Evaluation of an E.D.Y. Training Course in Behavioural Techniques for Staff Working with Severely Mentally Handicapped Children

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. McBrien ◽  
Marie Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Training Package ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Experimental Group

Methods of evaluating training courses in behaviour modification for staff working in mental handicap are briefly reviewed. Insufficient attention seems to have been paid to changes in staff behaviour following training. A widely used training package—the E.D.Y. Course—was investigated using a non-equivalent control group design. Four special school teachers were given E.D.Y. training and compared with four control teachers pretraining, post-training and at a fourteen month follow-up. Results indicated that experimental teachers changed their behaviour following training in the expected direction and maintained this change at follow-up. Control group teachers showed no behavioural change from occasion to occasion and scored significantly lower than the experimental group on the dependent variable on each occasion. The results are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of the package and the maintenance and generalization of skills.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERMAINAN KONSTRUKTIF TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN SOSIAL ANAK PADA KELOMPOK B GUGUS VI KECAMATAN BULELENG

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutiara Hadi Pratiwi . ◽  
Prof. Dr. Anak Agung Gede Agung,M.Pd . ◽  
Mutiara Magta, S.Pd., M.Pd. .
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Group B ◽  
Experimental Group

Perkembangan sosial anak sangat penting untuk dikembangkan dalam melakukan hubungan sosial di lingkungan sekitarnya, tetapi pada kenyataannya perkembangan sosial anak masih rendah dengan rata-rata 42,50%. Hal ini disebabkan minimnya penggunaan permainan konstruktif yang belum efektif, sehingga kualitas proses pembelajaran kurang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh permainan konstruktif terhadap perkembangan sosial anak. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimen, dengan desain penelitian Non equivalent Control Group Design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh anak kelompok B pada gugus VI Kecamatan Buleleng yang berjumlah 387 anak. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik random sampling dan yang terpilih sekolah TK Negeri Pembina sebagai kelompok eksperimen serta TK Aisyiyah sebagai kelompok kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok eksperimen memperoleh rata-rata sebesar 32.23 sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol memperoleh sebesar 24.75. Data perkembangan sosial anak kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol berdistribusikan normal dan homogen. Kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan uji-t, maka diperoleh hasil t_hitungdari kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol memperoleh hasil sebesar 12,26 dengan taraf signifikan 5% dan derajat kebebasan dk =57 adalah 2.002, sehingga t_hitung lebih besar dari t_tabel maka H_0 ditolak dan H_1 diterima yang berarti terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara kelompok yang mendapatkan perlakuan permainan konstruktif dengan kelompok yang tidak mendapatkan perlakuan.Kata Kunci : perkembangan sosial, permainan konstruktif. Social development of children is very important to be developed in social relationships in the surrounding environment. But in fact, the social development of children is still low with an average of as 42,50%. This is due to the lack of use of contructive games that have not been effective.so, the quality of learning process is less than optimal. This study aims to determine the effect of constructive game on social development of children. This type of study is a quasi experimental research, with research design Non equivalent Control Group Design. The population in this study were all children of group B in cluster VI Buleleng sub-district which amounting to 387 children. Sampling by technique cluster sampling, and selected one is Negeri Pembina kindergarten school as experimental group and Aisyiyah kindergarten as a control group. The results showed that in the experimental group earn on average 32,23 while in the control group earn on average 24,75. The children's social development data of the experimental group and the control group are normal and homogeneous distributed. Then the data were analyzed using t-test, the result obtained t_hitung of the experimental group and the control group obtained the result of 12.26 with a significant level of 5% degree of freedom = 57 t_tabel of 2.002, so t_hitung bigger than t_tabel then H_0 rejected and H_1 accepted which means there is a significant influence between groups receiving constructive game treatment with non-treated groups.keyword : social development, constructive game.

