Temperature influencesKyllinga brevifoliaandK. squamulatagrowth

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 662-666
Author(s):  
David B. Lowe ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
Ted Whitwell ◽  
William C. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Almost All

Kyllingaspecies are becoming more common throughout the southeastern United States. Two species,Kyllinga brevifoliaandKyllinga squamulata, in particular are prevalent weeds in turfgrass. To better understand these weeds, growth chamber studies determined the growth ofK. brevifolia, K. squamulata, andCynodon dactylon×Cynodon transvaalensisas influenced by three temperature regimes (33/24, 25/17, 19/11 C day/night, respectively). Temperature influenced almost all aspects ofKyllingaspecies growth. Plant height of bothKyllingaspecies increased nearly twofold after 8 wk at high temperatures. Plants were mowed each week to 2.5 cm; both species produced more than twice as many clippings by 8 wk at high (33/24 C) temperatures than at low (19/11 C) temperatures. Destructive analysis at 8 wk revealed thatK. brevifoliashoot and root weight increased with decreasing temperature, whereasK. squamulatashoot and root weights were not affected by temperature. Shoot weight percentage for bothKyllingaspecies increased from 59% in medium temperatures to 69% in high temperatures.K. brevifoliashoot weight percentage decreased to 53% in low temperatures, whereasK. squamulatashoot weight percentage increased to 72%.K. brevifoliainflorescences formed at 2, 3, and 5 wk in high, medium, and low temperatures, respectively, whereasK. squamulataflowered immediately in all temperatures.C. dactylon×C. transvaalensisandKyllingaspecies growth were similar within each temperature regime throughout the 8-wk study.

scholarly journals Relative Salinity Tolerance of 21 Turf-type Desert Saltgrasses Compared to Bermudagrass

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Marcum ◽  
Mohammad Pessarakli ◽  
David M. Kopec
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Total Salinity ◽  
Relative Root

Relative salinity tolerance of 21 desert saltgrass accessions (Distichlis spicata [L.] Greene var. stricta (Torr.) Beetle), and one hybrid bermudagrass `Midiron' (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. var. dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy `Midiron') were determined via solution culture in a controlled-environment greenhouse. Salinity in treatment tanks was gradually raised, and grasses progressively exposed to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m total salinity in sequence. Grasses were held at each salinity level for 1 week, followed by determination of relative salinity injury. Relative (to control) live green shoot weight (SW), relative root weight (RW), and % canopy green leaf area (GLA) were highly correlated with one-another (all r values >0.7), being mutually effective indicators of relative salinity tolerance. The range of salinity tolerance among desert saltgrass accessions was substantial, though all were more tolerant than bermudagrass. Accessions A77, A48, and A55 suffered little visual shoot injury, and continued shoot and root growth at a low level, when exposed up to 1.0 m (71,625 mg·L–1); sea water is about 35,000 mg·L–1), and therefore can be considered halophytes.

scholarly journals Growth, flowering and fruiting in tomatoes in relation to temperature, cycocel and GA.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
A.A. Abdalla ◽  
K. Verkerk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
High Temperature Regime ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Dark Green

The effects were assessed of CCC and GA on tomatoes grown either under a high temperature regime (35 degrees day and 25 degrees C. night) or at normal temperatures (22 degrees and 18 degrees ). CCC (0.4%) was applied to the soil in the pots either 2 days after transplanting or at the start of flowering; G A was applied by dipping the first truss in GA (50 p.p.m.). CCC greatly retarded the growth rate of the stems of the plants under both temperature regimes; this effect persisted for about 17 and 24 days under the high and normal temperature regimes, respectively. With plants grown at high temperatures CCC applied at the start of flowering greatly reduced flower shedding and slightly increased the fruit set and fruit development of hand-pollinated flowers. With plants grown at normal temperatures, however, the effects of CCC were slight. CCC-treated plants were sturdy with dark-green leaves which remained green longer, especially under the high temperature regime. More N accumulated in the tissues of plants grown at high temperatures than at normal temperatures, and the N content of the latter plants was considerably increased by CCC treatment. The root development of the CCC-treated plants was much more extensive than that of the untreated plants. The numbers of seeds in the hand-pollinated fruit were not affected by CCC, but at high temperatures there were considerably less seeds than at low temperatures. GA enhanced fruit set of the high-temperature plants, but the fruits were small and seedless. GA also accelerated fruit ripening by 2 and 3 weeks in the plants grown at high and normal temperatures, respectively.-Agric. Univ., Wageningen. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic and Cellular Processes in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) in the Face of Temperature Increasing

