scholarly journals Engineering polymerases for applications in synthetic biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Nikoomanzar ◽  
Nicholas Chim ◽  
Eric J. Yik ◽  
John C. Chaput
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Dna Polymerases ◽  
Enzyme Engineering ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Abstract DNA polymerases play a central role in biology by transferring genetic information from one generation to the next during cell division. Harnessing the power of these enzymes in the laboratory has fueled an increase in biomedical applications that involve the synthesis, amplification, and sequencing of DNA. However, the high substrate specificity exhibited by most naturally occurring DNA polymerases often precludes their use in practical applications that require modified substrates. Moving beyond natural genetic polymers requires sophisticated enzyme-engineering technologies that can be used to direct the evolution of engineered polymerases that function with tailor-made activities. Such efforts are expected to uniquely drive emerging applications in synthetic biology by enabling the synthesis, replication, and evolution of synthetic genetic polymers with new physicochemical properties.

Human Neuraminidases Have Reduced Activity Towards Modified Sialic Acids on Glycoproteins

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmanah D. Hunter ◽  
Elizabeth Porter ◽  
Christopher Cairo
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Sialic Acids ◽  
Enzyme Specificity ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bovine Submaxillary Mucin ◽  
Reduced Activity

This work investigated the substrate specificity of hNEU enzymes for a glycoprotein substrate (bovine submaxillary mucin) containing 9-<i>O</i>-acetylated and Neu5Gc residues. Using this model substrate, we observe a general trend for hNEU tolerance of Neu5Ac>Neu5Gc>>>Neu5,9Ac<sub>2</sub>, consistent with our previous results with glycolipid substrates. These results expand our understanding of hNEU enzyme specificity and suggest that naturally occurring modifications of sialic acids can play a role in regulating hNEU activity.

PrimPol (Primase/Polymerase), replicating enzyme – A mini review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amir ◽  
Sabeera Afzal ◽  
Alia Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Dna Polymerases ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Replication ◽  
Dna Template ◽  
Preliminary Phase

Polymerases were revealed first in 1970s. Most important to the modest perception the enzyme responsible for nuclear DNA replication that was pol , for DNA repair pol and for mitochondrial DNA replication pol  DNA construction and renovation done by DNA polymerases, so directing both the constancy and discrepancy of genetic information. Replication of genome initiate with DNA template-dependent fusion of small primers of RNA. This preliminary phase in replication of DNA demarcated as de novo primer synthesis which is catalyzed by specified polymerases known as primases. Sixteen diverse DNA-synthesizing enzymes about human perspective are devoted to replication, reparation, mutilation lenience, and inconsistency of nuclear DNA. But in dissimilarity, merely one DNA polymerase has been called in mitochondria. It has been suggest that PrimPol is extremely acting the roles by re-priming DNA replication in mitochondria to permit an effective and appropriate way replication to be accomplished. Investigations from a numeral of test site have significantly amplified our appreciative of the role, recruitment and regulation of the enzyme during DNA replication. Though, we are simply just start to increase in value the versatile roles that play PrimPol in eukaryote.

scholarly journals Li-Nafion Membrane Plasticised with Ethylene Carbonate/Sulfolane: Influence of Mixing Temperature on the Physicochemical Properties

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1150
Author(s):  
Aigul S. Istomina ◽  
Tatyana V. Yaroslavtseva ◽  
Olga G. Reznitskikh ◽  
Ruslan R. Kayumov ◽  
Lyubov V. Shmygleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Nafion Membrane ◽  
Polymer Gel ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Solvent Uptake

The use of dipolar aprotic solvents to swell lithiated Nafion ionomer membranes simultaneously serving as electrolyte and separator is of great interest for lithium battery applications. This work attempts to gain an insight into the physicochemical nature of a Li-Nafion ionomer material whose phase-separated nanostructure has been enhanced with a binary plasticiser comprising non-volatile high-boiling ethylene carbonate (EC) and sulfolane (SL). Gravimetric studies evaluating the influence both of mixing temperature (25 to 80 °C) and plasticiser composition (EC/SL ratio) on the solvent uptake of Li-Nafion revealed a hysteresis between heating and cooling modes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) revealed that the saturation of a Nafion membrane with such a plasticiser led to a re-organisation of its amorphous structure, with crystalline regions remaining practically unchanged. Regardless of mixing temperature, the preservation of crystallites upon swelling is critical due to ionomer crosslinking provided by crystalline regions, which ensures membrane integrity even at very high solvent uptake (≈200% at a mixing temperature of 80 °C). The physicochemical properties of a swollen membrane have much in common with those of a chemically crosslinked polymer gel. The conductivity of ≈10−4 S cm−1 demonstrated by Li-Nafion membranes saturated with EC/SL at room temperature is promising for various practical applications.

scholarly journals Properties of alternative microbial hosts used in synthetic biology: towards the design of a modular chassis

