Assisted Reproductive Technologies and the Pregnancy Process: Developing an Equality Model to Protect Reproductive Liberties

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-477
Author(s):  
Judith F. Daar
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
First Child ◽  
Frozen Embryos ◽  
The World

The world of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has forced our society to confront scenarios that were unimaginable a mere quarter century ago. The birth of Louise Brown in 1978, the first child conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), introduced to the world the notion of asexual reproduction. The bitter battle over the parental status of Baby M., a baby born by a surrogate mother in the early 1980s, engendered a public debate over the interaction between contract law, family law and reproductive liberties that still rages today. In 1992, the highly publicized divorce of Junior and Mary Sue Davis focused national attention on the issue of proper disposition of frozen embryos. This case highlighted the fact that conception and pregnancy could be separated by a significant amount of time as a result of cryopreservation. While each of these events marked a step forward in the march toward total technological mastery of human reproduction, they also suggest that future struggles involving ART will grow increasingly fierce and complicated as our fund of knowledge increased. This Article suggests that current disputes over the disposition of frozen embryos are emblematic of that struggle.

scholarly journals Pregnancy and live birth rates in women with endometriosis related infertility in Latvia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 808
Author(s):  
Jekaterina Avdotina ◽  
Aleksandra Mezecka-Oleinika ◽  
Vija Silina ◽  
Zane Vitina
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Women with endometriosis experience painful symptoms and/or infertility, others have no symptoms at all. According to European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, surgery and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are an appropriate treatment in cases of endometriosis-associated infertility. There are controversial data on the results of surgery and ART in patients with endometriosis.Methods: Retrospective analysis including 99 infertile patients aged between 25 and 48 years old. All of them had laparoscopic surgery as the primary option. 51 of them undergoing in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection or frozen embryo transfer from 2003 through 2018 at SIA ‘Clinic EGV’.Results: The mean age of women was 34.2±4.5. In 56 (33.5%) cases was only surgery with 28 (50.9%) biochemical pregnancies and 26 (48.1%) live birth. In 111 (66.5%) cases there were surgery with ART with 48 (47.6%) biochemical pregnancies and 23 (22.7%) live birth. In 1 group patients mean age 30.7±4.6 and 2 group with mean age 35.1±4.2 (p=0.000). It was found that there is significant difference between endometriosis phenotype, infertility type, duration of infertility, repeated laparoscopic surgery, ART cycles, retrieved oocyte count and biochemical pregnancy rate.Conclusions: Patients with endometriosis related infertility should undergo surgical treatment as the primary option. Those patients who do not become pregnant after surgery must be treated with assisted reproductive technology. The optimal time to perform ART is first year after endometriosis surgery.

scholarly journals Assisted Reproductive Technologies as Veritable Tools for Improving Production Efficiencies of N’dama and Muturu Cattle Breeds in Nigeria-A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Nwoga ◽  
Nnanna Ikeh ◽  
Matthew Onodugo ◽  
Paul Baiyeri ◽  
Ndubuisi Machebe
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Multiple Ovulation

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that have come to stay and are still being improved upon in developed countries are still in their infancy stage in developing countries like Nigeria. Nigeria’s cattle population is estimated to be around 18.4 million. The number is far insufficient to meet the country’s demand for meat, milk, and other cow products, let alone contribute to GDP. N’dama and Muturu are both Nigerian breeds that are resistant to trypanosomosis. They are humpless longhorn and humpless shorthorn types of beef cattle. The dairy and beef cow industries’ inadequate adoption of ART is partly to blame for Nigeria’s low cattle output. Sex determination, multiple-ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), oestrus synchronization, artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), cloning, and genetic engineering are all examples of assisted reproductive technologies. It has been reported in humans, rodents and domestic animals, abnormal fetuses, newborns and adult offspring arise from ART. Improper matching of breeding animals mostly leads to overfat calves. This review centers on the applications and potentials of ART in the production of trypanotolerant N’dama and Muturu cattle breeds. Some unorthodox medicines which have proven effective in human reproduction can circumvent the shortfalls in the adoption of ART.

Reproductive Technologies

Anthropology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Speier ◽  
Caridad Zamarripa
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Gay Fathers ◽  
The People ◽  
Future Child

Reproductive technologies are those technologies that aid in animal and human reproduction. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are more narrowly defined as those technologies that help people suffering from social or bodily infertility create a family. Socially infertile includes single women and men as well as homosexual couples who rely on donated gametes for the creation of a future child. Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) is usually the first step taken by couples having trouble conceiving. The most general type of reproduction technology is in vitro fertilization (IVF), which means that the egg is retrieved from a woman’s uterus and sperm is introduced to these eggs in a petri dish. In the case of male infertility, intracytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSI) may be employed, which means that sperm are injected directly into the egg. IVF may include the use of donated sperm, oocytes, and embryos. In addition to gamete donation, surrogacy may be employed in cases where an intended mother or intended gay fathers cannot carry a pregnancy to term. In addition to being used to create families, contraception is also considered a reproductive technology. Anthropologists have been conducting ethnographic analyses of reproductive technologies by studying the people intimately engaged with these varying technologies. Scholarship revolves around major questions about markets and gift exchange, kinship, and how our understandings of family have shifted with the advent of reproductive technologies, as well as globalization and the ways in which bodies, people, and technologies traverse the globe.

scholarly journals Ethical and legal dilemmas in infertility treatment

2004 ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Dragojevic-Dikic ◽  
Saveta Draganic ◽  
Srdjan Dikic ◽  
Vladimir Pilija
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Infertility Treatment ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Reproductive Techniques ◽  
Embryo Stage ◽  
Assisted Fertilization