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2792
Author(s):  
Luis Abraham Chaparro-Encinas ◽  
Gustavo Santoyo ◽  
Juan José Peña-Cabriales ◽  
Luciano Castro-Espinoza ◽  
Fannie Isela Parra-Cota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
The Face ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Almost All

The Yaqui Valley, Mexico, has been historically considered as an experimental field for semiarid regions worldwide since temperature is an important constraint affecting durum wheat cultivation. Here, we studied the transcriptional and morphometrical response of durum wheat at an increased temperature (+2 °C) for deciphering molecular mechanisms involved in the thermal adaptation by this crop. The morphometrical assay showed a significant decrease in almost all the evaluated traits (shoot/root length, biovolume index, and dry/shoot weight) except in the dry root weight and the root:shoot ratio. At the transcriptional level, 283 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained (False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 and |log2 fold change| ≥ 1.3). From these, functional annotation with MapMan4 and a gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis with GOSeq were carried out to obtain 27 GO terms significantly enriched (overrepresented FDR ≤ 0.05). Overrepresented and functionally annotated genes belonged to ontologies associated with photosynthetic acclimation, respiration, changes in carbon balance, lipid biosynthesis, the regulation of reactive oxygen species, and the acceleration of physiological progression. These findings are the first insight into the regulation of the mechanism influenced by a temperature increase in durum wheat.

Effect of Pretreatment Environment on 2,4-D Phytotoxicity

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Darwent ◽  
R. Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Incandescent Lamps

Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the influence of several pretreatment radiation, humidity, and temperature regimes on the response of peas (Pisum sativum L. ‘Alaska’) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) to foliarly-applied (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D). Under the conditions of these studies, growing peas under solar or fluorescent-incandescent lamp radiation, in high or low humidity, or in temperatures between 10 and 25 C prior to treatment did not influence their response to 2,4-D. The response of velvetleaf to 2,4-D was slightly greater when pretreatment growth was under solar radiation rather than under fluorescent-incandescent lamps. Similarly, high pretreatment humidities and temperatures produced slightly greater responses to 2,4-D in velvetleaf than low pretreatment humidities and temperatures. Herbicide uptake and translocation were greater when pretreatment pea growth was under solar radiation, but spray retention and rate of 2,4-D metabolism were not affected by pretreatment radiation. This study indicates that pretreatment light, temperature, and humidity conditions play only a minor role in determining the response of peas and velvetleaf to 2,4-D.

Response of Soybean to Combinations of Clomazone, Metribuzin, Linuron, Alachlor, and Atrazine

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Salzman ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Field observations in 1986 indicated that increased injury to soybean could occur from clomazone plus metribuzin and clomazone plus linuron compared with metribuzin or linuron alone. Field experiments to measure this response were conducted in 1988, 1989, and 1990 at two locations in Michigan. Atrazine at 0, 1120, 2240, and 3360 g ha-1was applied the year previous to soybean planting to determine if atrazine residues in the soil influenced soybean response. Herbicide treatments in soybean included clomazone, metribuzin, linuron, alachlor, clomazone plus metribuzin or linuron, alachlor plus metribuzin or linuron, and an untreated control. Additive and synergistic responses in soybean to clomazone plus linuron and clomazone plus metribuzin, regardless of atrazine application rate, occurred in some field environments. Experiments in the greenhouse demonstrated that soybean shoot weight was reduced synergistically from clomazone plus metribuzin compared with either herbicide alone, and the response was greater on a soil with 2.5% organic matter compared with a soil with 4.4% organic matter. Clomazone plus metribuzin reduced leaf area and shoot dry weight, regardless of placement, while leaf area and shoot dry weight were reduced more when clomazone plus linuron- and atrazine plus metribuzin-treated soil was placed in the same zone as the soybean seed. The synergistic interaction in soybean to clomazone plus metribuzin occurred under both cool and warm temperature regimes in growth chamber studies.

scholarly journals GROWTH OF Schizolobium amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) SEEDLINGS INOCULATED WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

FLORESTA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
Alyce Vanessa Nunes De Andrade ◽  
Jhonata Santos Santana ◽  
Jeferson Pereira Da Silva ◽  
Thayllon Ferro Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Yasmim Maria Wolfart Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Gigaspora Margarita ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Almost All

