Increased plasma concentrations of the 5-HT precursor amino acid tryptophan and other large neutral amino acids in violent criminals

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. ERIKSSON ◽  
L. LIDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Amino Acid Tryptophan ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Abnormal Brain

Background. Aggression has been suggested to be related to abnormal brain 5-HT activity. This amine is synthesized in brain from tryptophan, which is transported through the blood–brain barrier in competition with other amino acids. The relationship between tryptophan and its endogenous amino acid competitors in plasma might thus influence the availability of tryptophan in the brain and consequently brain 5-HT activity.Methods. Plasma amino acids were determined in 89 offenders who had committed various violent and non-violent crimes and in 14 healthy controls.Results. Both tryptophan and its competitors were higher in offenders who had committed violent crimes compared both with non-violent offenders and with controls. No difference was, however, seen in the relationship between tryptophan and its competitors.Conclusions. The results support the contention that violent behaviour is related to biochemical deviations but could not explain a possible decreased brain 5-HT activity.

scholarly journals Plasma Amino Acids Metabolomics' Important in Glucose Management in Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahim Alqudah ◽  
Mohammed Wedyan ◽  
Esam Qnais ◽  
Hassan Jawarneh ◽  
Lana McClements
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Healthy Controls

The perturbation in plasma free amino acid metabolome has been observed previously in diabetes mellitus, and is associated with insulin resistance as well as the onset of cardiovascular disease in this population. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, changes in the amino acid profile in a group of people with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) with normal BMI, from Jordan, who were only managed on metformin. Twenty one amino acids were evaluated in plasma samples from 124 people with T2D and 67 healthy controls, matched for age, gender and BMI, using amino acids analyser. Total amino acids, essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and semi-essential amino acids were similar in T2D compared to healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of four essential amino acids were increased in the presence of T2D (Leucine, p < 0.01, Lysine, p < 0.001, Phenylalanine, p < 0.01, Tryptophan, p < 0.05). On the other hand, in relation to non-essential amino acids, Alanine and Serine were reduced in T2D (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively), whereas Aspartate and Glutamate were increased in T2D compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). A semi-essential amino acid, Cystine, was also increased in T2D compared to healthy controls (p < 0.01). Citrulline, a metabolic indicator amino acid, demonstrated lower plasma concentration in T2D compared to healthy controls (p < 0.01). These amino acids were also correlated with fasting blood glucose and HbA1c (p < 0.05). Glutamate, glycine and arginine were correlated with the duration of metformin treatment (p < 0.05). No amino acid was correlated with lipid profiles. Disturbances in the metabolism of these amino acids are closely implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D and associated cardiovascular disease. Therefore, these perturbed amino acids could be explored as therapeutic targets to improve T2D management and prevent associated cardiovascular complications.

Plasma Amino Acids in Relation to Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Schizophrenic Patients and Healthy Controls

1985 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bjerkenstedt ◽  
Gunnar Edman ◽  
Lars Hagenfeldt ◽  
Göran Sedvall ◽  
Frits-Axel Wiesel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dopamine Turnover ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
L System ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Brain

SummaryCompared to healthy controls, unmedicated schizophrenic patients had significantly higher plasma concentrations of taurine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. Except for taurine, these amino acids share the L-transport system for neutral amino acids. In the patients, homovanillic (HVA) acid levels in CSF were decreased and the plasma levels of the amino acids competing with tyrosine and tryptophan for transport into the brain, were all negatively correlated to the CSF concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA. These findings could be explained by a change in the affinity of the L-system or by a decrease in its overall capacity in schizophrenia. Raised plasma levels of the competing amino acids may limit the brain uptake of tyrosine, leading to a diminished dopamine turnover, and resulting in a compensatory development of supersensitive dopamine receptors.

scholarly journals Plasma Amino Acids Metabolomics Profile Important for Glucose Management in Jordanian people with Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahim Alqudah ◽  
Mohammed Wedyan ◽  
Esam Qnais ◽  
Hassan Jawarneh ◽  
Lana McClements
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Glucose Management

Background: The disturbances in plasma free amino acid metabolome in diabetes mellitus was studied before but not in Jordanian population. This study aimed to assess the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and amino acid metabolome in a representative group of people from Jordan. Methods: Blood samples from 124 people with T2D and 67 age-, gender- and BMI-matched healthy controls were collected and assayed for glucose and HbA1c. Twenty one amino acids belonging to different categories (essential, non-essential, semi-essential, and metabolic indicators) were evaluated in both groups using amino acids analyser. Results: Plasma free amino acids concentrations of total amino acids, total essential amino acids, total non-essential amino acids, and total semi-essential amino acids were not different in T2D compared to healthy controls. However, plasma concentrations of four essential amino acids (Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan) were increased in the presence of T2D (Leucine, p<0.01, Lysine, p<0.001, Phenylalanine, p<0.01, Tryptophan, p<0.05). Conversely, amongst the non-essential amino acids, Alanine and Serine were reduced in type 2 diabetes (Alanine, p<0.01, Serine, p<0.001), whereas, Aspartate and Glutamate were increased in T2D compared to healthy control plasma (Aspartate, p<0.001, Glutamate, p<0.01) . A semi-essential amino acid, Cystine, was also increased in T2D compared to healthy controls (p<0.01). Citrulline, a metabolic indicator amino acid, demonstrated lower plasma concentration in T2Dcompared to healthy controls (p<0.01). Conclusion: Several amino acids from different categories are dysregulated in T2D, which could be used as a therapeutic target to improve T2D management and its complications.