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Kim ◽  
Manuel Salvador ◽  
Elizabeth Saunders ◽  
Jaime González ◽  
Claudio Avignone-Rossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Cell Models ◽  
Genetic Circuits ◽  
Metabolic Diversity ◽  
Translational Machinery ◽  
Metabolic Fluxes

The chassis is the cellular host used as a recipient of engineered biological systems in synthetic biology. They are required to propagate the genetic information and to express the genes encoded in it. Despite being an essential element for the appropriate function of genetic circuits, the chassis is rarely considered in their design phase. Consequently, the circuits are transferred to model organisms commonly used in the laboratory, such as Escherichia coli, that may be suboptimal for a required function. In this review, we discuss some of the properties desirable in a versatile chassis and summarize some examples of alternative hosts for synthetic biology amenable for engineering. These properties include a suitable life style, a robust cell wall, good knowledge of its regulatory network as well as of the interplay of the host components with the exogenous circuits, and the possibility of developing whole-cell models and tuneable metabolic fluxes that could allow a better distribution of cellular resources (metabolites, ATP, nucleotides, amino acids, transcriptional and translational machinery). We highlight Pseudomonas putida, widely used in many different biotechnological applications as a prominent organism for synthetic biology due to its metabolic diversity, robustness and ease of manipulation.

scholarly journals Surface Modification of Bacterial Cellulose for Biomedical Applications

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Teresa Aditya ◽  
Jean Paul Allain ◽  
Camilo Jaramillo ◽  
Andrea Mesa Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties

Bacterial cellulose is a naturally occurring polysaccharide with numerous biomedical applications that range from drug delivery platforms to tissue engineering strategies. BC possesses remarkable biocompatibility, microstructure, and mechanical properties that resemble native human tissues, making it suitable for the replacement of damaged or injured tissues. In this review, we will discuss the structure and mechanical properties of the BC and summarize the techniques used to characterize these properties. We will also discuss the functionalization of BC to yield nanocomposites and the surface modification of BC by plasma and irradiation-based methods to fabricate materials with improved functionalities such as bactericidal capabilities.

scholarly journals Synthetic Biology Parts for the Storage of Increased Genetic Information in Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1834-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney E. Morris ◽  
Aaron W. Feldman ◽  
Floyd E. Romesberg
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
In Cells

Physicochemical properties of chitosan–magnetite nanocomposites obtained with different pH

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110384
Author(s):  
Christian Chapa González ◽  
Javier Ulises Navarro Arriaga ◽  
Perla Elvia García Casillas
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Polymeric Coating ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coated Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanoparticle Surface ◽  
Magnetite Phase

The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticle surface determine the performance of nanocomposites in biomedical applications such as their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. The physicochemical properties of chitosan, such as apparent charge density and solubility, are pH dependent. Similarly, Fe3O4 nanoparticles are susceptible to variations in their physicochemical properties due to changes in pH. In this work, we evaluated the physicochemical properties of chitosan–magnetite nanocomposites that were suspended at pH 7.0, 9.0, and 11.0 to determinate the effect on particle size, zeta potential, and mass percentage of the polymeric coating, in addition to the crystalline phase and magnetic properties of magnetite phase. X-ray diffraction results exposed that the present phase was magnetite with no other phases present and that the crystallite size was between 10.8 and 14.1 nm. Fourier transform infrared verified the chitosan functional groups in treated samples while the percentage of mass determined by TGA found to be nearly 9%. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs corroborated the spherical shape of the bare and chitosan-coated nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering results showed that chitosan coating modifies the zeta potential, going from a potential of −11.8 mV for bare particles to −3.0 mV (pH 11). Besides, vibrating sample magnetometer measurements showed that coercivity remained very low, which is desirable in biomedical applications.

Recent Advances in the Development of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2705-2741
Author(s):  
Maria Monteserín ◽  
Silvia Larumbe ◽  
Alejandro V. Martínez ◽  
Saioa Burgui ◽  
L. Francisco Martín
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Magnetic Drug Targeting ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
Biomedical Field

The unique properties of magnetic nanoparticles have led them to be considered materials with significant potential in the biomedical field. Nanometric size, high surface-area ratio, ability to function at molecular level, exceptional magnetic and physicochemical properties, and more importantly, the relatively easy tailoring of all these properties to the specific requirements of the different biomedical applications, are some of the key factors of their success. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the state of the art of different aspects of magnetic nanoparticles, specially focusing on their use in biomedicine. We will explore their magnetic properties, synthetic methods and surface modifications, as well as their most significative physicochemical properties and their impact on the in vivo behaviour of these particles. Furthermore, we will provide a background on different applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine, such as magnetic drug targeting, magnetic hyperthermia, imaging contrast agents or theranostics. Besides, current limitations and challenges of these materials, as well as their future prospects in the biomedical field will be discussed.

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