scholarly journals Describe and Draw Game Towards Students’ Speaking Competence

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
I Made Permadi Utama
Keyword(s):  
Second Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Second Grade Students ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of this study is to find the effect of Describe and Draw game towards students’ speaking competence at SMAN 2 Gerung. This study used a quasi-experimental with post-test only non-equivalent control group design. The population of this study was second-grade students of SMAN 2 Gerung. The writer took two classes chosen as experimental group and control group. Experimental group was treated by using Describe and Draw game and control group was treated by using Word Match game. Based on the result of the study, it was found that Describe and Draw Game has a significant effect towards students’ speaking competence at SMAN 2 Gerung.

scholarly journals Edukasi Berbasis Nutrisi dan Budaya pada Penderita Luka Kronis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nurul Huda ◽  
Eka Febriyanti ◽  
Diva De Laura
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Dependent Sample ◽  
Experimental Group

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap responden terhadap nutrisi pada luka kronik menggunakan desain penelitian quasy experiment dengan rancangan non-equivalent control group design. Sampel penelitian adalah 30 responden yangdibagi menjadi 15 responden kelompok eksperimen dan 15 responden kelompok kontrol yang diambil berdasarkan kriteria inklusi menggunakan purposive sampling. Kelompok eksperimen diberikan pendidikan kesehatan berupa edukasi tentang nutrisi pada luka kronik. Alat ukur yang digunakan untuk variabel pengetahuan dan sikap adalah kuesioner tentang pengetahuan dan sikap. Analisa yang digunakan adalah analisa univariat untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi dan analisa bivariat menggunakan Independent sample T-test dan dependent sample T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata pengetahuan responden setelah diberikan pendidikan kesehatan pada kelompok eksperimen adalah 84.67 dan pada kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberikan pendidikan kesehatan adalah 60.00.sedangkan rata-rata sikap responden setelah diberikan pendidikan kesehatan pada kelompok eksperimen adalah 47.07 dan pada kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberikan pendidikan kesehatan adalah 42.33.Hasil statistik diperoleh p value untuk variabel pengetahuan (0.000) &lt; alpha (0.05), dan p value untuk variabel sikap (0.001) &lt; alpha (0.05) sehingga dapat disimpulkan pendidikan kesehatanberpengaruh terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap responden dan dapat direkomendasikan sebagai intervensi keperawatan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap responden tentang nutrisi pada luka kronik berdasarkan perspektif budaya.ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to identify the effect of health education on respondent knowledge and attitude. Design of this study was a quasy experiment with non-equivalent control group design. The data was conducted by 30 samples which divided into 15 as the experimental group and 15 as a control group based on inclusions criteria using purposive sampling. The experimental group was given health education meanwhile control group was not. Knowledge and attitude were measured by questionnaire. The univariate analysis was conducted to show frequency distribution and bivariate analysis was conducted by an independent sample T-test and dependent sample T-test. The result showed that mean of knowledge after given health education in experiment group was 84.67 and in control group was 60.00, and mean of attitude after given health education in the experimental group was 47.07 and in control group was 42.33. The statistic showed p-value in knowledge variable (0.000) < alpha (0.05) and p-value in attitude variable (0.001) < alpha (0.05) which means that health education effective for respondent knowledge and attitude and recommended to be applied in nursing intervention to increase knowledge and attitude about nutrition in chronic wound based on cultural perspective.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROBLEM-BASED PSYCHOTROPIC AND ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCE LEARNING KITS 2 1 TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS’ METACOGNITION

