Random Coincidences Or: the return of theCelticto Iron Age Britain

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimund Karl
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Economic Unit ◽  
Southern England ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Individual

This paper examines whether there really are fundamental differences between a Celtic model of social organisation and the observations made by J.D. Hill about PRIA social organisation in southern England. Hill's alternative model, which in his opinion seems to be fundamentally at odds with what can be learned from Celtic sources, is characterised by the importance of three main factors. These are the essentially ideological, east-facing orientation of Iron Age houses and enclosed settlements, the ideological boundedness of individual homesteads, and the household as the centre of production. Yet, an examination of the medieval Irish andWelsh literature reveals that these three fundamental characteristics also seem to define the societies described in the Celtic texts. However, while the household is the central independent social and economic unit, the medieval texts also put great emphasis on kinship, with kin-groups fulfilling important, complementary roles for the individual households. It is examined whether a kind of society that is not dominated by either households or kinship, but by both households and kinship, can successfully explain all the archaeological phenomena observable in PRIA Britain, including different ‘hillforts’ possibly fulfilling several different functions. The striking similarities that can be found between the kinds of societies proposed by Hill as inhabiting PRIA Britain and those described in the medieval Irish and Welsh sources force us to consider whether the Celtic should not better be returned to PRIA Britain, and whether the ‘different Iron Ages’ were not that different after all.

Defining the Individual

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Sharples
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
Southern England ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

During the 1985 excavation at Maiden Castle (Sharples 1991a), a large grain storage pit cut into the back of the rampart of the Early Iron Age hillfort was excavated. About half way down the fill of that pit the left femur of a mature adult was exposed. This bone was lying in a relatively sterile soil layer and it was not marked by any special finds or careful constructions; in many respects it could easily be dismissed as a discovery with little significance. Fifty years ago such bones would have been regarded as accidental losses, simply rubbish conveniently disposed of in a handy receptacle. It could be an indication that excarnation was the general means of disposal and that this occurred close to or actually inside settlements, but it might also indicate the accidental disturbance of human remains in graves located at the hillfort. In recent years we have come to understand that these deposits are much more significant. A number of archaeologists (Whimster 1981; C. Wilson 1981; Cunliffe 1992) came to realize that the presence of human remains on Iron Age settlements was a distinct cultural tradition characteristic of central southern England. The work of J. D. Hill (1995b) has enhanced our understanding of this phenomenon by emphasizing that the deposition of human remains is part of a complex suite of actions which involves the arrangement of different categories of material in carefully placed deposits. The process of deposition was clearly intimately involved in the definition of social relationships in the Iron Age of central southern England. It is difficult to imagine that if we, as archaeologists, could immediately recognize a human bone, our ancient pit diggers could not. The placement of this bone was a deliberate act, and the location of this deposit was carefully chosen. Hill (1995b) has shown that these pit deposits were carefully structured. Human remains are normally found in layers that are largely sterile, but a pit chosen for the deposition of human bone will normally have fills containing other carefully selected deposits. These mark the pit as a bank of socially constructed material.

Impact of the divorce experience on the marital and family mindsets

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Елена Лактюхина ◽  
Elena Laktyukhina ◽  
Георгий Антонов ◽  
Georgy Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The Social ◽  
Marriage Stability ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Individual

The article presents a comparative analysis of marital and family mindsets of two categories of the demographically active population of modern Russia: (1) individuals that have no experience of a divorce and (2) those who have already experienced one or more official termination of a marriage. The empirical base of the analysis is the data of the author’s questionnaire survey conducted by representative sampling in Volgograd and Volgograd Region in 2015–2016. The analysis was made on the following basic empiric indicators: optimal (from the viewpoint of the respondents) age for the first marriage, frequency of mentioning marital and family statuses as the respondents describe their own social and demographic “portrait”, legitimate causes of a divorce and a number of others. It is found that, in the case of sufficiently strong traditional marital and family mindsets, perception of marital norms is adjusted, if an “abnormal” event (such as a divorce) occurs in the individual’s life course. At the same time, perception of the marriage stability is less variable and does not depend on the social and demographic characteristics of the respondents, including the presence/absence of a marriage termination experience. The “strongest” factor that affects the change of the marital and family mindsets is age. With age (and, consequently, experience accumulation), importance of the majority of main factors capable of preventing the individual from a divorce decreases and, therefore, the risk of such event increases.

scholarly journals Le roman d’entreprise: Breaking the silence

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Marks
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Workplace Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
France Télécom