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) occur in large numbers of plant species, especially in tree plants, and are present in almost all tropical soils. Their inoculation enables faster seedling growth and a higher survival rate in the nursery, thereby anticipating the transplant to the field. Despite these advantages, there is little information available on the efficiency obtained from the combination of different mycorrhizal species. In view of this, this work had the objective to evaluate the development of Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) seedlings from the association with different combinations of AMF species: Rhizoglomus clarus, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Gigaspora margarita, isolated and combined under greenhouse conditions. The design was completely randomized, with seven treatments and fifteen replications, totaling one hundred and five experimental units. Three evaluations were carried out during the experiment at 30, 60, 90 days after sowing. The evaluated variables were plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), dry shoot weight (DSW) fresh root weight (FRW), dry root weight (DRW), height/diameter ratio (H/D) and Dickson Quality Index (DQI). It was found that there was a significant response of the treatments studied at a 5% probability level for most of the evaluated parameters. The results obtained in the present work allowed to conclude that the use of a mixed inoculation of Rhizoglomus clarus + Gigaspora margarita promoted better development and growth in Paricá plants under greenhouse conditions.

Growth and Development of Five Populations of Themeda australis in Response to Temperature

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Response To Temperature

Five populations of the widespread indigenous grass Themeda australis were selected from sites in south-eastern Australia with different temperature regimes. Differences between populations in some morphological characters are reported for plants grown in a uniform environment. In one experiment shoot and root temperatures were varied together: in a second, root tempera- ture only was varied and shoot temperature kept constant. Results of both experiments show that there were few significant differences between populations in the number of tillers per plant formed at the various temperatures. Deniliquin plants had the greatest leaf area of all populations. Time to anthesis differed between some populations and these differences could be related to the temperature regimes of the sites of origin. Plants from Tantangara, the coldest site, flowered first and uniformly at low temperatures, and plants from Deniliquin, where the summer (flowering) temperatures are highest, flowered last at low temperatures but first and uniformly at high temperatures. There were no differences between populations when mature post-flowering plants were subjected to low temperatures as radiation frosts but, when seedlings were frosted, the Adelaide Hills popula- tion from the most frost-free site was more frost-sensitive at - 6°C than all other populations. It is concluded that genetic differentiation of ecological significance within the taxon T. australis has occurred not only for the photoperiodic response reported previously but also for a temperature response to flowering. While no differentiation has been shown for growth at medium and high temperatures, a difference is reported in the ability of one population to withstand a minimal temperature of - 6° as frost.

Toxicity, Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of 2,4-D in Yellow Nutsedge

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 733-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Bhan ◽  
E. W. Stoller ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Constant Percentage

We sprayed yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) with 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at the two and four-leaf stages in both field and growth chamber studies. Compared to non-treated plants, these rates significantly reduced shoot weight, rhizome weight, and rhizome number 12 days after application. There were no significant differences in these growth responses among the rates tested, when applied one, two, and three times at consecutive 12-day intervals. We pretreated two and four-leaf plants with 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha of 2,4-D immediately before foliar application of 14C-2,4-D. The increase in pretreatment rates decreased the percentage of the applied radioactivity which was absorbed and translocated. Of the radioactivity absorbed, a rather constant percentage translocated from the treated area in the different treatments. The radioactivity translocated from the application site for at least 288 hr after treatment. Less than 19% of the 14C-2,4-D applied was absorbed into the leaves 24 hr after application. Ninety-eight to 100% of the methanol-soluble radioactivity that translocated to developing leaves, rhizomes, and roots chromatographed identically to 14C-2,4-D.

Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Accessions Tolerant to Diclofop

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Stanger ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Alternative Treatments ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Ryegrass Growth

In 1987, two applications of the methyl ester of diclofop failed to effectively control Italian ryegrass in some growers' fields. As a result of these observations, studies were initiated to determine if the surviving ryegrass is more tolerant to diclofop than previously untreated ryegrass. Growth chamber studies on five accessions of ryegrass demonstrated that collections from two growers' fields were highly tolerant of diclofop. Diclofop GR50(rate required to reduce shoot weight by 50%) values of accessions A and B and commercial ryegrass, when diclofop was applied to seedlings at the two-leaf stage, were 2.9, 3.4, and 0.0056 kg ai/ha, respectively. Diclofop-tolerant biotypes were not more tolerant to postemergence barban or preemergence-incorporated triallate plus postemergence diuron or metribuzin. These herbicides are possible alternative treatments in fields where diclofop is no longer effective.

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