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Hanifah
Keyword(s):  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Addictive Substance ◽  
Concept Mastery ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract: This study was aimed to develop problem-based psychotropic and addictive substance learning kits to improve the students’ metacognition and concept mastery. The kits were developed in three stages (define, design, develop). The “develop” stage used the non-equivalent control group design. The subjects were grade VIII students of SMP Nasima, Semarang. The findings of the study showed that the developed learning kits were valid in the very good category. The mastery of concepts and metacognition improved with an average percentage of N-gain for the experimental group with the high category. The result of the questionnaires on metacognition showed the N-gain percentage of the experimental group belonging to the fair category. The students’ ability to solve problems and the implementation in the small class and in the experimental group in the first and fourth meetings were in the good category. The students and teacher gave positive responses to the developed learning kits and its implementation in the class.The findings showed that the problem-based learning can be used for improving students’ metacognition. Keywords: Problem-based learning, metacognition, addictive and psychotropicsubstances PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN ZAT ADIKTIF DAN PSIKOTROPIKA BERBASIS MASALAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN METAKOGNISI SISWA Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran zat adiktif dan psikotropika berbasis masalah yang teruji mampu meningkatkan metakognisi dan penguasaan konsep siswa. Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan tiga langkah pengembangan (define, design, develop). Tahap develop menggunakan desain Non equivalent Control Group Design. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Nasima Semarang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan valid dengan kategori sangat baik. Penguasaan konsep dan metakognisi mengalami peningkatan rata-rata persentase N-gain kelas eksperimen dengan kategori tinggi. Hasil kuesioner metakognisi menunjukkan persentase N-gain pada kelas eksperimen dengan kategori sedang. Kemampuan pemecahan masalah dan keterlaksanaan pembelajaran pada siswa kelas kecil dan kelas eksperimen pada pertemuan ke-1 sampai ke-4 dengan kategori baik. Siswa dan guru memberikan respon positif terhadap perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan dan penerapannya di dalam kelas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran berbasis masalah dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan metakognisi siswa. Kata Kunci: pembelajaran berbasis masalah, metakognisi, zat adiktif dan psikotropika

scholarly journals PELATIHAN KEBERSYUKURAN UNTUK MENURUNKAN STRES KERJA GURU DI SEKOLAH INKLUSI

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Prapti Leguminosa ◽  
Fuad Nashori ◽  
Mira Aliza Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Work Stress ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
Experimental Group

Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh pelatihan kebersyukuran dalam menurunkan stres kerja guru di sekolah inklusi. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah tingkat stres kerja kelompok yang diberi perlakuan pelatihan kebersyukuran lebih rendah daripada kelompok yang tidak diberi perlakuan pelatihan kebersyukuran. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan untreated control group design with dependent prates and postetst dengan menambahkan tindak lanjut. Responden penelitian sebanyak 14 orang yang terbagi ke dalam 7 orang kelompok eksperimen dan 7 orang kelompok kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat ukur stres kerja guru dengan koefisien reabilitas sebesar 0,873. Modul pelatihan kebersyukuran disusunberdasarkan tiga aspek kebersyukuran (Al-Munajjid, 2006; Al-Jauziyyah, 2010), yakni niat (hati), ucapan (lisan), dan perbuatan (anggota badan). Data dianalisis menggunakan Anava Mixed Design untuk melihat perbedaan skor dalam kelompok (prates, pascates, dan tindak lanjut) serta perbedaan skor antar kelompok (eksperimen dan kontrol). Hasil analisis data menunjukkan adanya perbedaan skor yang signifikan pada prates, pascates, dan tindak lanjut antar kedua kelompok. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan skor F = 7,393 dan p = 0,003 (p<0,05). Selain itu, terdapat penurunan tingkatstres kerja pada kelompok eskperimen secara signifikan (MD = 13,857 dan p = 0,012), sementara pada kelompok kontrol terjadi peningkatan stres kerja (MD = -6,571 dan p = 0,189). Artinya, kelompok eksperimen mengalami penurunan tingkat stres kerjasetelah diberi pelatihan kebersyukuran sementara kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberi pelatihan kebersyukuran mengalami peningkatan stres kerja. Selanjutnya, skor partial Eta Squared = 0,561 yang berarti bahwa pelatihan kebersyukuran memberikan kontribusi sebesar 56,1 % terhadap penurunan stres kerja guru.Kata kunci: Stres Kerja Guru, Pelatihan Kebersyukuran, Sekolah Inklusi This study examines the effect of gratitude training in reducing teachers work stress in inclusive schools. The hypothesis of this study is the group that given gratitude training has lower work stress than the group that did not receive gratitude training. This study was an experimental research that used the untreated control group design with dependent pretest and postetst added by follow-up. Participants of this study were 14 participants that divided into 2 groups (experimental group and control group). There are 7 participants in each group. This study used teacher stress inventory developed by Fimian (1988) that were modified by researchers with coefficient of reliability at 0,873. Gratitude training manuals were developed based on three aspects of gratitude according to Al-Munajjid, (2006) and Al-Jawziyyah (2010). Those three aspects are intention (liver), speech (verbal), and behavior (physically). The data were analyzed using Mixed Design Anova to determine the differences of pretest, pascates, and follow-up’s score, and the different between experimental and controlled group’s score. The results showed a significant difference in work stress score at pretest, posttest, and follow-up between the experimental and controlled group (F = 7.393, p = 0.003 (p <0.05)). In addition, there was significant changes in work stress at experimental group (MD = 13.857 and p = 0.012), whereas in the control group there was no significant change (MD = -6.571 and p = 0.189). Those findings indicate that there was reduction in the level of work stress in the experimental group. Whereas the increase of work stress showed in the controlled group. Furthermore, a score partial Eta Squared = 0.561 indicates that the gratitude training contributed 56.1% to the reduction of teacher work stress.Keywords: teachers work stress, gratitude training, inclusive school