This article looks at three recent French novels in order to explore key themes in what has become known as the roman d’entreprise: Pierre Mari’s Résolution (2005), Nathalie Kuperman’s Nous étions des êtres vivants (2010) and Thierry Beinstingel’s Retour aux mots sauvages (2010). The figure of the entreprise functions both as a fictional representation of the post-Fordist workplace environment in companies such as France Télécom, and also as a means of tackling wider issues of work and social organisation in an era of neoliberal managerialism. The concepts of capitalist realism, organisational miasma and virtuality are used to analyse the ways in which the three novels convey the distinctive affective landscape of the contemporary entreprise. Fiction is used to consider the prolix and self-referential nature of the managerialist entreprise, which enables it to exert a significant influence on the individual and collective subjectivities of employees. The three novels focus on the capacity of the entreprise to capture language and impose an affect of silence on employees.

scholarly journals Stage excitement as individual psychological state of the vocalist

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
N. K. Korneev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Emotional Component ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The state and behavior of a singer on the stage has not been fully explored and studied. This article is an attempt to understand the causes of such a phenomenon as the excitement of a vocalist who goes on stage and performs in front of an audience. The unusual psychological state that an artist develops on the stage during a public performance brings many unexpected «discoveries» to the performer and requires detailed study. Unlike ordinary excitement, the author designated it as «stage excitement» and pointed out the factors that lead to the occurrence of such a state. The ways of neutralizing the negative sides of the artist’s state on the stage are analyzed. A great emphasis in the work is placed on the study of the psychological portrait of the performer and the psycho-emotional component of his personality as well as the characteristic moments associated with the individual characteristics of the vocalist.

scholarly journals An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of prehistoric stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Marciniak ◽  
Christina Bergey ◽  
Ana Maria Silva ◽  
Agata Hałuszko ◽  
Mirosław Furmanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Transition To Agriculture ◽  
Early Farmers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Agricultural Transitions

Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ~12,000 years before present (BP). Subsistence shifts from hunting and gathering to agriculture are hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a simultaneous decline in physiological health as inferred from paleopathological analyses and stature reconstructions of skeletal remains. A key component of the health decline inference is that relatively shorter statures observed for early farmers may (at least partly) reflect higher childhood disease burdens and poorer nutrition. However, while such stresses can indeed result in growth stunting, height is also highly heritable, and substantial inter-individual variation in the height genetic component within a population is typical. Moreover, extensive migration and gene flow were characteristics of multiple agricultural transitions worldwide. Here, we consider both osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to comprehensively study the trajectory of human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared "predicted" genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and "achieved" adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements on a per-individual basis for n=160 ancient Europeans from sites spanning the Upper Paleolithic to the Iron Age (~38,000-2,400 BP). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of -4.47 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.016). The average osteological vs. expected stature then increased relative to the Neolithic over the Copper (+2.67 cm, P=0.052), Bronze (+3.33 cm, P=0.032), and Iron Ages (+3.95 cm, P=0.094). These results were partly attenuated when we accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation in our sample (which we note is partly duplicative with the individual polygenic score information). For example, in this secondary analysis Neolithic individuals were -3.48 cm shorter than expected on average relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P=0.056). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of non-specific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains (linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis) into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.

scholarly journals Peranan Institusi Kejiranan ketika Pandemik Covid-19 Menurut Perspektif Sunnah

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-68
Author(s):  
Maisarah Saidin ◽  
Siti Mardhiyah Kamal Azhar ◽  
Norwardatun Mohamed Razali
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Inductive Approach ◽  
Main Factors

Good social life begins with the values of brotherhood which is enlivened among neighbours. However, lifestyle changes that are too busy as well as rapidly advancing technology are the main factors that erode this value. Neglecting the concept of neighbourhood life able to cause conflict in a society and thus threaten the peace and harmony of various races and religions in Malaysia. Islam places great emphasis on neighbourhood relations. This is because a good neighbourhood can contribute to a harmonious and prosperous society. An understanding and awareness of the neighbourhood concept among societies as recommended by Islam needs to be implemented. Thus, this study aims to analyse Rasulullah SAW approach on the concepts and principles of neighbourhood life. To achieve these objectives, this study uses an inductive approach that is sourced from the main hadith books and its syarah. Through the textual analysis that has been conducted, the study finds that the approach that has been brought by Rasullullah SAW in reviving neighbourhood values- such as helping each other, keeping secrets and covering the shame of neighbours, is a very practical practice in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Population Income as a Factor of Economic Growth in the Kyrgyz Republic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khicheza Fynchina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Individual

This article examines the indicators of income of the population as the main factors of social and economic growth of the Kyrgyz Republic. In the context of a sharp decline in economic development indicators, the finances of the population are a significant factor influencing GDP growth. The analysis uses statistical and economic and mathematical methods based on the application of the methodology of economic and mathematical modeling. The analysis of the composition and structure of household income is carried out. Models of multiple and paired regressions of types of income and components of income of the population have been built. A high dependence of GDP on income from employment has been revealed. The degree of influence of particular indicators of the development of the individual entrepreneurship sector on the growth of income in terms of employment of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic is determined.