Dietary intake of tryptophan tied emotion-related impulsivity in humans

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Javelle ◽  
Descartes Li ◽  
Philipp Zimmer ◽  
Sheri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Serotonin Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Tryptophan ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Three Factor

Abstract. Emotion-related impulsivity, defined as the tendency to say or do things that one later regret during periods of heightened emotion, has been tied to a broad range of psychopathologies. Previous work has suggested that emotion-related impulsivity is tied to an impaired function of the serotonergic system. Central serotonin synthesis relies on the intake of the essential amino acid, tryptophan and its ability to pass through the blood brain barrier. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between emotion-related impulsivity and tryptophan intake. Methods: Undergraduate participants (N = 25, 16 women, 9 men) completed a self-rated measure of impulsivity (Three Factor Impulsivity Index, TFI) and daily logs of their food intake and exercise. These data were coded using the software NutriNote to evaluate intakes of tryptophan, large neutral amino acids, vitamins B6/B12, and exercise. Results: Correlational analyses indicated that higher tryptophan intake was associated with significantly lower scores on two out of three subscales of the TFI, Pervasive Influence of Feelings scores r =  –.502, p < . 010, and (lack-of) Follow-Through scores, r =  –.407, p < . 050. Conclusion: Findings provide further evidence that emotion-related impulsivity is correlated to serotonergic indices, even when considering only food habits. It also suggests the need for more research on whether tryptophan supplements might be beneficial for impulsive persons suffering from a psychological disorder.

scholarly journals Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Yun Liu ◽  
Shemil P. Macelline ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
Peter H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein

AbstractThe prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry’s dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called “non-essential” amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.

Application of FT-IR Spectrometry to Determine the Global Metabolic Adaptations to Physical Conditioning in Sportsmen

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1259-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Petibois ◽  
Georges Cazorla ◽  
André Cassaigne ◽  
Gérard Déléris
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Physical Conditioning ◽  
Ir Spectrometry ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Spectral Area ◽  
Ft Ir

Global metabolic adaptations to physical conditioning were described in 15 subjects by FT-IR spectrometry as the method allowed determination of glucose (Glc), lactate (La), glycerol, triglycerides (TG), fatty acyl moieties (FAM), and total amino acids plasma concentrations. Subtraction of plasma FT-IR spectra obtained at resting state from the exercise spectra also allowed determination of the biomolecular response to exercise. On week 1, exercise induced a transient hypoglycemia, a lactatemia increase of 153%, a FAM depletion of 27%, and a TG concentration decrease of 28%. Protein contents increased by 2%, but these were partly catabolized for amino acid supply (+27%), suggesting an important metabolic stress during exercise. On week 3, exercise hypoglycemia had disappeared, lactate increase was diminished by 91%, TG contents were decreased by 14%, and proteins and amino acids exhibited higher absorption increases. On week 5, TG and FAM concentrations were markedly increased during exercise, protein absorption was still increased (+9%), but amino acid blood release was diminished by 81%. These results described positive adaptations to training. Furthermore, FAM concentration could be determined from plasma FT-IR spectra by using the 2996–2819 cm−1 spectral area [ νas(CH3), νas(CH2), νs(CH3), and νs(CH2) absorbance; 0.82 mMol·L−1, a.u. cm−1], as well as for amino acid concentration by using the ν(COO−) spectral area (1430–1360 cm−1; 0.062 g·L−1, a.u. × cm−1). FT-IR spectrometry was useful to determine simultaneously various plasma concentrations and most of the biomolecular changes through successive samples.

Monitoring plasma concentrations of psychotropic drugs

1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Reliable Methods

Techniques are now available for estimating the plasma concentration of several drugs used in psychiatry. These techniques are clearly important for research but they can hardly be expected to improve the clinical management of patients unless the estimation is sensitive, reliable and reasonably quick; the method should be specific for the particular drug but should also specifically estimate any active metabolites. Even when reliable figures have been obtained, much more information is needed before they can be interpreted. The relationship between plasma (or plasma water) concentration and relevant tissue concentration (e. g. in the brain) must be known. Plasma samples should be taken at appropriate times, e. g. after the attainment of ‘steady-state’ conditions: plasma and tissue levels will then be in equilibrium. Diagnoses must be soundly based if inferences are to be drawn. Reliable methods of assessing clinical response must be available. These requirements pose difficult problems in psychiatry.

Kinetics and Na independence of amino acid uptake by blood side of perfused sheep choroid plexus

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (5) ◽  
pp. F1288-F1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Segal ◽  
J. E. Preston ◽  
C. S. Collis ◽  
B. V. Zlokovic
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Sodium Level ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Michaelis Constants ◽  
Low Levels

The kinetic constants and sodium independence of amino acid uptake by the basolateral face (blood side) of the isolated perfused choroid plexus of the sheep were investigated. Uptake of 3H-labeled L-alanine, glycine, L-glutamine, L-leucine, L-glutamate, and L-lysine was not significantly inhibited when the sodium level of the perfusate was lowered to less than 6 mM. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion rate was, however, reduced by 65.6%. The Michaelis constants for L-serine, glycine, L-phenylalanine, L-glutamate, and L-arginine were measured and varied between 25.4 microM for L-arginine and 2.6 microM for L-glutamate. The Vmax for the amino acids varied by about the same range as Km, with L-serine having the highest Vmax of 28.8 nmol.min-1.g-1, and L-phenylalanine having the lowest at 4.6 nmol.min-1.g-1. At normal plasma concentrations of 30-155 microM for individual amino acids, the carriers for glycine, L-phenylalanine, and L-glutamate would be almost fully saturated (greater than 90%), while those for L-serine and L-arginine would be greater than 60% saturated. This restricted uptake of amino acids by the basolateral face of the choroid plexus, coupled to clearance of these substances out of the CSF (5), could account for the low levels in the CSF compared with that in the plasma.

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