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF THEMATIC PATTERNING TECHNIQUE ON STUDENTS’ WRITING COMPETENCY OF TENTH GRADE STUDENTS AT SMAN 4 SINGARAJA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
N. T. K. K. Astiti ◽  
A. A. I. N. Marhaeni ◽  
P. E. D. Suputra
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Writing Competency ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Patterning Technique ◽  
Experimental Group

This study aimed at investigating whether there is a significant effect of the implementation of Thematic Patterning Technique on students’ writing competency of the tenth grade students at SMAN 4 Singaraja.  This is an experimental research.  The population of this study was the tenth grade students. There were two classes, consist of 75 students who were chosen as the samples of the study. Random sampling was used in order to find out the Experimental group and the Control group. This study was designed Posttest Only Non Equivalent Control Group design. The results of the posttest were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. Moreover, the results found that there was a significant difference of implementing thematic patterning technique on students’ writing competency of tenth-grade students at SMAN 4 Singaraja since, the students who were taught by using thematic patterning technique got higher score than students who were taught by using conventional technique (inquiry). Keywords: Thematic Patterning Technique, Writing

scholarly journals Problem Solving through Teamwork Using Puzzle Media for 10 years old Children in Dukuhwaluh Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Gisella Arnis Grafiyana ◽  
Intan Nur Rahmawati ◽  
Lutfi Septiana Widyastuti ◽  
Syavira Berliana Syaskia Dewi ◽  
Fanisa Dwi Oktaviana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Problem solving is a process that has been implemented in order to obtain a solution to a problem that is carried out in stages. Teamwork is the ability of individuals to work together with others and aims for members to be able to participate in the team and understand their duties. This study aims to determine the ability to solve problems and teamwork (teamwork) in children aged 10 years using puzzles. This research is an experimental study with a quasi-experimental design: non-equivalent control group design. The participants in this study were 8 children aged 10 years consisting of 5 boys and 3 girls. The data collection in this study was the acquisition of time in the preparation of puzzles. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed using the t-test (t-test). The results of this study indicate that the experimental group has faster problem solving than the control group because of the learning outcomes of teamwork.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Logoterapi terhadap peningkatan harga diri remaja pecandu narkoba di Pondok Pesantren Bidayatussalikin Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Diani Naraasti ◽  
Budi Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Boarding School ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