Broken Eagles: The Iron Age of Imperial Roman Warfare in Post-9/11 Film

2018 ◽  
pp. 243-258
Author(s):  
Alex McAuley
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Imperial State ◽  
Fundamental Shift

In the second of three chapters that address Rome’s complicated legacy as an imperial state, McAuley contrasts the mid-twentieth century “golden old days” of ancient-world epics, which represented Roman soldiers as consummate professionals and warfare as neatly executed, with recent representations of the Roman army for post-9/11 audiences: a new “iron age” of betrayal, despair, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These films reflect a fundamental shift in the psychology of warfare and killing since Vietnam, which has created a vastly different and more ambiguous kind of conflict than the Cold-War binary of Spartacus (1960).McAuley examines the impact of this paradigm shift on contemporary depictions of the Roman army and its soldiers: first, by considering the “golden age” of Roman warfare in films from the 1950s and 1960s, in contrast with the dystopic view of Centurion(2010) and The Eagle (2011). He then traces the depiction of the individual Roman soldier in each era. Finally, he examines the broader contemporary context for post-9/11 depictions of antiquity: the growing body of films about the War on Terror, with which films like Centurion and The Eagle have far more in common than with their golden-age predecessors.

Knowledge Management

2013 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Communication In Organizations ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Knowledge Communication

The chapter reviews the definitions of knowledge and distinguishes it from data and information. Different perspectives of knowledge and their implications for knowledge management are also discussed. From this, the concepts of knowledge management are explained, first, in generic terms, second, as a process, and third, on its relevance to construction. The chapter also defines the basic types of knowledge, those that are tacit or explicit and those that relate to the individual or the organization in a collective form. Project knowledge is discussed in the context of construction, including barriers to knowledge management, the shortcomings of current practices, and how the industry is addressing the problems identified. Communication is key to effective knowledge management, and the chapter discusses the importance of knowledge sharing, including the main factors involved when individuals share knowledge, and knowledge communication and its barriers. Specifically, the central role of communication in organizations is emphasized as it is seen as the foundation for most organizational actions. Learning is discussed in two aspects – organizational learning and collaborative learning. The first aspect is dealt with in generic terms, while the second aspect relates mainly to construction projects. The requirements and problems of learning in construction projects is given focus. The chapter also explains the crucial link between knowledge management and innovation since the latter depends on the generation of new ideas or new knowledge that leads to the development of new products or organizational practices. For integration of knowledge among individuals or teams, the pivotal role of information systems is explained. The relevance of knowledge management to SMEs, especially its impact on small businesses, in enabling them to innovate to meet changing demands in an intense competitive environment is also explained. The chapter concludes with a summary of the main points covered on knowledge management.

Enduring Past: Megalithic Tombs of Brittany and the Roman Occupation in Western France

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Vejby
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Major Road ◽  
North West ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Megalithic Tombs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Loire River

The extended lives of prehistoric monuments, whether or not they were interacted with once their initial phase of use had ended and how they were treated, can reveal valuable details about a culture. To interact with a place means that the action or influence is reciprocal. The individual, or group of individuals, is somehow affected by the physical contact they’ve had with the site, and the place in turn has been altered. Interactions are more than just reuse of a space. In fact, missing pieces of monuments’ biographies, evidence of subsequent use and treatment, are details that may tell us how a people dealt with their own past as well as that of others. The focus of this study is a region in which the biographies of a group of monuments appear to be intimately tied to clashing cultures during the Roman occupation: Morbihan, Brittany. Brittany is the westernmost province of France, roughly 30 kilometres north-west of the mouth of the Loire river, and extending over 200 kilometres westward into the Celtic Sea. The south-easternmost department of this province is Morbihan, which makes up over 6,800 square kilometres and centres on the Gulf of Morbihan, a few kilometres south of Vannes (Darioritum), the Roman-period civitas-capital of the Veneti. Darioritum was not only a port for commercial ships, but was also on the major road network connecting the Coriosolitae (Corseul), Osismes (Carhaix-Plouguer) and Namnetes (Nantes) civitates (Galliou and Jones 1991, 77, 81, 84). Evidence found in a thorough survey of Iron Age and Roman materials at megalithic tombs in Atlantic Europe revealed that Brittany is by far the region with the highest concentration of direct Roman period interactions, despite both the distribution of megalithic tombs across the peninsula and subsequent habitation patterns during the Iron Age and Roman periods (Scarre 2011, 29–33; Vejby 2012) . It also revealed that this activity is a major shift from the comparatively low number of megalithic tombs at which Iron Age materials have been found.

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