl transferase mRNA was affected by the protein content of the maternal diet. The present study suggests that PUFA in the maternal diet can interact with protein metabolism to influence the development of the offspring. This may involve the higher content of α-linolenic acid in soya oil compared with corn oil.

FGF21 prevents low protein diet-induced renal inflammation in aged mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Fang ◽  
Sujoy Ghosh ◽  
Landon Sims ◽  
Kirsten P. Stone ◽  
Cristal M Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Protein Diets

Low protein diets extend lifespan through a comprehensive improvement in metabolic health across multiple tissues and organs. Many of these metabolic responses to protein restriction are secondary to transcriptional activation and release of FGF21 from the liver. However, the effects of a low protein (LP) diet on the kidney in the context of aging has not been examined. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to investigate the impact of chronic consumption of a LP diet on the kidney in aging mice lacking FGF21. Wild type (WT, C57BL/6J) and FGF21 KO mice were fed a normal protein (NP, 20% casein) or a LP (5% casein) diet ad libitum from 3 to19 months of age. The LP diet led to a decrease in kidney weight and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio in both WT and FGF21 KO mice. Although the LP diet produced only mild fibrosis and infiltration of leukocytes in WT kidneys, the effects were significantly exacerbated by the absence of FGF21. Accordingly, transcriptomic analysis showed that inflammation-related pathways were significantly enriched and upregulated in response to LP diet in FGF21 KO but not WT mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the LP diet negatively affected the kidney during aging, but in the absence of FGF21, the LP diet-induced renal damage and inflammation were significantly worse, indicating a protective role of FGF21 in the kidney.

Supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus improves nitrogen retention in cattle fed low-protein diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Korir ◽  
J. P. Goopy ◽  
C. Gachuiri ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Ruminant productivity in the tropical Africa has remained low despite decades of research on animal nutrition and introduction of new breeds of animals mainly because of low-quality feeds available, especially during the dry season that is inefficiently utilised. This results in prolonged time for animals to mature and increased nutrient excretion to the environment. We conducted a study using yearling steers (n = 12, liveweight (LW) = 161.8 ± 10.89 kg) in a 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation and supplementation frequency on intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial N supply in cattle consuming low-protein diets. The steers were maintained on ad libitum wheat straw (DM = 877 ± 5 g/kg, crude protein (CP) = 20.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), with supplemental protein supplied as air-dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves (DM = 897 ± 3 g/kg, CP = 257.5 ± 4.1 g/kg on a DM basis). Samples of basal diet, supplement, refusals, faecal matter and urine were collected and analysed per treatment. Supplementation increased intakes by the steers (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two supplementation frequencies (P > 0.404). Steers lost bodyweight (P < 0.05) on all treatments, but less so when supplemented. Nitrogen losses was reduced (P < 0.001) with supplementation (–33.3% vs 15.7%, s.e.m. 0.06). The increased N balance in animals receiving supplemented diets indicated that N retention actually improves with increased protein supplementation in animals fed low-protein diets, implying that improving protein supply to animals fed submaintenance diets will not only ameliorate production losses, but will actually decrease non-enteric greenhouse gas production and environmental N losses per animal product unit obtained.

scholarly journals HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION

1946 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Robscheit-Robbins ◽  
L. L. Miller ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Output

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets, with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneousiy new hemoglobin and plasma protein. The reserve stores of blood protein-producing materials in this way are largely depleted, and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for considerable periods of time. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and to injury by many poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. These incomplete experiments are not recorded in the present paper but give supporting evidence in harmony with those tabulated. Under these conditions (double depletion) the dogs use effectively the proteins listed above—egg, lactalbumin, meat, beef plasma, and digests of various food proteins and hemoglobin. Egg protein at times seems to favor slightly the production of plasma protein when compared with the average response (Tables 1 and 2). Various digests and concentrates compare favorably with good food proteins in the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein in these doubly depleted dogs. Whole beef plasma by mouth is well utilized and the production of new hemoglobin is, if anything, above the average—certainly plasma protein production is not especially favored. "Modified" beef plasma by vein causes fatal anaphylaxis (Table 4). Hemoglobin digests are well used by mouth to form both hemoglobin and plasma protein. Supplementation by amino acids is recorded. Methionine in one experiment may have been responsible for a better protein output and digest utilization (Table 7).

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