One of the main characteristics of the new millennium is the affirmation of human rights in all aspects of human existence, with the intention of turning declarative statements into reality. Development of up-to-date assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and their application in infertility treatment have raised numerous ethical, legal, religious, social and other questions. In vitro fertilization, donation of gametes, embryos and pre-embryos, cryopreservation of gametes, embryos, ovarian and testicular tissues, embryo transfer, genetic reproductive techniques, cloning and other sophisticated methods used in infertility treatment require cooperation between the medical and legal professions. Ethical aspects of human reproduction and assisted fertilization are based on full respect of the life of an individual even before conception, from pre-embryo stage, via embryo stage and fetus stage to a newborn infant. Regarding investigative and clinical projects, this standpoint implies the legalization of all ART procedures, unencumbered exchange of information and consensus about their application, and adherence to the basic ethical principles of autonomy benefit, justice and common welfare. Ethical postulates provide unequivocal directions in the creation of new life and resolve all possible ethical dilemmas, protecting the rights of doctors and participant in relevant procedures alike and reasserting the crucial principle - respect of human dignity.

Thickness of endometrium: predictor of the effectiveness of IVF/ICSI programs (literature review)

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
L A Bagdasaryan ◽  
I E Korneyeva
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study is to systematically analyze the data available in the modern literature on the relationship between endometrial thickness and the frequency of pregnancy in the program of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Materials and methods. The review includes data from foreign and domestic articles found in PubMed on this topic. Results. The article presents data on the relationship between the thickness of the endometrium and the frequency of pregnancy in ART programs. The greatest number of studies is devoted to the evaluation of the relationship between the thickness of the endometrium and the frequency of pregnancy on the day of the ovulation trigger. Data are presented on the existence of a correlation between the thickness of the endometrium measured on the day of the ovulation trigger and the frequency of clinical pregnancy, as well as data on the need to evaluate the structure of the endometrium and the state of subendometric blood flow. The importance of multilayered (three-layered) endometrium as a prognostic marker of success in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection programs in the ovum is emphasized. The conclusion. The thickness of the endometrium can not be used as an argument for canceling the cycle or abolishing embryo transfer to the uterine cavity. Further studies in this direction are needed with a study of the morphological and molecular genetic characteristics of the endometrium, which in the future will allow us to evaluate the relationship between the thickness of the endometrium and the probability of pregnancy.

Legal restrictions on pre-implantation genetic diagnostics in the framework of in vitro fertilization procedure: foreign experience and Russian perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Altinnik , S.S. Zenin , V.V. Komarova et all
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Genetic Diagnostics ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Medical Indications

The article discusses the factors that determine the content of the legal limitations of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in the framework of the in vitro fertilization procedure, taking into account international experience and modern domestic regulatory legal regulation of the field of assisted reproductive technologies. The authors substantiates the conclusion that it is necessary to legislate a list of medical indications for preimplantation genetic diagnosis, as well as the categories of hereditary or other genetic diseases diagnosed in the framework of this procedure.

scholarly journals Prevalence of pathogenic copy number variants among children conceived by donor oocyte

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Monfort ◽  
Carmen Orellana ◽  
Silvestre Oltra ◽  
Mónica Rosello ◽  
Alfonso Caro-Llopis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Copy Number Variants ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Significant Excess ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Donor Oocyte ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractDevelopment of assisted reproductive technologies to address infertility has favored the birth of many children in the last years. The majority of children born with these treatments are healthy, but some concerns remain on the safety of these medical procedures. We have retrospectively analyzed both the fertilization method and the microarray results in all those children born between 2010 and 2019 with multiple congenital anomalies, developmental delay and/or autistic spectrum disorder (n = 486) referred for array study in our center. This analysis showed a significant excess of pathogenic copy number variants among those patients conceived after in vitro fertilization with donor oocyte with respect to those patients conceived by natural fertilization (p = 0.0001). On the other hand, no significant excess of pathogenic copy number variants was observed among patients born by autologous oocyte in vitro fertilization. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results and in order to identify the factors that may contribute to an increased risk of genomic rearrangements, as well as consider the screening for genomic alterations after oocyte donation in prenatal diagnosis.

scholarly journals Sperm Selection Procedures for Optimizing the Outcome of ICSI in Patients with NOA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2687
Author(s):  
Kaan Aydos ◽  
Oya Sena Aydos
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Testicular Sperm Extraction ◽  
Obstructive Azoospermia ◽  
Sperm Retrieval ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Great Hope ◽  
Future Fertility

Retrieving spermatozoa from the testicles has been a great hope for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), but relevant methods have not yet been developed to the level necessary to provide resolutions for all cases of NOA. Although performing testicular sperm extraction under microscopic magnification has increased sperm retrieval rates, in vitro selection and processing of quality sperm plays an essential role in the success of in vitro fertilization. Moreover, sperm cryopreservation is widely used in assisted reproductive technologies, whether for therapeutic purposes or for future fertility preservation. In recent years, there have been new developments using advanced technologies to freeze and preserve even very small numbers of sperm for which conventional techniques are inadequate. The present review provides an up-to-date summary of current strategies for maximizing sperm recovery from surgically obtained testicular samples and, as an extension, optimization of in vitro sperm processing techniques in the management of NOA.

scholarly journals GAMETE DONATION. ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
L. Chalova ◽  
V. Lokshin ◽  
A. Guseva ◽  
A. Kinzhibayev
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Gamete Donation ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
National Legislation

This world literature review tries to determine the significance of the gamete donation in the field of assisted reproductive technologies as well as the availability of treatment methods using donation in in vitro fertilization programs. Gamete donation is regulated by every country's national legislation system, and quite often the laws vary between the states. There are practically no universal standards and/or rules in this area, which, in turn, leads to an ambivalent reaction towards reproductive practices.

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