<p class="Normal1">Logo terapi melihat optimisme sebagai sumber kekuatan dan menanamkan pendekatan positif untuk mengatasi permasalahan hidup yang dialami. Sikap optimis dapat membantu remaja pecandu narkoba memiliki harapan untuk masa depan, dengan begitu remaja pecandu narkoba akan memiliki harga diri tinggi dalam menilai dirinya sendiri dan mampu untuk bersosialisasi di lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melihat keefektifan logo terapi terhadap harga diri remaja pecandu narkoba di Pondok Pesantren Bidayatussalikin Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah <em>quasi ekperimen</em> dengan menggunakan <em>non equivalent control grup design, </em>masing-masing kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol akan diberikan <em>pretest</em> dan <em>posttest</em>. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah logo terapi efektif terhadap harga diri remaja pecandu narkoba di Pondok Pesantren Bidayatussalikin.<br /><br /><em>Logotherapy sees optimism as a source of strength and instills a positive approach to overcome life's problems experienced. An optimistic attitude can help adolescent drug addicts have hope for the future, so adolescent drug addicts will have high self-esteem in assessing themselves and being able to socialize in the environment. The purpose of this study was to look at the effectiveness of logotherapy to increase the self-esteem of adolescent drug addicts in the Bidayatussalikin Islamic Boarding School in Yogyakarta. The research method used was quasi-experiment using non equivalent control group design, each experimental group and control group will be given a pretest and posttest. The results obtained in this study were effective logotherapy to increase the self-esteem of adolescent drug addicts in Bidayatussalikin Islamic Boarding School</em>.</p>

scholarly journals Pengaruh Metode Karyawisata Fantasi di Lingkungan Sekolah Berbantuan Media Majalah Dinding Terhadap Kompetensi Pengetahuan PPKn

Mimbar Ilmu ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Nedya Sanistyasari ◽  
Made Putra ◽  
Ni Wayan Suniasih
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Equivalent Control

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode karyawisata fantasi di lingkungan sekolah berbantuan media majalah dinding terhadap kompetensi pengetahuan PPKn siswa kelas V SD gugus VIII Mengwi Jenis penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen semu, dengan bentuk non-equivalent control group design. Sampel ditentukan dengan teknik random sampling. Sampel penelitian ini adalah kelas VA SD No.3 Mengwi, dan kelas VA SD No. 1 Mengwi sebanyak 31 siswa. Data kompetensi pengetahuan PPKn dikumpulkan dengan instrumen berupa tes objektif pilihan ganda biasa berjumlah 31 butir, yang telah divalidasi. Data kompetensi pengetahuan PPKn dianalisis dengan uji-t. Hasil analisis diperoleh thitung=3,421. Harga tersebut kemudian dibandingkan dengan harga ttabel dengan dk=59 dan taraf signifikansi 5% sehingga diperoleh harga ttabel=2,000, karena thitung>ttabel maka Ho ditolak, yang berarti terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kompetensi pengetahuan PPKn antara kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan melalui metode karyawisata fantasi di lingkungan sekolah berbantuan media majalah dinding dengan kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan melalui pembelajaran konvensional pada siswa kelas V SD Gugus VIII Mengwi. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan, metode karyawisata fantasi di lingkungan sekolah berbantuan media majalah dinding berpengaruh terhadap kompetensi pengetahuan PPKn siswa kelas V SD Gugus VIII Mengwi tahun pelajaran 2018/2019. Disarankan kepada peneliti lain agar penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai refrensi untuk melaksanakan penelitian selanjutnya.

scholarly journals The Effect of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Model With Outdoor Approach Towards the Students’ Ability of Mathematical Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermawan Gatot Priyadi ◽  
◽  
Yumiati Yumiati
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Research ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Contextual Teaching ◽  
Experimental Group

This study aimed to determine the effect of the implementation of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model with the outdoor approach towards students’ ability in mathematical representation. It was quasi-experimental research consisting of two experimental classes and one control group. It used a pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study was the students of SUPM Tegal. Sampling was conducted using cluster random consisting of three classes. The first experimental group was carried out by implementing the learning model of CTL with the outdoor approach. The second experimental group was carried out by implementing a learning model of CTL, while the control group was conducted by implementing a conventional learning model. The research instrument was a 7-point mathematical representation test in the form of an essay. The results of the research were 1) the learning model of CTL with an outdoor approach affected the improvement and achievement of the students’ ability in mathematical representation and was higher than CTL and a conventional learning; 2) the improvement of the students’ ability of representation in the groups of CTL with outdoor approach, CTL, and conventional learning respectively was in high, medium, and low category.

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